en to zh_CN translation catalogue (152 entries)

note: Anutan sky culture name
en: Anutan
zh_CN: 阿努塔

note: Anutan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or undistinguished).
zh_CN: 阿努塔是一个很小的火山岛，尽管位於美拉尼西亚说了嘛群岛，居民却是波利尼西亚人。 星星是阿努塔人进行远程航海的重要导航工具。 主要的导航星和星座被称为“ kaavenga”。 从一个岛到下一个岛（即使它们尚未升起或已经西落）遵循的导航星称为“ kau panogna porau”。 未用作主要导航星的未命名恒星稱為“ petuu vare”（愚蠢，普通或平庸）。

note: Anutan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Nomenclature
    
    |Anutan name|English translation|Western skylore|
    |-----------|-------------------|---------------|
    |Te Tino A Manu|The Bird's Body|Sirius|
    |Te Kapakau Tonga|The East Wing|Canopus|
    |Te Kapakau Pakatokerau|The North Wing|Procyon|
    |Te Kaokao O Manu|The Bird's Armpit|Group of four small stars just east of Manu's Body|
    |Te Kope|The Bamboo|Grus|
    |Ara Toru|Path of Three|Orion's belt|
    |Te Angaanga|The Tongs|Taurus's forehead|
    |Matariki|Small Face, or Small Eyes|Pleiades|
    |Kaavei|Octopus Tentacle|Aries|
    |Taki Roto|Middle Precursor|Corner of Great Square (one large star)|
    |Taki Mua|Forward Precursor|Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder|
    |Toki|Adze|Delphinus|
    |Te Aamonga|The Carrying Stick|Three stars in Aquila in a straight line|
    |Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu|Sammara Squirrelfish|Four large stars in Sagittarius|
    |Te Rua Tangata|Double Man|Alpha and Beta Centauri|
    |Te Rakau Tapu|The Net, or The Sacred Timber|Southern Cross|
    |Taro|Taro plant|Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau (its leaves)|
    |Te Tukaniva|&mdash;|Milky way|
    |Te Ao Rere|The Running Cloud|Large Magellanic Cloud|
    |Te Ao Toka|The Restrained Cloud (?)|Small Magellanic Cloud|
    |Te Petuu Ao|The Morning Star|Venus|
    |Tiuriuri|The Morning Star(?)|Venus(?)|
zh_CN: ### 命名
    
    |阿努塔名称|翻译|西方天文术语|
    |-----|---|------|
    |Te Tino A Manu|鸟身|天狼|
    |Te Kapakau Tonga|东部的翅膀|老人|
    |Te Kapakau Pakatokerau|北方的翅膀|南河三|
    |Te Kaokao O Manu|鸟的腋窝|四个小星星的组合，就在鸟身体的东方。|
    |Te Kope|竹子|天鹤座|
    |Ara Toru|三星之路|猎户的腰带|
    |Te Angaanga|夹钳|金牛的额头|
    |Matariki|小脸，或小眼|昴星团|
    |Kaavei|章鱼的触手|白羊座|
    |Taki Roto|中导|秋季四边形的一角 (壁宿一)|
    |Taki Mua|前导|飞马的前腿和肩膀|
    |Toki|锛斧|海豚座|
    |Te Angaanga|手杖|天鹰座直线上的三颗星，即中国河鼓三星|
    |Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu|莎姆新东洋金鳞鱼|人马座的四个亮星|
    |To Rua Tangata|两个人|南门二和马腹一|
    |Te Rakau Tapu|网兜，或者神木|南十字|
    |Taro|芋艿|天蝎座，心宿二是Te Kau(茎)。心宿二周围的五星是Ona Rau(它的叶子)|
    |Te Tukaniva|&mdash;|银河|
    |Te Ao Rere|流动的云|大麦哲伦云|
    |Te Ao Toka|拘束的云 (?)|小麦哲伦云|
    |Te Petuu Ao|晨星|金星|
    |Tiuriuri|晨星(?)|金星(?)|

note: Anutan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com
zh_CN: 此星空文化作者：*Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Al-Sufi)
zh_CN: 阿拉伯 (苏菲)

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Book of Fixed Stars was written shortly before 964 AD. Dr. Paul Kunitzsch described it as "the most outstanding among the works of the prominent astronomer Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (born in Rayy, 903; died 986), referred to as al-Sufi. In it, al-Şūfī treats the 48 classical constellations, which were established and transmitted in Ptolemy's Almagest. The description of each constellation comprises the following four sections: first, a general discussion of the constellation and its individual stars; this section also includes alŞūfi's criticism of the Ptolemaic tradition and notices of his own observations. Second, a record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under that constellation, and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic stars. Third, two drawings of the constellation, one as it is seen on a celestial globe, and the other one as it is seen in the sky. Fourth, a table of the stars making up that constellation, giving a verbal description of each star's location and its longitude, latitude, and magnitude. This table closely follows the arrangement of Ptolemy's star catalogue in the Almagest." [#1]. In addition to the four sections of each constellation mentioned by dr. Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi would identify stars within the 6 magnitudes that were neglected by Ptolemy, but he did not catalogue them and was faithful to Ptolemy star catalog.
zh_CN: 《恒星之书》（The Book of Fixed Stars）为著名天文学家阿卜杜勒-拉赫曼·苏菲（Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd
    al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi, 903-986年），简称为苏菲（Al-Sufi）于公元 964 年之前不久所写。 Paul
    Kunitzsch 博士将其描述为苏菲最杰出的作品。在这本书中，苏菲讨论了 48
    个古典星座，这些星座是在托勒密的《天文学大成》中建立和传播的。每个星座的描述包括以下四个部分：第一，对星座及其各个恒星的一般讨论；这一部分还包括苏菲对托勒密传统的评论和他自己观察的记录。第二，记录了属于该星座的本土阿拉伯星名，以及各个恒星与相应的托勒密恒星的准确标识。第三，星座的两幅图，一幅是在天球外看的角度，另一幅是在天球内看的角度，亦即我们在地球上仰望星空时的角度。第四，组成该星座的恒星表，对每颗恒星的位置及其经度、纬度和星等进行文字描述。该表与《天文学大成》中托勒密星表的排列非常相似。[#1]。除了 Kunitzsch 博士提到的每个星座的四个部分外，苏菲另外标识了被托勒密忽略的
    6 等星内的恒星，但他并没有对它们进行分类，而是忠于托勒密的星表。

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: An important aspect of the general discussion section is Al-Sufi method of facilitating the star identification. He describes each individual star in more than way: By the star position related to the constellation figure, by its magnitude, by the asterism it forms with other stars like triangle or arc shapes, sometimes by the star position related to the Milky way, and by the angular distance from a close by star. I have counted more than 700 angular distances measured by al-Sufi in his book. The units he uses for angular distances are cubits, spear length, man-height, span, and finger. Al-Sufi explicitly said in his book that a cubit is equal to two degrees and 20 minutes [#2]. For the other units, Schjellerup concluded some values, but tracking the 700 measurements, I came up with different values. The following table summarizes the units and relationship to the cubit value from Schjellerup[#3] and from my research.
    
    ### Angular distance units used by Al-Sufi
    
    <table>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>&nbsp;</notr></td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Schjellerup</b></td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Khalid</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><b>unit</b></td>
    	<td><b>cubits</b></td>
    	<td><b>Angular Value</b></td>
    	<td><b>cubits</b></td>
    	<td><b>Angular Value</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>spear</td>
    	<td>6 cubits</td>
    	<td><notr>14°</notr></td>
    	<td>6 cubits</td>
    	<td><notr>14°</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>Man-Height</td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>3 cubits</td>
    	<td><notr>7°</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>cubit</td>
    	<td>1 cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>2°20'</notr></td>
    	<td>1 cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>2°20'</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>span</td>
    	<td>1/3 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>47'</notr></td>
    	<td>1/2 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>1°10'</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>finger</td>
    	<td>1/32 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>4.4'</notr></td>
    	<td>1/16 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>8.75'</notr></td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    Another important aspect of Al-Sufi book is his record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under each constellation, and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic stars. This means that we are looking at two layers of stars knowledge at the same time: the Ptolemaic one and the indigenous Arab one.
    
    ### The Sky Culture
    
    This sky culture is a result of a research done on several manuscripts of the book, oldest of which is the [#8].
    
    First, the manuscripts of the Book of Fixed Stars were critically edited, and the text was produced. Second, each member star of the 48 constellations was identified according to Al-Sufi description, and new tables were built including modern star designations from the Hipparcos, Bright stars, and Bayer catalogues. Third, Arab indigenous star names were collected and identified as mapped by Al-Sufi to the Ptolemaic ones. All the previous steps were included in a book published digitally of the Book of Fixed Stars plus explanations and commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji[#4].
    
    The sky culture stick figures of the constellations are the images in the Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars, extracted, and adapted for Stellarium by Mr. Kutaibaa Akraa [#5]. The star names file includes the star number in the constellation as the primary star name and the description of the star in the tables as a secondary name. For example, Polaris primary name that is displayed with the star is: UMi1, UMi being Ursa Minor and 1 is the first star of this constellation. If the star is selected other secondary names are displayed, which will display "The star on the end of the tail" on the top of the screen. The constellation lines are constructed according to the constellation shapes with an attempt to include most of the member stars. For indigenous Arab star knowledge, individual star names were added to the star file as secondary names, while names of group of stars were defined through asterism names and asterism lines files.
    
    The translation of star descriptions from Arabic into English was extracted from Ernie Wright website[#6] which was transcribed from Toomer's translation of the Almagest[#7]. The translation was modified in a few places to agree with Al-Sufi wording.
    
    The single source of the sky culture is the Book of Fixed Stars and the objective is to give a faithful representation of the book content.
zh_CN: 一般讨论的一个重要方面是苏菲对恒星识别采用的方法。
    他以多种方式描述每颗恒星：通过恒星与星座图的关系、通过恒星的星等、通过它与其他恒星形成的星群（如三角形或弧形）、有时通过恒星与银河的关系以及通过与附近恒星的角距离。我统计了苏菲在他的书中测量的
    700 多个角距离。他用于角距离的单位是肘长、矛长、人高、跨距和指宽。 苏菲在他的书中明确指出，一个肘长等于2 度 20 分  [#2]。 对于其他单位，Schjellerup 得出了一些数值，但通过跟踪探究 700
    个测量值，我得出了不同的结论。 下表总结了从 Schjellerup [#3]
    和从我的研究中所得的单位及相其与手肘长之间的关系。
    
    ### 苏菲使用的角距离单位
    
    <table>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>&nbsp;</td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Schjellerup</b></td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Khalid</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><b>单位</b></td>
    	<td><b>肘长</b></td>
    	<td><b>角距离</b></td>
    	<td><b>肘长</b></td>
    	<td><b>角距离</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>矛长</td>
    	<td>6倍手肘长</td>
    	<td>14°</td>
    	<td>6倍手肘长</td>
    	<td>14°</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>人高</td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>3倍肘长</td>
    	<td>7°</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>肘长</td>
    	<td>1倍肘长</td>
    	<td>2°20'</td>
    	<td>1倍肘长</td>
    	<td>2°20'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>跨距</td>
    	<td>1/3肘长</td>
    	<td>47'</td>
    	<td>1/2肘长</td>
    	<td>1°10'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>指宽</td>
    	<td>1/32肘长</td>
    	<td>4.4'</td>
    	<td>1/16肘长</td>
    	<td>8.75'</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    苏菲的书中另一个重要方面是他记录了每个星座下的传统阿拉伯星名，以及与托勒密恒星进行准确配对。 这意味着我们同时看到托勒密的和传统阿拉伯两套恒星知识。
    
    ### 星空文化
    
    这个星空文化是是对该书的几份手稿进行研究的结果，其中最古老的是 [#8]。
    
    首先，对《恒星之书》手稿进行校勘，编辑成文本。 其次，这是根据苏菲的描述来确定 48 个星座的每个成员星，并建立新的星表，并包括来自
    Hipparcos、Bright Stars和 Bayer 星表的现代恒星名称。 第三，收集和辨识苏菲确定的映射到托勒密星表的阿拉伯传统星名。
    前面的所有步骤都包含在以数字形式出版的《恒星之书》和 Khalid Al-Ajaji 的解释和评论中[#4]。
    
    本星空文化的图绘是取自 《Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars [#5]》中的图像，并被 Kutaibaa Akraa 先生在 Stellarium 采用。
    恒星名称使用星座内的恒星编号当作主恒星名，星表内的恒星描述当作次恒星名。例如，北极星的的主恒星名为：UMi1，UMi 指的是小熊座 Ursa Minor
    ，1 是该星座的第一号星。 如果在菜单中选择了“使用附加的恒星名”，则会显示次恒星名，它将在屏幕上端显示 「尾巴末端的星星」。
    星座连线文件是试图包括大多数成员恒星来构据星座的形状。
    对于传统阿拉伯星空知识，个别星名被添加到恒星文件中作为次恒星名，而成群星星的名称则通过星群名和星连线文件加以定义。
    
    从阿拉伯语到英语的恒星描述翻译是摘自 Ernie Wright 网站 [#6]，该网站是从 Toomer 对《天文学大成》的翻译[#7]中转录的。
    翻译词汇在几个地方以符合苏菲的措辞进行了修改。中文翻译则译自英文，这势必与原来的阿拉伯文意思无法完全吻合。
    
    此星空文化的单一来源是《恒星之书》，目的是忠实地再现书中的内容。

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com
zh_CN: 本星空术语是由 Khalid Al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com 所编译并加入 Stellarium 中。

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: Variorum Reprints, 1989.
     - [#2]: See Al-Sufi description in his book of the 14th star in Auriga.
     - [#3]: DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27.
     - [#4]: [Book of Fixed Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing).
     - [#5]: [Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN).
     - [#6]: [Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization of the Almagest Catalog](http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat).
     - [#7]: Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1998.
     - [#8]: [Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh 144 dated 1009 AD](https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535)
zh_CN:  - [#1]: The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: Variorum Reprints, 1989.
     - [#2]: 参见苏菲在他的书中对御夫座第14号星的描述
     - [#3]: DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27.
     - [#4]: [Book of Fixed Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing).
     - [#5]: [Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN).
     - [#6]: [Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization of the Almagest Catalog](http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat).
     - [#7]: Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1998.
     - [#8]: [Marsh 144 女士，公元 1009 年纪录，牛津博德利图书馆](https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535)

note: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula)
zh_CN: 阿拉伯（阿拉伯半岛）

note: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The oral folk tradition of star names and asterisms in the Arabian Peninsula, mostly scattered in poetry and proverbs.
zh_CN: 在阿拉伯半岛，口耳相传的关于恒星名字和星群的传统，大多出现在诗歌和谚语中

note: Arabic (Indigenous) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Indigenous)
zh_CN: 阿拉伯（本土）

note: Arabic (Lunar Mansions) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Lunar Mansions)
zh_CN: 阿拉伯（月宿）

note: Armintxe Cave sky culture name
en: Armintxe Cave
zh_CN: 阿明特洞穴

note: Aztec sky culture name
en: Aztec
zh_CN: 阿兹特克

note: Aztec sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p><img src="illustrations/aztec0.png" width="150" height="146" align="left" />For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental America in the 16th century.</p>
    <p>The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is preserved in the <em>tlacuilos</em>, word that comes from the ancient Nahuatl word <em>tlacuiloa</em>, which means <em>writing with drawings</em>. These Tlacuilos where stored in the <em>amoxcalli</em>, meaning amoxtli: books and calli: house. Later their became known as <em>codices</em>; a word that came from the Latin word Codex which means written book.</p>
    <p>After the  Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed, their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials such as deer skin, <em>amate</em> paper or cotton fabric and they had no text only draws or <em>glifos</em>. However the collection of Mesoamerican customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and Nahuatl.</p>
    <p><img src="illustrations/edificios.png" width="321" height="156" /><br />
    <em>Astronomical building</em></p>
    <p>Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the <em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (first memorials), which is a colonial manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/Primeros_Memoriales.png" width="399" height="351" /></p>
    
    Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for Stellarium.
zh_CN: <p align="justify"><img src="illustrations/aztec0.png" width="150" height="146" align="left" />对于古代阿兹特克人来说，天空和星星运动的知识对他们的日历以及农业和神圣周期的测量具有重要意义。然而，由于16世纪在美洲大陆发生的西班牙征服，这一知识的很大一部分已经消失。</p>
    <p align="justify">阿兹特克社会的元素，如文化，经济和科学，保存在 <em>tlacuilos</em>中, w这个词来自古老的那瓦特词 <em>tlacuiloa</em>, 意思是 <em>用图画书写</em>. 这些Tlacuilos存放在<em>amoxcalli</em>里面, amoxtli的意思是: 书和存放场所: 屋子. 后来他们被称为<em>codices</em>; 一个来自拉丁文Codex的词，意思是书写的书。</p>
    <p align="justify">在西班牙人征服了美洲，许多前西班牙语Codex被摧毁之后，他们的主要特征是他们在许多不同材料中进行绘制，如鹿皮， <em>amate</em>纸或者绵织物。 他们没有文字，只有图画或者 <em>glifos</em>（刻画符号）。然而，由于一些土生土长的印第安人和一些西班牙牧师的工作，西班牙征服之前的中美洲记叙方式仍在继续。由于技术的进步，绘图方式发生了变化。欧洲输入的新记叙方式，也就是在西班牙语和那瓦特语（Nahuatl）之中结合描述性文本。</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/edificios.png" width="321" height="156" /><br />
    <em>天文结构</em></p>
    <p align="justify">留下来的阿兹特克天文知识非常少。以下图片是阿兹特克人描述星座和天文知识的少数图片之一。它属于<em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (第一纪念碑),这是由Fray Bernardino de Sahagun在16世纪撰写的殖民手稿记录的。</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/Primeros_Memoriales.png" width="399" height="351" /></p>
    <p align="justify">现在，我们在Stellarium中解释了的一些阿兹特克星空形象。</p>

note: Aztec sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Fuego Nuevo](http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html)
     - [#2]: [Constelaciones Prehisp&#225;nicas](http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm)
     - [#3]: [The Question of the Zodiac in America](http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf)
     - [#4]: [Aztec Mythology](http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html)
     - [#5]: [Los c&#243;dices de M&#233;xico](http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF)
     - [#6]: [Los c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico](http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico)
     - [#7]: [Real c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n](http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm)
     - [#8]: [Akapochtli](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli)
     - [#9]: [Iconograf&#237;a mexicana, Volumen 3](http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false)
     - [#10]: [El C&#243;dice Par&#237;s](http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html)
     - [#11]: [El nacimiento del sol y la luna](http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html)
     - [#12]: [Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX](http://aulex.org/nah-es/)
     - [#13]: [Tlachtli](http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html)
    
    ### Thanks to
    
     - Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval
     - Martha Patricia Rivera
     - Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra
     - Hector Vega
     - Rafael Rojas Segoviano
     - Juan Caballero
     - SAAGS
zh_CN:  - [#1]: [Fuego Nuevo](http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html)
     - [#2]: [Constelaciones Prehisp&#225;nicas](http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm)
     - [#3]: [The Question of the Zodiac in America](http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf)
     - [#4]: [Aztec Mythology](http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html)
     - [#5]: [Los c&#243;dices de M&#233;xico](http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF)
     - [#6]: [Los c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico](http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico)
     - [#7]: [Real c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n](http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm)
     - [#8]: [Akapochtli](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli)
     - [#9]: [Iconograf&#237;a mexicana, Volumen 3](http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false)
     - [#10]: [El C&#243;dice Par&#237;s](http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html)
     - [#11]: [El nacimiento del sol y la luna](http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html)
     - [#12]: [Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX](http://aulex.org/nah-es/)
     - [#13]: [Tlachtli](http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html)
    
    ### 感谢
    
     - Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval
     - Martha Patricia Rivera
     - Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra
     - Hector Vega
     - Rafael Rojas Segoviano
     - Juan Caballero
     - SAAGS

note: Aztec sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: <p><strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong><br /><a href="mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a></p>
    
    English translation by: Rafael Rojas Segoviano
zh_CN: <p><strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong><br />
      <a href="mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a><br />
      <a href="http://www.wirikuta.org/comala">http://www.wirikuta.org/comala</a></p>
    
    中文翻译: Sun Shuwei and Wang Lingyi

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture name
en: Babylonian (MUL.APIN)
zh_CN: 巴比伦 (MUL.APIN)

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p>This <em>Babylonian sky culture</em>, which had been in use before the Greek one,
    is preserved in a (probably almost) canonical state dating back to the 12th century BCE.
    The earliest fragment known is from the 7th century BCE but the celestial data in the text
    suggests a much earlier origin of the observational base - most likely between -1350 and -1150.</p>
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/800px-MulApin-BritishMuseum.jpg"/></p>
    <p><br/><i>photograph of one of the clay tablets that are as big as a sheet of paper (courtesy: the trustees of the British Museum)</i></p>
    
    The compendium MUL.APIN consists of two large clay tablets with six and five lists of different content.
    On the first tablet, there is the so called "star catalogue" (a list of names of stars and constellations),
    followed by three lists of heliacal risings and settings, a list of ziqpu (culminating) asterisms,
    and the list of constellations in the lunar path.
    The second tablet contains intercalary rules for the calendar, rules for the sundial and rules for omina.
zh_CN: <p>此<em>巴比伦星空文化</em>在希腊时代之前已经使用，保存在可以追溯到公元前12世纪的(几乎是)规范的状态中。
    已知的最早片段来自公元前7世纪，但文中的天体数据表明观测的起源要早得多，最有可能在公元前1350年至公元前1150年之间。</p>
    
    MUL.APIN简编，由两个大泥板组成，分别有六个和五个包含不同的内容的列表。在第一块泥板上，有所谓的"星表"(恒星和星座列表)，后面是三个偕日升(落)的列表，一个ziqpu (子午线的顶点，即经过天顶)星座列表，以及月球之路中的星座列表。第二块泥板包含历法的闰的规则、日晷规则和omina(巴比伦占星学术语，预测未来预告的信息)规则。

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: The Babylonian star names and constellation lines were compiled and added to Stellarium:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M. Hoffmann:   service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
    <p>Paintings by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consulted by Steven Gullberg and Susanne M Hoffmann)</p>
    <p>Text in English: <em>Susanne M. Hoffmann</em></p>
zh_CN: Stellarium的巴比伦星名和星座线的汇编：
    
    <p><em>Susanne M. Hoffmann:   service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
    <p>Paintings by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consulted by Steven Gullberg and Susanne M Hoffmann)</p>
    <p>Text in English: <em>Susanne M. Hoffmann</em></p>
    <p>中文翻译：<em>Sun Shuwei, Wang Lingyi</em></p>

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture name
en: Babylonian (Seleucid)
zh_CN: 巴比伦 (塞琉古)

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Seleucid Era in Babylonian history is the era of the successors of Alexander the Great who conquered Babylon in 331 BCE. In these days MUL.APIN (already thousand years old) was still copied and, thus, appears to have developed to be an old-fashioned but not outdated standard. Moreover, there is no alternative compendium like MUL.APIN from the Late Babylonian epoch.
    
    <p>This <em>Seleucid</em> or <em>Late Babylonian sky culture</em> is supposed to show the (estimated) state of Babylonian constellations contemporary to the Greek culture. There is no description of the full sky. Changes with regard to the MUL.APIN version have certainly applied in the zodiac since several centuries. This can be stated for sure because in this time, there is a blossoming zodiacal astrology. Since there had been no zodiac in MUL.APIN and the zodiac developed around the middle of the -1st millennium, in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE, there had been different versions of the constellations around the ecliptic.
     </p>
    
     However, we do not know much about the rest of the sky. Hence, for the constellations far away from the zodiac, again the constellations of MUL.APIN can be taken as state of the art. Please see MUL.APIN sky culture for more information and use the MUL.APIN constellations for an impression of the Old Babylonian (or Middle Babylonian) sky culture.
zh_CN: 巴比伦历史上的塞琉古(Seleucid)时代是亚历山大大帝征服巴比伦后的希腊化时代。亚历山大大帝在公元前331年征服了巴比伦，而后帝国分裂，巴比伦归属塞琉古帝国。在这时，MUL.APIN(已有超过一千年的历史)仍然被复刻，因此似乎已发展成为一种旧但不落伍的标准。而且，晚巴比伦没有比MUL.APIN更好的纲要。
    
    <p>此<em>塞琉古</em>或晚巴比伦星空文化旨在展示晚期巴比伦的天空。到目前为止尚没有关于全天的描述。我们可以假设MUL.APIN里的某些概念已发生变化。至少黄道带(十二宫，Zodiac)尚未包括在MUL.APIN中，但在此后的时代成为繁荣的黄道带(十二宫)占星术的支柱。由于黄道带(十二宫)是在公元前第一个千年的中叶逐渐发展起来的，因此在公元前第一个千年的下半叶肯定有不同版本的黄道星座形象。
     </p>
    
    但是，我们对天空的其余部分的变化了解不多。这个时代仔细观察了月球和行星运转，以及它们在黄道带(十二宫)中发挥作用，但是几乎没有天文学著作涉及黄道带(十二宫)以外的天空。因此，对于远离黄道带(十二宫)的星座，依然基本沿用了MUL.APIN星座。请参阅MUL.APIN星空文化以获取更多信息，并使用MUL.APIN星座来表示古巴比伦(或中巴比伦)的星空文化。

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Single Stars
    
     <p>
     In contrast to constellations, there are much more lists of single stars preserved from the later epochs. We use this Late Babylonian or Seleucid sky culture to focus on the single star names. There are plenty of <i>ziqpu</i> lists (lists of culminating stars) and for measurements in the zodiac, "normal stars" have been introduced. Normal stars (from Latin "norma" = the measure) are a frame of reference for mathematical astrometry of the Late Babylonian epoch. While for most of the other stars the margin of error concerning their identification with a celestial counterpart is sometimes huge, the normal stars are identified properly because their coordinates can be derived from the planets standing next to them (Jones, 2004).
    </p>
    
    ### Source(s)
    
    <p>The lists of ziqpu stars and normal stars are mostly compiled from the modern compendium Hunger and Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 and some of the other papers given in "Further Reading". The book by Hoffmann, 2017 already contains several computations with these stars and more literature (e.g. Wayne Horowitz has worked on <i>ziqpu</i> stars for many years but is not mentioned here with a special paper although his translations contributed a lot for this study). A likely version of the Late Babylonian stick figures will be added in a later release of Stellarium.
    </p>
    <p>
    
    ### MUL.APIN constellations partially re-worked
    
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" style="background: transparent">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism</td>
    <td>our commentary</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>1</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Cas</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>2</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Wolf): seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i></td>
    <td>"wolf" here does not mean the animal but a part of the plough.</td>
    <td><notr>&gamma; Cas (+?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>3</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Old Man)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Per</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>4</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>in<notr> Aur</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>5</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Great Twins)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>6</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Little Twins)</td>
    <td>do not exist anymore (merged with Great Twins) </td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>7</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Cnc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>8</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(Lion)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>9</notr></td>
    <td>STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: STAR (of the) King</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Regulus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>10</notr></td>
    <td>twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: &quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Com</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>11</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Boo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>12</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in front of it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i> (Abundant)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Boo </notr>or<notr> &alpha; CVn</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>13</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i> (Dignity)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>CrB</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>14</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i> (Wagon)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>UMa</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>15</notr></td>
    <td>STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Alcor<notr> (80 UMa)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>16</notr></td>
    <td>STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; UMa (+)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>17</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Hitched yoke?)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>UMi</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>18</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>somewhere betw UMi and Vega?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>19</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in its bond: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Heir of the Ema&#7723;-temple)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; UMi (?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>20</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>21</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) [of Goddess Gula]</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>in<notr> Her</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>22</notr></td>
    <td>bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>23</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&eta;, &theta; Lyr ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>24</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panther)</td>
    <td>In Late Babylonian language ("dictionaries") a new reading of this constellation name appears: it should be interpreted as Akkadian word "nimru" translating to "the Panther"; the old demon at this place seems to have been replaced.</td>
    <td><notr>Cyg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>25</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the right of it: <sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i> (Pig)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>26</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the left of it: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i> (Horse)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>27</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Stag)</td>
    <td>We shifted the Stag to display another suggestion and because the Panther occupies different areas than the UKADUA demon. It is still uncertain but in this version the breast of the Stag includes M31 which could be the "Field Mouse". </td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>28</notr></td>
    <td>twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag): <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>M31 ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil finished.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism</td>
    <td>our commentary</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>32</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;&quot;FIELD&quot;(area measure)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Peg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>33</notr></td>
    <td>STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)</td>
    <td>the southern one of the two ellipses of fish; in comparison to the earlier version a small constellation which shifted northwestwards</td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>33 (a)</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Tails)</td>
    <td>Since the Old Babylonian 'Great Swallow' turned into a small swallow and was shifted to another place, the V-shaped tails of the Great Swallow remained without any meaning. Still, they are used as constellation (Tails - but nobody knows of whom). Later, the V-shape was interpreted as a band connecting the little swallow with a little fish below the constellation of Anunitu.</td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>34</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': <sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i></td>
    <td>Our stick figure is prepared to transform to the Greek Andromeda: Anunitu is another name for the Babylonian goddess of sexual love Ishtar who was equalized with Greek Aphrodite whose myth in Syria was connected to fish.</td>
    <td><notr>And</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>35</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker)</td>
    <td>Over centuries of abbreviation of the names of constellations, the Babylonian LU.HUN.GA transformed to HUN which is a sign similar to UDU (sheep). Therefore, the working man transformed to a sheep. This was likely a Babylonian wordplay only and therefore the constellation figure is not supposed to really look like a sheep.</td>
    <td><notr>Ari</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>36</notr></td>
    <td>STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle): <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu</td>
    <td>Old Babylonian termed only "the Star Cluster", Middle Babylonian insists to equalize this with Sebettu (the Seven Gods, warriors) - reason unknown. Late Babylonian more often uses the term "the Bristle" on the neck of the Bull. This interpretation is equal to the Greek one.</td>
    <td>Pleiades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>37</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>) and <sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull)</td>
    <td>The Bull of Heaven is a mythological figure from the epos of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh fights him and divides him in halves (which explains its depiction in the sky). The "Jaw" are the Hyades.</td>
    <td><notr>Tau </notr>and Hyades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>38</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>TRUE&middot;SHEPHERD&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN (<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Ori</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>39</notr></td>
    <td>Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&pi;<sub>3</sub>, &pi;<sub>4</sub> Ori ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>40</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)</td>
    <td>Normally, the Cock is identified with modern Lepus but this does not make any sense to me: "behind" Orion, i.e. rising after him is Prokyon, a very bright star without any known Babylonian name. The Greeks named him "pro kyon" (rising before the dog) because in some of the conquered cultures Prokyon was an indicator for the soon rising of Sirius (the dog star for them). Sirius was not a dog star in Babylonian sky culture but, however, important for the calendar. That is why, I suggest to take Prokyon for a crowing rooster, somehow announcing the brighter Sirius.</td>
    <td><notr>Lep (</notr>or<notr> &alpha; CMi ??)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>41</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute; (Arrow)</td>
    <td>The depicted version is a suggestion. Sure is only Sirius, for the rest, there are multiple options.</td>
    <td>Sirius + </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>42</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i> (Bow)</td>
    <td>I suppose, this is the mostly accepted version (out of several existing options).</td>
    <td>in<notr> CMa ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>43</notr></td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722; (Snake-god)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Hya</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>44</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i> (Raven)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Crv</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>45</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala</i>, ear of grain</td>
    <td>The old constellation of the Furrow vanished and left the Maiden (goddess &Scaron;ala) instead. The stable element is the 'ear of grain' as name for the brightest star (Greek Stachys, Latin Spica).</td>
    <td><notr>Vir</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>46</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Scales)</td>
    <td>Since MUL.APIN identifies the Scales with a part (horns) of the Scorpion this constellation vanished in early Greek astronomy and re-appeared only in early Roman times (Almagest and thereafter). We think, that the earlier versions of the Scales should have been a separate constellation and not part of the Scorpion. That's why, we turned it around 180° because in the Babylonian sky culture Virgo (as Furrow as well as the Maiden &Scaron;ala) does not need so much space.</td>
    <td>circa Lib</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>47</notr></td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa</td>
    <td>Normally identified with the area of Ophiuchus. </td>
    <td><notr>Oph</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>48, 49</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i> (Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i> (Corpse)</td>
    <td>The Eagle (Aql) is connected with a Corpse which reminds on the Almagest figure of the Eagle carrying dead Antinuos. It appears likely that the Eagle, in former times, had been a vulture because vultures are associated with dead bodies and eagles not and in Babylonian mythology an eagle carries preferably a living (not dead) man. Additionally, many early languages do not distinguish eagles and vultures. </td>
    <td><notr>Aql +</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Path of Anum completed.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism</td>
    <td>our commentary</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>54</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Fish)</td>
    <td>Greek "the Great Fish" </td>
    <td><notr>PsA</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>55</notr></td>
    <td>GREAT&middot;STAR: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea</td>
    <td>The god of wisdom and witchcraft, Ea, is usually depicted with streams of water springing from his shoulders. For Babylonians this was a clear image of the springs of Euphrates and Tigris. Since this was not cler to the Greek, they named this figure simply "the Man with the Water" or "Water-Carrier".</td>
    <td><notr>Aqr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>56</notr></td>
    <td>STAR of (the city of) Eridu</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Canopus<notr> (&alpha; Car)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>57</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to its right: STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;</td>
    <td>Since Canopus is almost opposite Aquarius in the sky, it is unclear where this asterism is to be located.</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>58</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i></td>
    <td>still unclear</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>59</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to its right: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), in the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is visible</td>
    <td> still unclear - but maybe the Aps&ucirc; is the southernmost part of the Milky Way. </td>
    <td>in<notr> Vela (Aps&ucirc;~MW?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>60</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;</td>
    <td>no hints, no clue</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>61</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea: STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da</td>
    <td>should be an male anthropomorphous figure (a god)</td>
    <td><notr>Cen</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>62</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i> (Scorpion): <sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Lup</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>63</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>64</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI<br/></i> (Breast of the Scorpion): <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin</td>
    <td>single star name</td>
    <td>Antares<notr> (&alpha; Sco)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>65</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz</td>
    <td>Since &Scaron;argaz is an old term for the sting, this is almost clear and re-applied as official modern star name by the IAU 2016.</td>
    <td><notr>&lambda;, &nu; Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>66</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind them: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;</td>
    <td>The depiction of god Pabilsa&#285; is iconographically clear. It can easily be transformed to a Greek centaur (see Boll, 1903). </td>
    <td><notr>Sgr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>67, 68</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Bark) (and?) <sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i> (Goat-fish) </td>
    <td> Either the Bark was identified with the Goat-Fish implying that both terms designate the same constellation (esp. likely for Old Babylonian epochs before MUL.APIN, hypotheses published by Craig Crossen in Sky&Telescope). Alternatively (and esp. likely for later epochs) the Bark was shifted to the west, under the feet of Pabilsa&#285; (Sagittarius). That explains Eratosthenes's long debate on the illogial image of a centaur standing on a ship. In case The Bark was a standalone constellation, it should be identified with Ptolemy's Southern Crown (Corona Australis).</td>
    <td><notr>(CrA &amp;) Cap</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6;; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea completed.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    </p>
zh_CN: ### 单星
    
    与星座形成鲜明对比的是，单星传承了很多东西。晚巴比伦(塞琉古)的星空文化相对更多的关注单星。 有许多ziqpu(子午线的顶点，即经过天顶)星座已经简化为单星。为了测绘的准确性，晚巴比伦有许多ziqpu列表(最重要的恒星列表)列出单星而不是星座。并且引入了“ 标准星(Normal stars)”的概念。标准星(来自拉丁语“ norma”)靠近黄道，是晚巴比伦的数理天文学的参考系。它们具有的优势是，通过计算当时的行星位置，我们可以非常精确地确定巴比伦人命名的对应恒星(Jones，2004)。
    
    ### 来源
    
    ziqpu恒星和标准星的列表主要是根据当代编著的 Hunger and Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, (1999年)以及“进一步阅读”中提供的一些其他论文汇编而成。 Hoffmann于2017年写的这本书已经包含了关于这些恒星的几种计算方法以及更多文献(例如，Wayne Horowitz 从事过ziqpu恒星工作了很多年，但在此没有发表特别的论文，但是他的翻译工作对此做出了很大贡献)。
    
    <p>
    
    ### MUL.APIN 星座
    
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" style="background: transparent">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">星座编号</td>
    <td>星座</td>
    <td>我们的评论</td>
    <td>在天球上的位置</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td>1</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>Cas</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td>2</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Wolf): seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i></td>
    <td> "狼 wolf" 不是动物，而是犁耕器的一部分。</td>
    <td>&gamma; Cas (+?)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>3</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Old Man)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>Per</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>4</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>in Aur</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>5</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Great Twins)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>Gem</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>6</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Little Twins)</td>
    <td> 不再存在 (并入Great Twins) </td>
    <td>Gem</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>7</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>Cnc</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>8</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(Lion)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>Leo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>9</td>
    <td>STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: STAR (of the) King</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Regulus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>10</td>
    <td>twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: &quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>Com</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>11</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>Boo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>12</td>
    <td>STAR in front of it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i> (Abundant)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>&alpha; Boo or &alpha; CVn </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>13</td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i> (Dignity)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>CrB</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>14</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i> (Wagon)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>UMa</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>15</td>
    <td>STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><<i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>Alcor (80 UMa)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>16</td>
    <td>STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>&alpha; UMa(+)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>17</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Hitched yoke?)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>UMi</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>18</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>somewhere betw UMi and Vega?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>19</td>
    <td>STAR in its bond: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Heir of the Ema&#7723;-temple)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>&alpha; UMi (?)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>20</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>Lyr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>21</td>
    <td>STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) [of Godedess Gula]</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>in Her</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>22</td>
    <td>bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>&alpha; Lyr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>23</td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>&eta;, &theta; Lyr ?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>24</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panther)</td>
    <td>在晚巴比伦语言(“词典”)中，出现了这个星座名称的新读法：应将其解释为阿卡德语单词“ nimru”，翻译为“豹(Panther)”。 这个地方的老恶魔似乎已经被取代了。</td>
    <td>Cyg</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>25</td>
    <td>STAR to the right of it: <sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i> (Pig)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>26</td>
    <td>STAR to the left of it: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i> (Horse)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>27</td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Stag)</td>
    <td> 我们转移了Stag，因为豹与UKADUA恶魔占据的区域不同。虽然仍不确定，但是在此版本中，Stag的胸部包括M31星系，这可能就是“鼠(Mouse)”。 </td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>28</td>
    <td>twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag): <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>M31?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil finished.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">星座编号</td>
    <td>星座</td>
    <td>我们的评论</td>
    <td>在天球上的位置</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>32</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;&quot;FIELD&quot;(area measure)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>Peg</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>33</td>
    <td>STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)</td>
    <td>鱼的南部的椭圆(鱼的两个椭圆之一)，小星座，和早期版本相比往西北方向移动了。</td>
    <td>Psc</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>33 (a)</td>
    <td>  <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Tails)</td>
    <td>由于古巴比伦的"大燕子"变成了一只小燕子，被转移到另一个地方，大燕子的V形尾巴仍然没有任何意义。尽管如此，它们还是被当成星座。后来，V形被解释为连接小燕子和Anunitu星座下面的一条鱼的绳子。</td>
    <td>Psc</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>34</td>
    <td>STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': <sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i></td>
    <td>星座连线已准备好转为希腊的仙女座：Anunitu是巴比伦性爱女神Ishtar的另一个名字，Ishtar与希腊的Aphrodite类似，后者在叙利亚的神话与鱼有关。
    <td>And</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>35</td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker)</td>
    <td>经过数个世纪的星座命名，巴比伦LU.HUN.GA转换为HUN，这类似于UDU(绵羊)。 因此，雇佣变成了绵羊。 这可能只是巴比伦的文字游戏，因此星座图像不应看起来像绵羊。</td>
    <td>Ari</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>36</td>
    <td>STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle): <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu</td>
    <td>古巴比伦人只称其为“星团”，中巴比伦人坚持将其与Sebettu(七神，战士)相提并论，但原因不明。 晚巴比伦在公牛的脖子上经常使用“the Bristle”一词。 </td>
    <td>Pleiades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>37</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>) and <sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull)</td>
    <td>天牛(Bull of Heaven)是Gilgamesh神话中的人物。 Gilgamesh与他战斗并将他分成两半(这说明了它在天空中的形象)。 “"Jaw”是毕星团。</td>
    <td>Tau and Hyades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>38</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>TRUE&middot;SHEPHERD&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN (<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>Ori</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>39</td>
    <td>Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i></td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>&pi;<sub>3</sub>,&pi;<sub>4</sub> Ori ?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>40</td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)</td>
    <td>通常，Cock是用现在的天狼星来识别的，但这对我来说没有任何意义：“猎户座”后方，即紧随其后的是猎鹰Prokyon，这是一颗非常亮的恒星，没有任何巴比伦的名字。希腊人称他为“Pro kyon”(在犬之前升起)，因为在某些被征服的文化中，Prokyon是天狼星(他们的犬星)很快升起的标志。天狼星不是巴比伦星空文化中的犬星，但是对于历法来说很重要。我把Prokyon当作一只使天狼星更加耀眼的公鸡。</td>
    <td>Lep (or &alpha; CMi??)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>41</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute; (Arrow)</td>
    <td>本版所描绘是一种推测，只有天狼星。但是其他的还有多种可选版本。</td>
    <td>Sirius + </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>42</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i> (Bow)</td>
    <td>我想这是(在几个现有的选项中)大多数人接受的版本。</td>
    <td>in CMa?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>43</td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722; (Snake-god)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>Hya</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>44</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i> (Raven)</td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>Crv</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>45</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala, ear of grain</td>
    <td>叫Furrow(犁沟)的旧星座消失了。只剩下室女(女神 &Scaron;ala) 。 保持不变的是“谷穗(ear of grain)”，是其中最明亮的星，名称(希腊 Stachys，拉丁 Spica)。</td>
    <td>Vir</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>46</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Scales)</td>
    <td>MUL.APIN用天蝎的一部分(触角)标识了天秤，这个星座在希腊早期的天文学中就消失了，并且仅在罗马早期(Almagest及其之后)才出现。我们认为，天秤的早期版本应该是一个单独的星座，而不是天蝎的一部分。 因此，我们将其旋转了180度，因为在巴比伦的星空文化中，室女座(如Furrow和室女&Scaron;ala)并不需要那么大的空间。</td>
    <td>circa Lib</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>47</td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa</td>
    <td> 通常以蛇夫座区域来识别。 </td>
    <td>Oph </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>48,49</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i> (Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i> (Corpse)</td>
    <td>鹰Eagle(Aql)与一具尸体相连，该尸体使人联想起携带死去的Antinuos的鹰的最大形象。 鹰似乎在以前是秃鹰，因为秃鹰与尸体有关，而鹰则无关，在巴比伦神话中，鹰最好携带一个活着的(而不是死亡的)人。 另外，许多早期的语言没有区分鹰和秃鹫。 </td>
    <td>Aql+</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Path of Anum completed.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">星座编号</td>
    <td>星座</td>
    <td>我们的评论</td>
    <td>在天球上的位置</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>54</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Fish)</td>
    <td> 希腊 "大鱼" </td>
    <td>PsA</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>55</td>
    <td>GREAT&middot;STAR: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea</td>
    <td>智慧和巫术之神Ea通常被描绘成从他肩膀上冒出的水流。 对于巴比伦人来说，这是幼发拉底河和底格里斯河的清晰影像。 由于这对希腊人并不重要，因此他们将这个人物简称为“有水的人”或“载水的人”。</td>
    <td>Aqr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>56</td>
    <td>STAR of (the city of) Eridu</td>
    <td>  </td>
    <td>Canopus (&alpha; Car)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>57</td>
    <td>STAR to its right: STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;</td>
    <td>由于老人星在天空中几乎与水瓶座相对，因此尚不清楚该星座应位于何处。</td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>58</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i></td>
    <td> 仍不清楚 </td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>59</td>
    <td>STAR to its right: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), in the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is visible</td>
    <td> 仍不清楚-但也许是Aps&ucirc; 是银河的极南 </td>
    <td>in Vela (Aps&ucirc;~MW?)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>60</td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;</td>
    <td> 没有提示，没有线索</td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>61</td>
    <td>STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea: STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da</td>
    <td> 应该是男性拟人化的人物(神)</td>
    <td>Cen</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>62</td>
    <td>STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i> (Scorpion): <sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i></td>
    <td>  </td>
    <td>Lup</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>63</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td> </td>
    <td>Sco</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>64</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI<br/></i> (Breast of the Scorpion): <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin</td>
    <td> 单星名 </td>
    <td>Antares<br/>(&alpha; Sco)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>65</td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz</td>
    <td>由于 &Scaron;argaz是the sting的旧称，因此这几乎很清楚，并在IAU 2016上重新用作官方星名。</td>
    <td>&lambda;, &nu; Sco</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>66</td>
    <td>STAR behind them: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;</td>
    <td>Pabilsa&#285; 图上的描绘是清晰的。 它可以很容易地转变成希腊人马(见Boll，1903年)。</td>
    <td>Sgr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>67,68</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Bark) (and?) <sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i> (Goat-fish) </td>
    <td>Bark的星可以用Goat-Fish来标识，这意味着两个术语都表示相同的星座(尤其是在MUL.APIN之前的古巴比伦时代，Craig Crossen在Sky＆Telescope中发表的设想)。或者(尤其是在以后的时代)，Bark向西移到Pabilsa&#285; (人马座)的脚下。 这就解释了Eratosthenes关于站在船上的半人马座的形象的长期讨论。 如果Bark是一个独立的星座，应将其标为托勒密的南冕座。</td>
    <td>(CrA &amp;) Cap</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6;; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea completed.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    </p>

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig.
     - [#2]: Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40.
     - [#3]: Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden.
     - [#4]: Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York.
     - [#5]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), [Hipparchs Himmelsglobus](https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821), Springer, Wiesbaden, New York.
     - [#6]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), *History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry* in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: [Popularisierung der Astronomie](https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/), Nuncius Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg.
     - [#7]: Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences.
     - [#8]: Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi), Utopica, Oberhaid.
     - [#9]: Many publications on *ziqpu* star lists by Wayne Horowitz, John M. Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch, and others are compiled or/and discussed in the above books, especially the one by Hunger and Pingree (1999) which is why we do not list them in detail here.
    
    ### Thanks to
    
    Thanks to some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for their request and development time in their domes.
    
     - Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of German-speaking Planetariums)
     - Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)
zh_CN:  - [#1]: Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig.
     - [#2]: Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40.
     - [#3]: Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden.
     - [#4]: Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York.
     - [#5]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), [Hipparchs Himmelsglobus](https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821), Springer, Wiesbaden, New York.
     - [#6]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), *History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry* in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: [Popularisierung der Astronomie](https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/), Nuncius Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg.
     - [#7]: Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences.
     - [#8]: Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi), Utopica, Oberhaid.
     - [#9]: many publications on *ziqpu* star lists by Wayne Horowitz, John M. Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch, and others are compiled or/and discussed in the above books, especially the one by Hunger and Pingree (1999) which is why we do not list them in detail here.
    
    ### 致谢
    
    感谢一些非常热情的天文馆负责人的帮助和开发。
    
     - Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of German-speaking Planetariums)
     - Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Artwork by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (Germany) and Susanne M Hoffmann (Planetarium Königsleiten, Austria).
    
    The Babylonian star names were compiled and added to Stellarium and
    
    the Babylonian constellation lines were prepared by:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M Hoffmann:   service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
zh_CN: Stellarium的巴比伦星名和星座线的汇编:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M Hoffmann:   service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
    <p>中文翻译：<em>Sun Shuwei, Wang Lingyi</em></p>

note: Belarusian sky culture name
en: Belarusian
zh_CN: 白罗斯

note: Belarusian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Shown here are some interesting folk astronomy constellations found in Belarus, a country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus is landlocked and contains large tracts of marshy land and thousands of lakes. Forests cover about 40% of the country. Belarus is exceptional in that people in the villages have preserved their traditional knowledge about the stars and related beliefs, right through to the present time. The illustrations are by no means exhaustive. In fact, many asterisms have multiple recorded meanings, ranging from ancient to Christianized.
zh_CN: 这里展示的是白罗斯发现的一些有趣的民间天文星座。白罗斯东北与俄罗斯接壤，南接乌克兰，西接波兰，西北接着立陶宛和拉脱维亚。 白罗斯是内陆地区，拥有大片沼泽地和数千个湖泊。 森林覆盖了全国约40％的土地。村庄里的人们一直保留着关于星星和相关信仰的传统知识。插图并非详尽无遗。事实上，从上古时代到基督教时代，许多星座有多种记载和意义。

note: Belarusian sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en:  - Elias's Cart &mdash; the burning cart that is ridden by Elias, the Christianized version of a constellation previously seen as *simply* a large cart.
     - The Bride
     - The Chicks
     - The Cross &mdash; a Peter’s cross
     - The Crown &mdash; the thorn wreath that was put on Christ’s head.
     - The Goat
     - The Grass Snakes
     - The Kingdoms &mdash; These two stars served as a symbol of two states: the Great Lithuanian Princedom and the Polish Kingdom.
     - The Mowers &mdash; These three stars stand one after another in the manner of people mowing the fields.
     - The Nail &mdash; The north star is seen as a nail around which the skies revolve.
     - The Ploughman
     - The Rake
     - The Ram
     - The Serpent &mdash; St. Yuri killed this serpent and hung it near the star that always stands in the same place
     - The Sieve &mdash; It was said that “God used to sift grains of *zhito* through it“.
     - The Small Cart &mdash; Ursa Minor resembles the large cart of Ursa Major.
     - The Throne &mdash; Lord Jesus’s chair.
     - The Twins
     - The Goose's Way
zh_CN:  - Elias's Cart，埃利亚斯的车座&mdash;这是一个基督教星座，被视为埃利亚斯的大车
     - The Bride，新娘座
     - The Chicks，小鸡座
     - The Cross，十字架座&mdash;彼得的十字架
     - The Crown，圣冠座&mdash;戴在基督头上的装饰冠冕
     - The Goat，山羊座
     - The Grass Snakes，草蛇座
     - The Kingdoms，王国座&mdash;这两颗星是两个国家的象征:立陶宛大公国和波兰王国
     - The Mowers，收割者座&mdash;这三颗星以人们修整农田的方式一个接一个地站立。
     - The Nail， 钉子座&mdash;北极星被视为天空围绕其旋转的钉子
     - The Ploughman，农夫座
     - The Rake，耙子座
     - The Ram，公羊座
     - The Serpent，海龙座&mdash;圣尤里杀死了海龙并把它挂在了总是站在同一个地方的恒星附近
     - The Sieve，筛子座&mdash;上帝过去常常通过它来筛选 *zhito* 的谷物
     - The Small Cart，小推车座&mdash;类似大推车的小推车
     - The Throne，圣椅座&mdash;耶稣的座椅
     - The Twins，双子座
     - The Goose's Way，鹅之路座

note: Belarusian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Belarussian Folk Astronomy](http://aviti.livejournal.com) The author's website, in Belarusian.
     - [#2]: Авілін Ц. «Паміж небам і зямлёй. Этнаастраномія», Менск, Тэхналёґія, 2015. ISBN 978-985-458-261-0.
     - [#3]: [Belarusian Ethnoastronomy.](https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy)
     - [#4]: [Ethnoastronomical aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.](https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement)
     - [#5]: [Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#6]: [Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#7]: [Astronyms in Belarussian folk beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs)
zh_CN:  - [#1]: [Belarussian Folk Astronomy](http://aviti.livejournal.com) 白罗斯民间星座
     - [#2]: Авілін Ц. «Паміж небам і зямлёй. Этнаастраномія», Менск, Тэхналёґія, 2015. ISBN 978-985-458-261-0.
     - [#3]: [Belarusian Ethnoastronomy.](https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy)
     - [#4]: [Ethnoastronomical aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.](https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement)
     - [#5]: [Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#6]: [Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#7]: [Astronyms in Belarussian folk beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs)

note: Belarusian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: The creation of this sky culture for Stellarium was suggested by Alexander Wolf to Johan Meuris, based on the article **Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Beliefs** by Tsimafei Avilin, published in the peer-reviewed journal Archaeologia Baltica.
    
    Illustrations by Johan Meuris.
zh_CN: Alexander Wolf 根据Tsimafei Avilin在学术期刊Archaeologia Baltica上发表的文章 **Belarussian Folk Beliefs** 中的**“Astronyms of Astrussian Folk Beliffs”**制作此星空文化。
    
    星座图绘来自 Johan Meuris.
    
    中文翻译来自 Sun Shuwei.

note: Boorong sky culture name
en: Boorong
zh_CN: 波荣

note: Chinese sky culture name
en: Chinese
zh_CN: 中国传统

note: Chinese sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Chinese astronomy was developed independently and Chinese had its own system to connect the stars, known as "Xingguan" (Chinese: 星官; pinyin: xīngguān, meaning: Star officials). Chinese Traditional Sky Culture has far-reaching implications in East Asia. In ancient China, Xingguans and planets were associated with astrology. After thousands of years of evolution, the current Xingguans and star names was finalized in the 17th to 19th centuries.
zh_CN: 中国天文学是独立发展的，中国人有自己的恒星分组系统，称为「星官」。中国传统的星空文化在东亚有着深远的影响。在中国古代，星官和行星与占星术有关。经过几千年的演变，现在的星官和星名是在十七至十九世纪定型的。

note: Chinese sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 Chinese star names from *Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). *Complete Studies of Astronomical* is an imperial record of astronomy finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial Astronomical Observatory made a revision to it and published *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical*, which is the major reference to the traditional Chinese Xingguans and star names used today. Yi Shitong has conducted textual research and summary of these records in his book*Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo).
    
    Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* and *Complete Studies of Astronomical*.
    
    In addition, some stars have been added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China* (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ) by Pan Nai, if these stars are not certified in *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue1950.0(Star Catalogue)*.
    
    If the star name is followed by a "*", it is a star added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China*.
    
    If the star name is followed by a "?", it is a star added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China*, but cannot be fully certified.
    
    ### Sun, Moon and Planets
    
    The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element concepts. Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, Mars is named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth Star.
    
    In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix "great" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: 太阳; pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). Their other name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, Chinese: 日) And Yue (Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name for the moon is Yueliang (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng).
    
    The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: 七曜; pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and Yang.
    
    ### Xingguans
    
    Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere into asterisms or constellations, known as "Xingguan". Modern constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries between Xingguans.
    
    The name and layout of the Xingguans are very social, the kingdom, the mountains, the goods, the industry all move to the sky, according to the Earth's way in the sky to copy a world.
    
    The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic tradition. A Xingguan contain more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿；pinyin: Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to the influence of precession, six Xingguans near the southern horizon are getting more and more south. They were no longer easy to be observed by astronomers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded in *Complete Studies of Astronomical*.
    
    Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; pinyin: JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming Dynasty based on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 Xingguans. The Southern Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system.
    
    Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to almost every Xingguan, called "added stars" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: zēngxīng). The original stars are called "primary stars" (Chinese: 正星; pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has a number. The name of the stars in *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few Xingguans, each star has a special name.
    
    In this way, *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* has 300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total.
    
    Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than Western names.
    
    ![](illustrations/yxkcxt.png)
    
    *Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)*
    
    ### Three Enclosures
    
    Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: 太微垣; pinyin: Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán).
    
    Each Enclosure has two walls, called the left wall and the right wall which are the main Xingguans. The walls are surrounded by many Xingguans. There are also Xingguans in the vicinity of the wall that belong to this Enclosure.
    
    Purple Forbidden enclosure is the inner palace of the emperor, it covers the northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and parts of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules. Purple Forbidden enclosure has 37 Xingguans.
    
     - [Purple Forbidden enclosure (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure)
    
    Supreme Palace Enclosure is the place where the emperor and the courtiers deal with their politics. Supreme Palace Enclosure has a variety of officials and government agencies. It covers the modern constellations Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and Leo Minor. Supreme Palace Enclosure has 20 Xingguans.
    
     - [Supreme Palace Enclosure (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure)
    
    Heavenly Market Enclosure is a bazaar in the sky, a place where ordinary people live. The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of Hercules. Heavenly Market Enclosure has 19 Xingguans. They were named after the participants of the bazaar and the facilities of the bazaar.
    
     - [Heavenly Market Enclosure (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure)
    
    ### Twenty-Eight Mansions
    
    The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) also known as 28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the ecliptic and the sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 regions according to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion (Chinese: 宿; pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion every day to rest.
    
    Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion.
    
    Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: 宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion.
    
    Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also changed in history.
    
    On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies.
    
    If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; pinyin: rùxiùdù).
    
    Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), which is the angular distance between the star and the north celestial pole, we can determine the position of a star on the celestial sphere. Mansion distance degrees and polar distance degrees together constitute the two components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system.
    
    The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west.
    
    ### The List of The Twenty-Eight Mansions (J2000)
    
    |Seven Luminaries|   |Wood|Metal|Earth|Sun|Moon|Fire|Water|
    |----------------|---|----|-----|-----|---|----|----|-----|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>东方苍龙</notr>|<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>箕宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Dōngfāng Cānglóng</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|Azure Dragon of the East|Horn Mansion|Neck Mansion|Root Mansion|Room Mansion|Heart Mansion|Tail Mansion|Winnowing Basket Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>46</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>α Vir</notr>|<notr>κ Vir</notr>|<notr>α2 Lib</notr>|<notr>π Sco</notr>|<notr>σ Sco</notr>|<notr>μ1 Sco</notr>|<notr>γ Sgr</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>13h25m11.6s</notr>|<notr>14h12m53.8s</notr>|<notr>14h50m52.8s</notr>|<notr>15h58m51.1s</notr>|<notr>16h21m11.3s</notr>|<notr>16h51m52.2s</notr>|<notr>18h05m48.5s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>47m42s</notr>|<notr>37m59s</notr>|<notr>1h07m58s</notr>|<notr>22m20s</notr>|<notr>30m41s</notr>|<notr>1h13m57s</notr>|<notr>39m51s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>12.10°</notr>|<notr>9.63°</notr>|<notr>17.24°</notr>|<notr>5.67°</notr>|<notr>7.78°</notr>|<notr>18.76°</notr>|<notr>10.11°</notr>|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>北方玄武</notr>|<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>壁宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Běifāng Xuánwǔ</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|Black Tortoise of the North|Dipper Mansion|Ox Mansion|Girl Mansion|Emptiness Mansion|Rooftop Mansion|Encampment Mansion|Wall Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>65</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>μ Sgr</notr>|<notr>β Cap</notr>|<notr>ε Aqr</notr>|<notr>β Aqr</notr>|<notr>α Aqr</notr>|<notr>α Peg</notr>|<notr>γ Peg</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>18h45m39.4s</notr>|<notr>20h21m0.7s</notr>|<notr>20h47m40.6s</notr>|<notr>21h31m33.5s</notr>|<notr>22h05m47.0s</notr>|<notr>23h04m45.7s</notr>|<notr>00h13m14.2s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>1h35m21s</notr>|<notr>26m40s</notr>|<notr>43m53s</notr>|<notr>34m13s</notr>|<notr>58m59s</notr>|<notr>1h08s29s</notr>|<notr>43m58s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>24.19°</notr>|<notr>6.76°</notr>|<notr>11.13°</notr>|<notr>8.68°</notr>|<notr>14.96°</notr>|<notr>17.37°</notr>|<notr>11.15°</notr>|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>西方白虎</notr>|<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>参宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Xīfāng Báihǔ</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|White Tiger of the West|Legs Mansion|Bond Mansion|Stomach Mansion|Hairy Head Mansion|Net Mansion|Turtle Beak Mansion|Three Stars Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>54</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>η And</notr>|<notr>β Ari</notr>|<notr>35 Ari</notr>|<notr>17 Tau</notr>|<notr>ε Tau</notr>|<notr>λ Ori</notr>|<notr>ζ Ori</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>00h57m12.3s</notr>|<notr>01h54m38.4s</notr>|<notr>02h43m27.1s</notr>|<notr>03h44m52.5s</notr>|<notr>04h28m37.0s</notr>|<notr>5h35m8.3s</notr>|<notr>05h40m45.5s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>57m26s</notr>|<notr>48m49s</notr>|<notr>1h01m26s</notr>|<notr>43m44s</notr>|<notr>1h06m31s</notr>|<notr>5m32s</notr>|<notr>42m12s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>14.57°</notr>|<notr>12.38°</notr>|<notr>15.58°</notr>|<notr>11.09°</notr>|<notr>16.87°</notr>|<notr>1.40°</notr>|<notr>10.70°</notr>|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>南方朱雀</notr>|<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>轸宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Nánfāng Zhūquè</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|Vermilion Bird of the South|Well Mansion|Ghosts Mansion|Willow Mansion|Star Mansion|Extended Net Mansion|Wings Mansion|Chariot Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>42</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>μ Gem</notr>|<notr>θ Cnc</notr>|<notr>δ Hya</notr>|<notr>α Hya</notr>|<notr>υ1 Hya</notr>|<notr>α Crt</notr>|<notr>γ Crv</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>6h22m57.6s</notr>|<notr>8h31m35.7s</notr>|<notr>8h37m39.4s</notr>|<notr>09h27m35.2s</notr>|<notr>09h51m28.7s</notr>|<notr>10h59m45.9s</notr>|<notr>12h15m48.4s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>2h08m38s</notr>|<notr>6m3s</notr>|<notr>49m58s</notr>|<notr>23m54s</notr>|<notr>1h08m17s</notr>|<notr>1h16m02s</notr>|<notr>1h09m23s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>32.63°</notr>|<notr>1.54°</notr>|<notr>12.67°</notr>|<notr>6.06°</notr>|<notr>17.32°</notr>|<notr>19.29°</notr>|<notr>17.60°</notr>|
    
    note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system.
    
    note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees.
    
     - <notr>[Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Eight_Mansions)</notr>
    
    ### The Southern Sky
    
    The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi (Chinese: 徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans based on the European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated into the traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually variations of Western constellations, and they are mostly named after animals.
    
    ### The list of Xingguans
    
    |Chinese Name|Pinyin|Translation|Number of Primary Stars|Number of Added Stars|
    |------------|------|-----------|-----------------------|---------------------|
    |<notr>紫微垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēiyuán</notr>|Purple Forbidden Enclosure|   |   |
    |<notr>北极</notr>|<notr>Běijí</notr>|Northern Pole|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>四辅</notr>|<notr>Sìfǔ</notr>|Four Advisors|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天乙</notr>|<notr>Tiānyǐ</notr>|Celestial Great One|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>太乙</notr>|<notr>Tàiyǐ</notr>|First Great One|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>紫微左垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēizuǒyuán</notr>|Purple Forbidden Left Wall|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>紫微右垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēiyòuyuán</notr>|Purple Forbidden Right Wall|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>阴德</notr>|<notr>Yīndé</notr>|Hidden Virtue|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>尚书</notr>|<notr>Shàngshū</notr>|Royal Secretary|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>女史</notr>|<notr>Nǚshǐ</notr>|Female Protocol|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>柱史</notr>|<notr>Zhùshǐ</notr>|Official of Royal Archives|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>御女</notr>|<notr>Yùnǚ</notr>|Maids-in-waiting|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天柱</notr>|<notr>Tiānzhù</notr>|Celestial Pillar|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>大理</notr>|<notr>Dàlǐ</notr>|Chief Judge|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>勾陈</notr>|<notr>Gōuchén</notr>|Curved Array|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>六甲</notr>|<notr>Liùjiǎ</notr>|Six Jia|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天皇大帝</notr>|<notr>Tiānhuángdàdì</notr>|Great Emperor of Heaven|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>五帝内座</notr>|<notr>WǔdìnèiZuò</notr>|Interior Seats of the Five Emperors|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>华盖</notr>|<notr>Huágài</notr>|Canopy of the Emperor|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>杠(附华盖)</notr>|<notr>Gàng</notr>|Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>传舍</notr>|<notr>Chuánshè</notr>|Guest House|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>内阶</notr>|<notr>Nèijiē</notr>|Inner Steps|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天厨</notr>|<notr>Tiānchú</notr>|Celestial Kitchen|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>八谷</notr>|<notr>Bāgǔ</notr>|Eight Kinds of Crops|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>34</notr>|
    |<notr>天棓</notr>|<notr>Tiānbàng</notr>|Celestial Flail|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>内厨</notr>|<notr>Nèichú</notr>|Inner Kitchen|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>文昌</notr>|<notr>Wénchāng</notr>|Administrative Center|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>三师</notr>|<notr>Sānshī</notr>|Three Top Instructors|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>三公</notr>|<notr>Sāngōng</notr>|Three Excellencies|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天床</notr>|<notr>Tiānchuáng</notr>|Celestial Bed|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>太尊</notr>|<notr>Tàizūn</notr>|Royals|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天牢</notr>|<notr>Tiānláo</notr>|Celestial Prison|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>太阳守</notr>|<notr>Tàiyángshǒu</notr>|Guard of the Sun|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>势</notr>|<notr>Shì</notr>|Eunuch|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>相</notr>|<notr>Xiàng</notr>|Prime Minister|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>玄戈</notr>|<notr>Xuángē</notr>|Sombre Lance|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>天理</notr>|<notr>Tiānlǐ</notr>|Judge for Nobility|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>北斗</notr>|<notr>Běidǒu</notr>|Northern Dipper|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>辅(附北斗)</notr>|<notr>Fǔ</notr>|Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天枪</notr>|<notr>Tiānqiāng</notr>|Celestial Spear|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>太微垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēiyuán</notr>|Supreme Palace Enclosure|   |   |
    |<notr>太微左垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēizuǒyuán</notr>|Supreme Palace Left Wall|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>太微右垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēiyòuyuán</notr>|Supreme Palace Right Wall|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>谒者</notr>|<notr>Yèzhě</notr>|Usher to the Court|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>三公</notr>|<notr>Sāngōng</notr>|Three Excellencies|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>九卿</notr>|<notr>Jiǔqīng</notr>|Nine Senior Officers|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>五诸侯</notr>|<notr>Wǔzhūhóu</notr>|Five Lords|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>内屏</notr>|<notr>Nèipíng</notr>|Inner Screen|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>五帝座</notr>|<notr>Wǔdìzuò</notr>|Seats of the Five Emperors|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>幸臣</notr>|<notr>Xìngchén</notr>|Officer of Honour|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>太子</notr>|<notr>Tàizǐ</notr>|Crown Prince|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>从官</notr>|<notr>Cóngguān</notr>|Retinue|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>郎将</notr>|<notr>Lángjiàng</notr>|Captain of the Bodyguards|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>虎贲</notr>|<notr>Hǔbēn</notr>|Emperor's Bodyguard|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>常陈</notr>|<notr>Chángchén</notr>|Royal Guards|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>郎位</notr>|<notr>Lángwèi</notr>|Officers of the Imperial Guard|<notr>15</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>明堂</notr>|<notr>Míngtáng</notr>|The Hall of Glory|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>灵台</notr>|<notr>Língtaí</notr>|Astronomical Observatory|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>少微</notr>|<notr>Shàowēi</notr>|Junior Officers|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>长垣</notr>|<notr>Chángyuán</notr>|Long Wall|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>三台</notr>|<notr>Sāntái</notr>|Three Steps|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>天市垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìyuán</notr>|Heavenly Market Enclosure|   |   |
    |<notr>天市左垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìzuǒyuán</notr>|Heavenly Market Left Wall|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>48</notr>|
    |<notr>天市右垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìyòuyuán</notr>|Heavenly Market Right Wall|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>32</notr>|
    |<notr>市楼</notr>|<notr>Shìlóu</notr>|Municipal Office|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>车肆</notr>|<notr>Chēsì</notr>|Commodity Market|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>宗正</notr>|<notr>Zōngzhèng</notr>|Official for the Royal Clan|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>宗人</notr>|<notr>Zōngrén</notr>|Official of Religious Ceremonies|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>宗</notr>|<notr>Zōng</notr>|Patriarchal Clan|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>帛度</notr>|<notr>Bódù</notr>|Textile Ruler|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>屠肆</notr>|<notr>Túsì</notr>|Butcher's Shops|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>候</notr>|<notr>Hòu</notr>|Astrologer|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>帝座</notr>|<notr>Dìzuò</notr>|Emperor's Seat|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>宦者</notr>|<notr>Huànzhě</notr>|Eunuch Official|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>列肆</notr>|<notr>Lièsì</notr>|Jewel Market|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>斗</notr>|<notr>Dǒu</notr>|Dipper for Liquids|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>斛</notr>|<notr>Hú</notr>|Dipper for Solids|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>贯索</notr>|<notr>Guànsuǒ</notr>|Coiled Thong|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>七公</notr>|<notr>Qīgōng</notr>|Seven Excellencies|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>天纪</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Celestial Discipline|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>女床</notr>|<notr>Nǚchuáng</notr>|Woman's Bed|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|Horn Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|Horn|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>平道</notr>|<notr>Píngdào</notr>|Flat Road|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天田</notr>|<notr>Tiāntián</notr>|Celestial Farmland|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>进贤</notr>|<notr>Jìnxián</notr>|Recommending Virtuous Men|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>周鼎</notr>|<notr>Zhōudǐng</notr>|Tripod of the Zhou|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天门</notr>|<notr>Tiānmén</notr>|Celestial Gate|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>平</notr>|<notr>Píng</notr>|Justice|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>库楼</notr>|<notr>Kùlóu</notr>|Arsenal|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>柱</notr>|<notr>Zhù</notr>|Pillars|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>衡</notr>|<notr>Héng</notr>|Railings|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>南门</notr>|<notr>Nánmén</notr>|Southern Gate|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|Neck Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|Neck|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>大角</notr>|<notr>Dàjiǎo</notr>|Great Horn|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>左摄提</notr>|<notr>Zuǒshètí</notr>|Left Conductor|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>右摄提</notr>|<notr>Yòushètí</notr>|Right Conductor|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>顿顽</notr>|<notr>Dùnwán</notr>|Trials|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>阳门</notr>|<notr>Yángmén</notr>|Gate of Yang|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>折威</notr>|<notr>Zhéwēi</notr>|Executions|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|Root Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|Root|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>30</notr>|
    |<notr>天乳</notr>|<notr>Tiānrǔ</notr>|Celestial Milk|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>招摇</notr>|<notr>Zhāoyáo</notr>|Twinkling Indicator|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>梗河</notr>|<notr>Gěnghé</notr>|Celestial Lance|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>帝席</notr>|<notr>Dìxí</notr>|Mattress of the Emperor|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>亢池</notr>|<notr>Kàngchí</notr>|Boats and Lake|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>阵车</notr>|<notr>Zhènchē</notr>|Battle Chariots|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>骑官</notr>|<notr>Qíguān</notr>|Imperial Guards|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>车骑</notr>|<notr>Chēqí</notr>|Chariots and Cavalry|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天辐</notr>|<notr>Tiānfú</notr>|Celestial Spokes|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>骑阵将军</notr>|<notr>Qízhènjiāngjūn</notr>|Chariots and Cavalry General|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|Room Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|Room|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>钩钤(附房宿)</notr>|<notr>Gōuqián</notr>|Lock (Vassal of Room)|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>键闭</notr>|<notr>Jiànbì</notr>|Door Bolt|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>罚</notr>|<notr>Fá</notr>|Punishment|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>东咸</notr>|<notr>Dōngxián</notr>|Eastern Door|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>西咸</notr>|<notr>Xīxián</notr>|Western Door|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>日</notr>|<notr>Rì</notr>|Solar Star|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>从官</notr>|<notr>Cóngguān</notr>|Retinue|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|Heart Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|Heart|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>积卒</notr>|<notr>Jīzú</notr>|Group of Soldiers|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|Tail Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|Tail|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>神宫(附尾宿)</notr>|<notr>shéngōng</notr>|Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>龟</notr>|<notr>Guī</notr>|Tortoise|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天江</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiāng</notr>|Celestial River|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>傅说</notr>|<notr>Fùyuè</notr>|Fu Yue|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>鱼</notr>|<notr>Yú</notr>|Fish|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>箕宿</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|Winnowing Basket Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>箕宿</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|Winnowing Basket|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>糠</notr>|<notr>Kāng</notr>|Chaff|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>杵</notr>|<notr>Chǔ</notr>|Pestle|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|Dipper Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|Dipper|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>建</notr>|<notr>Jiàn</notr>|Establishment|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天籥</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuè</notr>|Celestial Keyhole|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天弁</notr>|<notr>Tiānbiàn</notr>|Market Officer|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>鳖</notr>|<notr>Biē</notr>|River Turtle|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天鸡</notr>|<notr>Tiānjī</notr>|Celestial Cock|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>狗国</notr>|<notr>Gǒuguó</notr>|Territory of Dog|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天渊</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuān</notr>|Celestial Spring|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>狗</notr>|<notr>Gǒu</notr>|Dog|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>农丈人</notr>|<notr>Nóngzhàngrén</notr>|Peasant|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|Ox Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|Ox|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>天田</notr>|<notr>Tiāntián</notr>|Celestial Farmland|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>九坎</notr>|<notr>Jiǔkǎn</notr>|Nine Water Wells|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>河鼓</notr>|<notr>Hégǔ</notr>|Drum at the River|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>织女</notr>|<notr>Zhinǚ</notr>|Weaving Girl|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>左旗</notr>|<notr>Zuǒqí</notr>|Left Flag|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>30</notr>|
    |<notr>右旗</notr>|<notr>Yòuqí</notr>|Right Flag|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>天桴</notr>|<notr>Tiānfú</notr>|Celestial Drumstick|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>罗堰</notr>|<notr>Luóyàn</notr>|Network of Dykes|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>渐台</notr>|<notr>Jiàntái</notr>|Clepsydra Terrace|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>辇道</notr>|<notr>Niǎndào</notr>|Imperial Passageway|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|Girl Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|Girl|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>十二国</notr>|<notr>Shí'èrguó</notr>|Twelve States|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>离珠</notr>|<notr>Lízhū</notr>|Pearls on Ladies' Wear|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>败瓜</notr>|<notr>Bàiguā</notr>|Rotten Gourd|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>瓠瓜</notr>|<notr>Hùguā</notr>|Good Gourd|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>天津</notr>|<notr>Tiānjīn</notr>|Celestial Ford|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>40</notr>|
    |<notr>奚仲</notr>|<notr>Xīzhòng</notr>|Xi Zhong|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>扶筐</notr>|<notr>Fúkuāng</notr>|Basket for Mulberry Leaves|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|Emptiness Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|Emptiness|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>司命</notr>|<notr>Sīmìng</notr>|Deified Judge of Life|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司禄</notr>|<notr>Sīlù</notr>|Deified Judge of Rank|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司危</notr>|<notr>Sīwēi</notr>|Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司非</notr>|<notr>Sīfēi</notr>|Deified Judge of Right and Wrong|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>哭</notr>|<notr>Kū</notr>|Crying|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>泣</notr>|<notr>Qì</notr>|Weeping|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>天垒城</notr>|<notr>Tiānlěichéng</notr>|Celestial Ramparts|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>败臼</notr>|<notr>Bàijiù</notr>|Decayed Mortar|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>离瑜</notr>|<notr>Líyú</notr>|Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|Rooftop Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|Rooftop|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>坟墓(附危宿)</notr>|<notr>Fénmù</notr>|Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>人</notr>|<notr>Rén</notr>|Humans|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>杵</notr>|<notr>Chǔ</notr>|Pestle|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>臼</notr>|<notr>Jiù</notr>|Mortar|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>车府</notr>|<notr>Chēfǔ</notr>|Big Yard for Chariots|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>20</notr>|
    |<notr>天钩</notr>|<notr>Tiāngōu</notr>|Celestial Hook|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>造父</notr>|<notr>Zàofù</notr>|Zaofu|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>盖屋</notr>|<notr>Gàiwū</notr>|Roofing|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>虚梁</notr>|<notr>Xūliáng</notr>|Temple|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天钱</notr>|<notr>Tiānqián</notr>|Celestial Money|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|Encampment Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|Encampment|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>离宫(附室宿)</notr>|<notr>Lígōng</notr>|Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>雷电</notr>|<notr>Léidiàn</notr>|Thunder and Lightning|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>垒壁阵</notr>|<notr>Lěibìzhèn</notr>|Line of Ramparts|<notr>12</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>羽林军</notr>|<notr>Yǔlínjūn</notr>|Palace Guard|<notr>45</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>𫓧钺</notr>|<notr>Fūyuè</notr>|Axe|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>北落师门</notr>|<notr>Běiluòshīmén</notr>|North Gate of the Military Camp|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>八魁</notr>|<notr>Bākuí</notr>|Net for Catching Birds|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天纲</notr>|<notr>Tiāngāng</notr>|Materials for Making Tents|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>土公吏</notr>|<notr>Tǔgōnglì</notr>|Official for Materials Supply|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>螣蛇</notr>|<notr>Téngshé</notr>|Flying Serpent|<notr>22</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>壁宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Wall Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>壁宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Wall|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>23</notr>|
    |<notr>霹雳</notr>|<notr>Pīlì</notr>|Thunderbolt|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>云雨</notr>|<notr>Yúnyǔ</notr>|Cloud and Rain|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天厩</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiù</notr>|Celestial Stable|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>𫓧锧</notr>|<notr>Fūzhì</notr>|Sickle|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>土公</notr>|<notr>Tǔgōng</notr>|Official for Earthworks and Buildings|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|Legs Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|Legs|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>23</notr>|
    |<notr>外屏</notr>|<notr>Wàipíng</notr>|Outer Fence|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>天溷</notr>|<notr>Tiānhùn</notr>|Celestial Pigsty|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>土司空</notr>|<notr>Tǔsīkōng</notr>|Master of Constructions|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>军南门</notr>|<notr>Jūnnánmén</notr>|Southern Military Gate|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>阁道</notr>|<notr>Gédào</notr>|Flying Corridor|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>附路</notr>|<notr>Fùlù</notr>|Auxiliary Road|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>王良</notr>|<notr>Wángliáng</notr>|Wang Liang|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>策</notr>|<notr>Cè</notr>|Whip|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|Bond Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|Bond|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>左更</notr>|<notr>Zuǒgēng</notr>|Official in Charge of the Forest|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>右更</notr>|<notr>Yòugēng</notr>|Official in Charge of Pasturing|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天仓 </notr>|<notr>Tiāncāng</notr>|Square Celestial Granary|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>天庾</notr>|<notr>Tiānyǔ</notr>|Ricks of Grain|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天大将军</notr>|<notr>Tiāndàjiāngjūn</notr>|Great General of Heaven|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>17</notr>|
    |<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|Stomach Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|Stomach|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天廪</notr>|<notr>Tiānlǐn</notr>|Celestial Foodstuff|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天囷</notr>|<notr>Tiānqūn</notr>|Circular Celestial Granary|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>大陵</notr>|<notr>Dàlíng</notr>|Mausoleum|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>天船</notr>|<notr>Tiānchuán</notr>|Celestial Boat|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>JīShī</notr>|Heap of Corpses|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>积水</notr>|<notr>Jīshuǐ</notr>|Stored Water|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|Hairy Head Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|Hairy Head|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>天阿</notr>|<notr>Tiān'ē</notr>|Celestial Concave|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>月</notr>|<notr>Yuè</notr>|Lunar Star|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天阴</notr>|<notr>Tiānyīn</notr>|Celestial Yin Force|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>刍藁</notr>|<notr>Chúgǎo</notr>|Hay|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天苑</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuàn</notr>|Celestial Meadows|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>卷舌</notr>|<notr>Juǎnshé</notr>|Rolled Tongue|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天谗</notr>|<notr>Tiānchán</notr>|Celestial Slander|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>砺石</notr>|<notr>Lìshí</notr>|Whetstone|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Net Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Net|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>附耳(附毕宿)</notr>|<notr>Fù'ěr</notr>|Whisper (Vassal of Net)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天街</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiē</notr>|Celestial Street|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天节</notr>|<notr>Tiānjié</notr>|Celestial Tally|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>诸王</notr>|<notr>Zhūwáng</notr>|Feudal Kings|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天高</notr>|<notr>Tiāngāo</notr>|Celestial High Terrace|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>九州殊口</notr>|<notr>Jiǔzhōushūkǒu</notr>|Interpreters of Nine Dialects|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>五车</notr>|<notr>Wǔchē</notr>|Five Chariots|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>柱</notr>|<notr>Zhù</notr>|Pillars|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天潢</notr>|<notr>Tiānhuáng</notr>|Celestial Pier|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>咸池</notr>|<notr>Xiánchí</notr>|Pool of Harmony|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天关</notr>|<notr>Tiānguān</notr>|Celestial Pass|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>参旗</notr>|<notr>Shēnqí</notr>|Banner of Three Stars|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>九斿</notr>|<notr>Jiǔyóu</notr>|Imperial Military Flag|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天园</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuán</notr>|Celestial Orchard|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|Turtle Beak Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|Turtle Beak|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司怪</notr>|<notr>Sīguài</notr>|Deity in Charge of Monsters|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>座旗</notr>|<notr>Zuòqí</notr>|Seat Flags|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>参宿</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|Three Stars Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>参宿</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|Three Stars|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>39</notr>|
    |<notr>伐(附参宿)</notr>|<notr>Fá</notr>|Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>玉井</notr>|<notr>Yùjǐng</notr>|Jade Well|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>屏</notr>|<notr>Píng</notr>|Screen|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>军井</notr>|<notr>Jūnjǐng</notr>|Military well|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>厕</notr>|<notr>Cè</notr>|Toilet|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>屎</notr>|<notr>Shǐ</notr>|Excrement|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|Well Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|Well|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>钺(附井宿)</notr>|<notr>Yuè</notr>|Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>南河</notr>|<notr>Nánhé</notr>|South River|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>北河</notr>|<notr>Běihé</notr>|North River|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天樽</notr>|<notr>Tiānzūn</notr>|Celestial Wine Cup|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>五诸侯</notr>|<notr>Wǔzhūhóu</notr>|Five Feudal Kings|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>积水</notr>|<notr>Jīshuǐ</notr>|Accumulated Water|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>积薪</notr>|<notr>Jīxīn</notr>|Pile of Firewood|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>水府</notr>|<notr>Shuǐfǔ</notr>|Official for Irrigation|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>水位</notr>|<notr>Shuǐwèi</notr>|Water Level|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>四渎</notr>|<notr>Sìdú</notr>|Four Channels|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>军市</notr>|<notr>Jūnshì</notr>|Market for Soldiers|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>野鸡</notr>|<notr>Yějī</notr>|Wild Cockerel|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>丈人</notr>|<notr>Zhàngrén</notr>|Grandfather|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>子</notr>|<notr>Zǐ</notr>|Son|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>孙</notr>|<notr>Sūn</notr>|Grandson|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>阙丘</notr>|<notr>Quèqiū</notr>|Palace Gate|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天狼</notr>|<notr>Tiānláng</notr>|Celestial Wolf|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>弧矢</notr>|<notr>Húshǐ</notr>|Bow and Arrow|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>32</notr>|
    |<notr>老人</notr>|<notr>Lǎorén</notr>|Old Man|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|Ghosts Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|Ghosts|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>Jīshī</notr>|Cumulative Corpses|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>爟</notr>|<notr>Guàn</notr>|Beacon Fire|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>天狗</notr>|<notr>Tiāngǒu</notr>|Celestial Dog|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>外厨</notr>|<notr>Wàichú</notr>|Outer Kitchen|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>17</notr>|
    |<notr>天社</notr>|<notr>Tiānshè</notr>|Celestial Earth God's Temple|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天记</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|Willow Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|Willow|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>酒旗</notr>|<notr>Jiǔqí</notr>|Banner of Wine Shop|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|Star Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|Star Mansion|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>天相</notr>|<notr>Tiānxiàng</notr>|Celestial Premier|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>天稷*</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Celestial Cereals|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>轩辕</notr>|<notr>Xuānyuán</notr>|Xuanyuan|<notr>17</notr>|<notr>59</notr>|
    |<notr>内平</notr>|<notr>Nèipíng</notr>|High Judge|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|Extended Net Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|Extended Net|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天庙*</notr>|<notr>Tiānmiào</notr>|Celestial Temple|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|Wings Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|Wings|<notr>22</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>东瓯*</notr>|<notr>Dōngōu</notr>|Dongou|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>轸宿</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|Chariot Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>轸宿</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|Chariot|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>长沙(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Chángshā</notr>|Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>左辖(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Zuǒxiá</notr>|Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>右辖(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Yoùxiá</notr>|Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>青丘</notr>|<notr>Qīngqiū</notr>|Green Hill|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>军门*</notr>|<notr>Jūnmén</notr>|Military Gate|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>土司空*</notr>|<notr>Tǔsīkōng</notr>|Master of Constructions|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>器府*</notr>|<notr>Qìfǔ</notr>|House for Musical Instruments|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>近南极星区</notr>|<notr>JìnnánJí Xīngqū</notr>|The Southern Sky|   |   |
    |<notr>海山</notr>|<notr>Hǎishān</notr>|Sea and Mountain|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>十字架</notr>|<notr>Shízìjià</notr>|Cross|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>马尾</notr>|<notr>Mǎwěi</notr>|Horse's Tail|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>马腹</notr>|<notr>Mǎfù</notr>|Horse's Abdomen|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蜜蜂</notr>|<notr>Mìfēng</notr>|Bee|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>三角形</notr>|<notr>Sānjiǎoxíng</notr>|Triangle|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>异雀</notr>|<notr>Yìquè</notr>|Exotic Bird|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>孔雀</notr>|<notr>Kǒngquè</notr>|Peafowl|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>波斯</notr>|<notr>Bōsī</notr>|Persia|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇尾</notr>|<notr>Shéwěi</notr>|Snake's Tail|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇腹</notr>|<notr>Shéfù</notr>|Snake's Abdomen|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇首</notr>|<notr>Shéshǒu</notr>|Snake's Head|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>鸟喙</notr>|<notr>Niǎohuì</notr>|Bird's Beak|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>鹤 </notr>|<notr>Hè</notr>|Crane|<notr>12</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>火鸟</notr>|<notr>Huǒniǎo</notr>|Firebird|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>水委</notr>|<notr>Shuǐweǐ</notr>|Crooked Running Water|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>附白</notr>|<notr>Fùbái</notr>|White Patched Nearby|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>夹白</notr>|<notr>Jiābái</notr>|White Patches Attached|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>金鱼</notr>|<notr>Jīnyú</notr>|Goldfish|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>海石</notr>|<notr>Hǎishí</notr>|Sea Rock|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>飞鱼</notr>|<notr>Fēiyú</notr>|Flying Fish|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>南船</notr>|<notr>Nánchuán</notr>|Southern Boat|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>小斗</notr>|<notr>Xiǎodǒu</notr>|Little Dipper|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    
    note 1: The Xingguans with "*", Was officially deleted in 1752.
    
    note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the parent Xingguan.
    
    ### Deep Space Objects
    
    Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were also included in the Xingguans.
    
    Include the following:
    
    |General name|Chinese Name|Pinyin|Translation|Nick name|
    |------------|------------|------|-----------|---------|
    |<notr>NGC 6231</notr>|<notr>神宫</notr>|<notr>shéngōng</notr>|God's Palace|Northern Jewel Box Cluster|
    |<notr>NGC 6475/M 7</notr>|<notr>鱼</notr>|<notr>Yú</notr>|Fish|Ptolemy Cluster|
    |<notr>NGC 2632/M 44</notr>|<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>JīShī</notr>|Cumulative Corpses|Beehive Cluster|
    |<notr>NGC 5139</notr>|<notr>库楼增一</notr>|<notr>Kùlóu Zēng I</notr>|Arsenal Added I|Omega Centauri|
    |<notr>NGC 224/M 31</notr>|<notr>奎宿增廿一</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù Zēng XXI</notr>|Legs Mansion XXI|Andromeda Galaxy|
    |<notr>NGC 3372 </notr>|<notr>海山二</notr>|<notr>Hǎishān II</notr>|Sea and Mountain II|Homunculus Nebula, Eta Carinae|
    
    ### Notes
    
    This Sky Culture is Based on the information inside *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)* (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and *Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成).
    
    Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)*. He produced *Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium* (Chinese: Stellarium 中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important reference.
    
    Some stars have been added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China* (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史).
    
    For the translation of constellations, we use the *English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names* (Chinese: 中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a small portion of the translation is changed, for example, when the translations of the two different Xingguans are the same.
    
    There are seven stars with Chinese star names without corresponding HIP numbers, so they cannot be displayed in Stellarium. They are Sea and Mountain II (η Car), Five Chariots Added XVIII (12 Aur), Recommending Virtuous Man Added VI (39 Vir) , Great Horn Added II (CN Boo), Hairy Head Added X (24 Tau), Heart Added VII (18 Oph), South River Added XI (GC 10303).
    
    The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are controversial. these are only possible translations. Chinese characters are ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is provided only to make star names readable.
zh_CN: Stellarium 目前提供 300 个中国星官和 3000 多个中国星名，来自*仪象考成*和*仪象考成续编*。*仪象考成*是1756年完成的御制天文记录。1844年，钦天监对其进行了修订，出版了*仪象考成续编*，这是今天中国传统星官和星名的主要参考。伊世同在其著作*中西对照恒星图表1950.0*一书中对这些记载进行了考证和总结。
    
    中国传统星空文化以*中西对照恒星图表1950.0*和*仪象考成*中的资料为基础。
    
    在*中西对照恒星图表1950.0*中无对应或者对应有待商榷的，依据潘鼐先生的*中国恒星观测史*补充
    
    依据*中国恒星观测史*添加的恒星，在星名后加一“*”。
    
    在*中国恒星观测史*中有对应但仍表示存疑的，在星名后加一“?”。
    
    ### 日月和行星
    
    西方依据神话中的神祇人物命名行星。中国古人对五大行星的认识始于五行观念。木为青，火为赤，土为黄，金为白，水为黑。木星呈青色，故称木星；火星呈红色，故称火星；土星为黄色，故称土星；金星为白色，故称金星，水星呈灰色，故以黑色配水星。
    
    在中文里，日和月都是象形字，他们的另一个名字是太阳和太阴，使用阴阳命名。
    
    日月加上五个行星构成七曜，对应了阴阳五行。
    
    ### 星官
    
    中国传统天文学将天空分成不同的星群或者星座，称为「星官」。和现代的星座指天球的特定区域不同，星官只指恒星的分布方式，相互之间没有具体的边界。
    
    其名称和布局非常社会化，帝王将相、宫廷庙宇，军营车骑、农工百业都搬上天际，按照地上人间的方式在天上复制了一个世界。
    
    中国的星官一般比传统的希腊星座小。中世纪的中国星图一般有283个星官，1664个星。星官被分成三十一组。二十八宿沿着黄道附近分布，三垣在北方天空。由于岁差的影响，其中有六个在南天地平线附近的星官越来越南，在明清已经不容易被天文学家观测，故*仪象考成*不再记载。
    
    在明末（十七世纪）以前，中国的星官不包括近南极星区。从明末到清代，根据西方星图加入了南天二十三个星官。近南极星区现在也被视为中国传统系统的一部分。
    
    明末以来，西方传教士进入钦天监。他们沿用了星官的名字，只是改变了一些星官对应的星，几乎每一个星官都加了一些星，叫做“增星”。最初的星星被称为“正星”。星官包含的恒星多则即几十颗，少则可以是只有一颗。有两颗以上恒星组成的星官，每个恒星都有编号。 *仪象考成续编*中的星名是星官名加数字。但也有少数星官，每个恒星都有专名。
    
    如此一来，*仪象考成续编*总共有300个星官，3240个星名。
    
    直到1911年辛亥革命，中国才不再以星官为官方星座系统。与星官不同的是，中国传统星名仍在现代中国天文学中使用，且比西方名字更常见。
    
    ![](illustrations/yxkcxt.png)
    
    *仪象考成星图（1757）*
    
    ### 三垣
    
    三垣是北天黄道所围区域里的三个大天区。垣里包含着很多星官。三垣是紫微垣，太微垣，天市垣。
    
    垣是围墙的意思。每个垣分左右两垣，是主要星官。垣里包含着很多星官，墙外附近也有相关星官属于该垣。
    
    紫微垣代表了皇家的紫禁城，是天帝起居的地方，大体是北天的拱极星区，涵盖了小熊座、天龙座、鹿豹座、仙王座、仙后座、御夫座、牧夫座，以及大熊座、猎犬座、小狮座、武仙座的部分区域。这里是天际的中央，所有的星星都环绕它运行。紫薇垣有星官37个。
    
     - [紫微垣（维基百科）](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure)
    
    太微垣是天帝和臣子门处理政务的地方。里面有各种官员和政府机构。太微垣涵盖狮子座，后发座，室女座，以及猎犬座和小狮座的一部分。太微垣有星官20个。
    
     - [太微垣（维基百科）](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure)
    
    天市垣是天上的市集，是平民百姓居住的地方。大致相当巨蛇座、蛇夫座、天鹰座和北冕座，以及武仙座的一部分。天市垣有星官19个，以市场的设施和参与者命名。
    
     - [天市垣（维基百科）](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure)
    
    ### 二十八宿
    
    二十八宿是古代中国将黄道和天赤道附近的天区按照赤经划分为二十八个区域。每个区域称为宿。月行一日大致为一宿。
    
    每一个宿在黄道附近有一个同名的星官，为宿星。凡落在某宿这个区域的星官，便属于该宿统辖。
    
    每个星官都有一颗主星，称为距星在中国古代，二十八宿距星是确定赤道坐标系经度的基准。本宿距星和下一距星之间的在赤经上的差值为本宿的宿度。中国古代的传统坐标系以日行一日为一度，周天共三百六十五又四分之一度，为一个回归年。
    
    二十八宿距星选取后，由于岁差原因，各宿宿度还在相当缓慢的变化，历史上也亦因此更换过一些距星。。
    
    在中国传统星图上，有28条线以北天极为界穿过二十八宿的距星，以方便天体定位。
    
    若一个天体在某宿距星以东，并且和该宿与该宿距星之间的赤经差小于该宿宿度的话，就称为入该宿（注意：此处入该宿的范围，和前文作为区分星官归属的天区是有区别的），这个赤经差就称为该天体的入宿度，写作“入×宿×度”。
    
    再配上该天体与北天极之间的角距离——“去极度”，就成为中国古代的一对赤道坐标分量。
    
    二十八宿又按照东南西北分成四象，每组七宿，分别对应七曜。二十八宿与四象的匹配，是以古代春分前后初昏时的天象为依据的，这时朱雀七宿在南方，苍龙七宿在东方，玄武七宿在北方，白虎七宿在西方。
    
    ### 二十八宿列表 (J2000)
    
    |七曜|   |木|金|土|太阳|月|火|水|
    |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
    |中国名|东方苍龙|角宿|亢宿|氐宿|房宿|心宿|尾宿|箕宿|
    |拼音|Dōngfāng Cānglóng|Jiǎoxiù|Kàngxiù|Dīxiù|Fángxiù|Xīnxiù|Wěixiù|Jīxiù|
    |英译|Azure Dragon of the East|Horn Mansion|Neck Mansion|Root Mansion|Room Mansion|Heart Mansion|Tail Mansion|Winnowing Basket Mansion|
    |星官数|46|11|7|11|7|2|5|3|
    |距星|   |α Vir|κ Vir|α2 Lib|π Sco|σ Sco|μ1 Sco|γ Sgr|
    |距星赤经|   |13h25m11.6s|14h12m53.8s|14h50m52.8s|15h58m51.1s|16h21m11.3s|16h51m52.2s|18h05m48.5s|
    |宿度1|   |47m42s|37m59s|1h07m58s|22m20s|30m41s|1h13m57s|39m51s|
    |宿度2|   |12.10°|9.63°|17.24°|5.67°|7.78°|18.76°|10.11°|
    |中国名|北方玄武|斗宿|牛宿|女宿|虚宿|危宿|室宿|壁宿|
    |拼音|Běifāng Xuánwǔ|Dǒuxiù|Niúxiù|Nǚxiù|Xūxiù|Wēixiù|Shìxiù|Bìxiù|
    |英译|Black Tortoise of the North|Dipper Mansion|Ox Mansion|Girl Mansion|Emptiness Mansion|Rooftop Mansion|Encampment Mansion|Wall Mansion|
    |星官数|65|10|11|8|10|10|10|6|
    |距星|   |μ Sgr|β Cap|ε Aqr|β Aqr|α Aqr|α Peg|γ Peg|
    |距星赤经|   |18h45m39.4s|20h21m0.7s|20h47m40.6s|21h31m33.5s|22h05m47.0s|23h04m45.7s|00h13m14.2s|
    |宿度1|   |1h35m21s|26m40s|43m53s|34m13s|58m59s|1h08s29s|43m58s|
    |宿度2|   |24.19°|6.76°|11.13°|8.68°|14.96°|17.37°|11.15°|
    |中国名|西方白虎|奎宿|娄宿|胃宿|昴宿|毕宿|觜宿|参宿|
    |拼音|Xīfāng Báihǔ|Kuíxiù|Loúxiù|Wèixiù|Mǎoxiù|Bìxiù|Zīxiù|Shēnxiù|
    |英译|White Tiger of the West|Legs Mansion|Bond Mansion|Stomach Mansion|Hairy Head Mansion|Net Mansion|Turtle Beak Mansion|Three Stars Mansion|
    |星官数|54|9|6|7|9|14|3|6|
    |距星|   |η And|β Ari|35 Ari|17 Tau|ε Tau|λ Ori|ζ Ori|
    |距星赤经|   |00h57m12.3s|01h54m38.4s|02h43m27.1s|03h44m52.5s|04h28m37.0s|5h35m8.3s|05h40m45.5s|
    |宿度1|   |57m26s|48m49s|1h01m26s|43m44s|1h06m31s|5m32s|42m12s|
    |宿度2|   |14.57°|12.38°|15.58°|11.09°|16.87°|1.40°|10.70°|
    |中国名|南方朱雀|井宿|鬼宿|柳宿|星宿|张宿|翼宿|轸宿|
    |拼音|Nánfāng Zhūquè|Jǐngxiù|Guǐxiù|Liǔxiù|Xīngxiù|Zhāngxiù|Yìxiù|Zhěnxiù|
    |英译|Vermilion Bird of the South|Well Mansion|Ghosts Mansion|Willow Mansion|Star Mansion|Extended Net Mansion|Wings Mansion|Chariot Mansion|
    |星官数|42|19|7|2|5|2|2|5|
    |距星|   |μ Gem|θ Cnc|δ Hya|α Hya|υ1 Hya|α Crt|γ Crv|
    |距星赤经|   |6h22m57.6s|8h31m35.7s|8h37m39.4s|09h27m35.2s|09h51m28.7s|10h59m45.9s|12h15m48.4s|
    |宿度1|   |2h08m38s|6m3s|49m58s|23m54s|1h08m17s|1h16m02s|1h09m23s|
    |宿度2|   |32.63°|1.54°|12.67°|6.06°|17.32°|19.29°|17.60°|
    
    注：宿度1 现代赤道坐标系赤经。
    
    注：宿度2 中国传统坐标系赤经，以周天365.25度计。
    
     - [二十八宿（維基百科）](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Eight_Mansions)
    
    ### 近南极星区
    
    近南极星区对古中国来说是未知的，所以不包括在三垣二十八宿内。明朝末年，徐光启根据西方星表加上近南极星区的星官二十三个。这些星官因此纳入了中国传统星图。这些星官其实是西方星座的变异，多以动物命名。
    
    ### 星官列表
    
    |中国名|拼音|英译|正星数|增星数|
    |---|---|---|---|---|
    |紫微垣|Zǐwēiyuán|Purple Forbidden Enclosure|   |   |
    |北极|Běijí|Northern Pole|5|3|
    |四辅|Sìfǔ|Four Advisors|4|1|
    |天乙|Tiānyǐ|Celestial Great One|1|0|
    |太乙|Tàiyǐ|First Great One|1|0|
    |紫微左垣|Zǐwēizuǒyuán|Purple Forbidden Left Wall|8|12|
    |紫微右垣|Zǐwēiyòuyuán|Purple Forbidden Right Wall|7|12|
    |阴德|Yīndé|Hidden Virtue|2|1|
    |尚书|Shàngshū|Royal Secretary|5|2|
    |女史|Nǚshǐ|Female Protocol|1|1|
    |柱史|Zhùshǐ|Official of Royal Archives|1|2|
    |御女|Yùnǚ|Maids-in-waiting|4|1|
    |天柱|Tiānzhù|Celestial Pillar|5|6|
    |大理|Dàlǐ|Chief Judge|2|1|
    |勾陈|Gōuchén|Curved Array|6|10|
    |六甲|Liùjiǎ|Six Jia|6|1|
    |天皇大帝|Tiānhuángdàdì|Great Emperor of Heaven|1|0|
    |五帝内座|WǔdìnèiZuò|Interior Seats of the Five Emperors|5|3|
    |华盖|Huágài|Canopy of the Emperor|7|0|
    |杠(附华盖)|Gàng|Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )|9|1|
    |传舍|Chuánshè|Guest House|9|4|
    |内阶|Nèijiē|Inner Steps|6|10|
    |天厨|Tiānchú|Celestial Kitchen|6|2|
    |八谷|Bāgǔ|Eight Kinds of Crops|8|34|
    |天棓|Tiānbàng|Celestial Flail|5|10|
    |内厨|Nèichú|Inner Kitchen|2|2|
    |文昌|Wénchāng|Administrative Center|6|8|
    |三师|Sānshī|Three Top Instructors|3|1|
    |三公|Sāngōng|Three Excellencies|3|0|
    |天床|Tiānchuáng|Celestial Bed|6|2|
    |太尊|Tàizūn|Royals|1|0|
    |天牢|Tiānláo|Celestial Prison|6|2|
    |太阳守|Tàiyángshǒu|Guard of the Sun|1|1|
    |势|Shì|Eunuch|4|19|
    |相|Xiàng|Prime Minister|1|3|
    |玄戈|Xuángē|Sombre Lance|1|2|
    |天理|Tiānlǐ|Judge for Nobility|4|1|
    |北斗|Běidǒu|Northern Dipper|7|16|
    |辅(附北斗)|Fǔ|Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)|1|3|
    |天枪|Tiānqiāng|Celestial Spear|3|4|
    |太微垣|Tàiwēiyuán|Supreme Palace Enclosure|   |   |
    |太微左垣|Tàiwēizuǒyuán|Supreme Palace Left Wall|5|9|
    |太微右垣|Tàiwēiyòuyuán|Supreme Palace Right Wall|5|5|
    |谒者|Yèzhě|Usher to the Court|1|2|
    |三公|Sāngōng|Three Excellencies|3|0|
    |九卿|Jiǔqīng|Nine Senior Officers|3|9|
    |五诸侯|Wǔzhūhóu|Five Lords|5|7|
    |内屏|Nèipíng|Inner Screen|4|6|
    |五帝座|Wǔdìzuò|Seats of the Five Emperors|5|4|
    |幸臣|Xìngchén|Officer of Honour|1|0|
    |太子|Tàizǐ|Crown Prince|1|0|
    |从官|Cóngguān|Retinue|1|0|
    |郎将|Lángjiàng|Captain of the Bodyguards|1|2|
    |虎贲|Hǔbēn|Emperor's Bodyguard|1|0|
    |常陈|Chángchén|Royal Guards|7|7|
    |郎位|Lángwèi|Officers of the Imperial Guard|15|3|
    |明堂|Míngtáng|The Hall of Glory|3|7|
    |灵台|Língtaí|Astronomical Observatory|3|8|
    |少微|Shàowēi|Junior Officers|4|9|
    |长垣|Chángyuán|Long Wall|4|9|
    |三台|Sāntái|Three Steps|6|13|
    |天市垣|Tiānshìyuán|Heavenly Market Enclosure|   |   |
    |天市左垣|Tiānshìzuǒyuán|Heavenly Market Left Wall|11|48|
    |天市右垣|Tiānshìyòuyuán|Heavenly Market Right Wall|11|32|
    |市楼|Shìlóu|Municipal Office|6|1|
    |车肆|Chēsì|Commodity Market|2|2|
    |宗正|Zōngzhèng|Official for the Royal Clan|2|3|
    |宗人|Zōngrén|Official of Religious Ceremonies|4|4|
    |宗|Zōng|Patriarchal Clan|2|0|
    |帛度|Bódù|Textile Ruler|2|3|
    |屠肆|Túsì|Butcher's Shops|2|3|
    |候|Hòu|Astrologer|1|6|
    |帝座|Dìzuò|Emperor's Seat|1|0|
    |宦者|Huànzhě|Eunuch Official|2|5|
    |列肆|Lièsì|Jewel Market|2|4|
    |斗|Dǒu|Dipper for Liquids|5|11|
    |斛|Hú|Dipper for Solids|4|7|
    |贯索|Guànsuǒ|Coiled Thong|9|13|
    |七公|Qīgōng|Seven Excellencies|7|16|
    |天纪|Tiānjì|Celestial Discipline|9|15|
    |女床|Nǚchuáng|Woman's Bed|3|0|
    |角宿|Jiǎoxiù|Horn Mansion|   |   |
    |角宿|Jiǎoxiù|Horn|2|16|
    |平道|Píngdào|Flat Road|2|0|
    |天田|Tiāntián|Celestial Farmland|2|7|
    |进贤|Jìnxián|Recommending Virtuous Men|1|9|
    |周鼎|Zhōudǐng|Tripod of the Zhou|3|0|
    |天门|Tiānmén|Celestial Gate|2|11|
    |平|Píng|Justice|2|4|
    |库楼|Kùlóu|Arsenal|10|1|
    |柱|Zhù|Pillars|11|0|
    |衡|Héng|Railings|4|0|
    |南门|Nánmén|Southern Gate|2|2|
    |亢宿|Kàngxiù|Neck Mansion|   |   |
    |亢宿|Kàngxiù|Neck|4|12|
    |大角|Dàjiǎo|Great Horn|1|2|
    |左摄提|Zuǒshètí|Left Conductor|3|4|
    |右摄提|Yòushètí|Right Conductor|3|6|
    |顿顽|Dùnwán|Trials|2|1|
    |阳门|Yángmén|Gate of Yang|2|0|
    |折威|Zhéwēi|Executions|7|7|
    |氐宿|Dīxiù|Root Mansion|   |   |
    |氐宿|Dīxiù|Root|4|30|
    |天乳|Tiānrǔ|Celestial Milk|1|4|
    |招摇|Zhāoyáo|Twinkling Indicator|1|0|
    |梗河|Gěnghé|Celestial Lance|3|5|
    |帝席|Dìxí|Mattress of the Emperor|3|1|
    |亢池|Kàngchí|Boats and Lake|4|0|
    |阵车|Zhènchē|Battle Chariots|3|2|
    |骑官|Qíguān|Imperial Guards|10|0|
    |车骑|Chēqí|Chariots and Cavalry|3|0|
    |天辐|Tiānfú|Celestial Spokes|2|1|
    |骑阵将军|Qízhènjiāngjūn|Chariots and Cavalry General|1|0|
    |房宿|Fángxiù|Room Mansion|   |   |
    |房宿|Fángxiù|Room|4|6|
    |钩钤(附房宿)|Gōuqián|Lock (Vassal of Room)|2|0|
    |键闭|Jiànbì|Door Bolt|1|0|
    |罚|Fá|Punishment|3|3|
    |东咸|Dōngxián|Eastern Door|4|2|
    |西咸|Xīxián|Western Door|4|2|
    |日|Rì|Solar Star|1|1|
    |从官|Cóngguān|Retinue|2|1|
    |心宿|Xīnxiù|Heart Mansion|   |   |
    |心宿|Xīnxiù|Heart|3|9|
    |积卒|Jīzú|Group of Soldiers|2|2|
    |尾宿|Wěixiù|Tail Mansion|   |   |
    |尾宿|Wěixiù|Tail|9|4|
    |神宫(附尾宿)|shéngōng|Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)|1|0|
    |龟|Guī|Tortoise|5|0|
    |天江|Tiānjiāng|Celestial River|4|11|
    |傅说|Fùyuè|Fu Yue|1|0|
    |鱼|Yú|Fish|1|0|
    |箕宿|Jīxiù|Winnowing Basket Mansion|   |   |
    |箕宿|Jīxiù|Winnowing Basket|4|0|
    |糠|Kāng|Chaff|1|1|
    |杵|Chǔ|Pestle|3|1|
    |斗宿|Dǒuxiù|Dipper Mansion|   |   |
    |斗宿|Dǒuxiù|Dipper|6|5|
    |建|Jiàn|Establishment|6|10|
    |天籥|Tiānyuè|Celestial Keyhole|8|4|
    |天弁|Tiānbiàn|Market Officer|9|6|
    |鳖|Biē|River Turtle|11|0|
    |天鸡|Tiānjī|Celestial Cock|2|3|
    |狗国|Gǒuguó|Territory of Dog|4|3|
    |天渊|Tiānyuān|Celestial Spring|3|3|
    |狗|Gǒu|Dog|2|7|
    |农丈人|Nóngzhàngrén|Peasant|1|0|
    |牛宿|Niúxiù|Ox Mansion|   |   |
    |牛宿|Niúxiù|Ox|6|14|
    |天田|Tiāntián|Celestial Farmland|4|0|
    |九坎|Jiǔkǎn|Nine Water Wells|4|0|
    |河鼓|Hégǔ|Drum at the River|3|9|
    |织女|Zhinǚ|Weaving Girl|3|4|
    |左旗|Zuǒqí|Left Flag|9|30|
    |右旗|Yòuqí|Right Flag|9|12|
    |天桴|Tiānfú|Celestial Drumstick|4|2|
    |罗堰|Luóyàn|Network of Dykes|3|1|
    |渐台|Jiàntái|Clepsydra Terrace|4|7|
    |辇道|Niǎndào|Imperial Passageway|5|9|
    |女宿|Nǚxiù|Girl Mansion|   |   |
    |女宿|Nǚxiù|Girl|4|5|
    |十二国|Shí'èrguó|Twelve States|16|2|
    |离珠|Lízhū|Pearls on Ladies' Wear|4|1|
    |败瓜|Bàiguā|Rotten Gourd|5|3|
    |瓠瓜|Hùguā|Good Gourd|5|8|
    |天津|Tiānjīn|Celestial Ford|9|40|
    |奚仲|Xīzhòng|Xi Zhong|4|7|
    |扶筐|Fúkuāng|Basket for Mulberry Leaves|7|4|
    |虚宿|Xūxiù|Emptiness Mansion|   |   |
    |虚宿|Xūxiù|Emptiness|2|8|
    |司命|Sīmìng|Deified Judge of Life|2|0|
    |司禄|Sīlù|Deified Judge of Rank|2|0|
    |司危|Sīwēi|Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune|2|0|
    |司非|Sīfēi|Deified Judge of Right and Wrong|2|3|
    |哭|Kū|Crying|2|4|
    |泣|Qì|Weeping|2|2|
    |天垒城|Tiānlěichéng|Celestial Ramparts|13|2|
    |败臼|Bàijiù|Decayed Mortar|4|1|
    |离瑜|Líyú|Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear|3|3|
    |危宿|Wēixiù|Rooftop Mansion|   |   |
    |危宿|Wēixiù|Rooftop|3|14|
    |坟墓(附危宿)|Fénmù|Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)|4|4|
    |人|Rén|Humans|4|4|
    |杵|Chǔ|Pestle|3|2|
    |臼|Jiù|Mortar|4|8|
    |车府|Chēfǔ|Big Yard for Chariots|7|20|
    |天钩|Tiāngōu|Celestial Hook|9|18|
    |造父|Zàofù|Zaofu|5|5|
    |盖屋|Gàiwū|Roofing|2|0|
    |虚梁|Xūliáng|Temple|4|0|
    |天钱|Tiānqián|Celestial Money|5|3|
    |室宿|Shìxiù|Encampment Mansion|   |   |
    |室宿|Shìxiù|Encampment|2|7|
    |离宫(附室宿)|Lígōng|Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)|6|8|
    |雷电|Léidiàn|Thunder and Lightning|6|8|
    |垒壁阵|Lěibìzhèn|Line of Ramparts|12|8|
    |羽林军|Yǔlínjūn|Palace Guard|45|0|
    |𫓧钺|Fūyuè|Axe|3|3|
    |北落师门|Běiluòshīmén|North Gate of the Military Camp|1|0|
    |八魁|Bākuí|Net for Catching Birds|6|0|
    |天纲|Tiāngāng|Materials for Making Tents|1|0|
    |土公吏|Tǔgōnglì|Official for Materials Supply|2|0|
    |螣蛇|Téngshé|Flying Serpent|22|19|
    |壁宿|Bìxiù|Wall Mansion|   |   |
    |壁宿|Bìxiù|Wall|2|23|
    |霹雳|Pīlì|Thunderbolt|5|9|
    |云雨|Yúnyǔ|Cloud and Rain|4|10|
    |天厩|Tiānjiù|Celestial Stable|3|1|
    |𫓧锧|Fūzhì|Sickle|5|0|
    |土公|Tǔgōng|Official for Earthworks and Buildings|2|11|
    |奎宿|Kuíxiù|Legs Mansion|   |   |
    |奎宿|Kuíxiù|Legs|16|23|
    |外屏|Wàipíng|Outer Fence|7|15|
    |天溷|Tiānhùn|Celestial Pigsty|4|6|
    |土司空|Tǔsīkōng|Master of Constructions|1|0|
    |军南门|Jūnnánmén|Southern Military Gate|1|0|
    |阁道|Gédào|Flying Corridor|6|5|
    |附路|Fùlù|Auxiliary Road|1|0|
    |王良|Wángliáng|Wang Liang|5|14|
    |策|Cè|Whip|1|0|
    |娄宿|Loúxiù|Bond Mansion|   |   |
    |娄宿|Loúxiù|Bond|3|15|
    |左更|Zuǒgēng|Official in Charge of the Forest|5|8|
    |右更|Yòugēng|Official in Charge of Pasturing|5|5|
    |天仓 |Tiāncāng|Square Celestial Granary|6|21|
    |天庾|Tiānyǔ|Ricks of Grain|3|3|
    |天大将军|Tiāndàjiāngjūn|Great General of Heaven|11|17|
    |胃宿|Wèixiù|Stomach Mansion|   |   |
    |胃宿|Wèixiù|Stomach|3|5|
    |天廪|Tiānlǐn|Celestial Foodstuff|4|3|
    |天囷|Tiānqūn|Circular Celestial Granary|13|21|
    |大陵|Dàlíng|Mausoleum|8|21|
    |天船|Tiānchuán|Celestial Boat|9|10|
    |积尸|JīShī|Heap of Corpses|1|0|
    |积水|Jīshuǐ|Stored Water|1|1|
    |昴宿|Mǎoxiù|Hairy Head Mansion|   |   |
    |昴宿|Mǎoxiù|Hairy Head|7|13|
    |天阿|Tiān'ē|Celestial Concave|1|0|
    |月|Yuè|Lunar Star|1|1|
    |天阴|Tiānyīn|Celestial Yin Force|5|6|
    |刍藁|Chúgǎo|Hay|6|5|
    |天苑|Tiānyuàn|Celestial Meadows|16|18|
    |卷舌|Juǎnshé|Rolled Tongue|6|7|
    |天谗|Tiānchán|Celestial Slander|1|0|
    |砺石|Lìshí|Whetstone|4|0|
    |毕宿|Bìxiù|Net Mansion|   |   |
    |毕宿|Bìxiù|Net|8|18|
    |附耳(附毕宿)|Fù'ěr|Whisper (Vassal of Net)|1|4|
    |天街|Tiānjiē|Celestial Street|2|4|
    |天节|Tiānjié|Celestial Tally|8|0|
    |诸王|Zhūwáng|Feudal Kings|6|4|
    |天高|Tiāngāo|Celestial High Terrace|4|4|
    |九州殊口|Jiǔzhōushūkǒu|Interpreters of Nine Dialects|6|11|
    |五车|Wǔchē|Five Chariots|5|19|
    |柱|Zhù|Pillars|9|0|
    |天潢|Tiānhuáng|Celestial Pier|5|2|
    |咸池|Xiánchí|Pool of Harmony|3|0|
    |天关|Tiānguān|Celestial Pass|1|6|
    |参旗|Shēnqí|Banner of Three Stars|9|12|
    |九斿|Jiǔyóu|Imperial Military Flag|9|7|
    |天园|Tiānyuán|Celestial Orchard|13|6|
    |觜宿|Zīxiù|Turtle Beak Mansion|   |   |
    |觜宿|Zīxiù|Turtle Beak|3|0|
    |司怪|Sīguài|Deity in Charge of Monsters|4|6|
    |座旗|Zuòqí|Seat Flags|9|11|
    |参宿|Shēnxiù|Three Stars Mansion|   |   |
    |参宿|Shēnxiù|Three Stars|7|39|
    |伐(附参宿)|Fá|Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)|3|2|
    |玉井|Yùjǐng|Jade Well|4|3|
    |屏|Píng|Screen|2|0|
    |军井|Jūnjǐng|Military well|4|2|
    |厕|Cè|Toilet|4|8|
    |屎|Shǐ|Excrement|1|0|
    |井宿|Jǐngxiù|Well Mansion|   |   |
    |井宿|Jǐngxiù|Well|8|19|
    |钺(附井宿)|Yuè|Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)|1|1|
    |南河|Nánhé|South River|3|11|
    |北河|Běihé|North River|3|4|
    |天樽|Tiānzūn|Celestial Wine Cup|3|9|
    |五诸侯|Wǔzhūhóu|Five Feudal Kings|5|4|
    |积水|Jīshuǐ|Accumulated Water|1|0|
    |积薪|Jīxīn|Pile of Firewood|1|3|
    |水府|Shuǐfǔ|Official for Irrigation|4|8|
    |水位|Shuǐwèi|Water Level|4|12|
    |四渎|Sìdú|Four Channels|4|8|
    |军市|Jūnshì|Market for Soldiers|6|7|
    |野鸡|Yějī|Wild Cockerel|1|0|
    |丈人|Zhàngrén|Grandfather|2|0|
    |子|Zǐ|Son|2|1|
    |孙|Sūn|Grandson|2|4|
    |阙丘|Quèqiū|Palace Gate|2|7|
    |天狼|Tiānláng|Celestial Wolf|1|6|
    |弧矢|Húshǐ|Bow and Arrow|9|32|
    |老人|Lǎorén|Old Man|1|4|
    |鬼宿|Guǐxiù|Ghosts Mansion|   |   |
    |鬼宿|Guǐxiù|Ghosts|4|19|
    |积尸|Jīshī|Cumulative Corpses|1|3|
    |爟|Guàn|Beacon Fire|4|11|
    |天狗|Tiāngǒu|Celestial Dog|7|0|
    |外厨|Wàichú|Outer Kitchen|6|17|
    |天社|Tiānshè|Celestial Earth God's Temple|6|5|
    |天记|Tiānjì|Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals|1|2|
    |柳宿|Liǔxiù|Willow Mansion|   |   |
    |柳宿|Liǔxiù|Willow|8|13|
    |酒旗|Jiǔqí|Banner of Wine Shop|3|5|
    |星宿|Xīngxiù|Star Mansion|   |   |
    |星宿|Xīngxiù|Star Mansion|7|15|
    |天相|Tiānxiàng|Celestial Premier|3|11|
    |天稷*|Tiānjì|Celestial Cereals|/|/|
    |轩辕|Xuānyuán|Xuanyuan|17|59|
    |内平|Nèipíng|High Judge|4|11|
    |张宿|Zhāngxiù|Extended Net Mansion|   |   |
    |张宿|Zhāngxiù|Extended Net|6|5|
    |天庙*|Tiānmiào|Celestial Temple|/|/|
    |翼宿|Yìxiù|Wings Mansion|   |   |
    |翼宿|Yìxiù|Wings|22|7|
    |东瓯*|Dōngōu|Dongou|/|/|
    |轸宿|Zhěnxiù|Chariot Mansion|   |   |
    |轸宿|Zhěnxiù|Chariot|4|5|
    |长沙(附轸宿)|Chángshā|Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)|1|0|
    |左辖(附轸宿)|Zuǒxiá|Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)|1|0|
    |右辖(附轸宿)|Yoùxiá|Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)|1|0|
    |青丘|Qīngqiū|Green Hill|7|3|
    |军门*|Jūnmén|Military Gate|/|/|
    |土司空*|Tǔsīkōng|Master of Constructions|/|/|
    |器府*|Qìfǔ|House for Musical Instruments|/|/|
    |近南极星区|JìnnánJí Xīngqū|近南极星区|   |   |
    |海山|Hǎishān|Sea and Mountain|4|2|
    |十字架|Shízìjià|Cross|4|0|
    |马尾|Mǎwěi|Horse's Tail|3|0|
    |马腹|Mǎfù|Horse's Abdomen|3|0|
    |蜜蜂|Mìfēng|Bee|4|0|
    |三角形|Sānjiǎoxíng|Triangle|3|4|
    |异雀|Yìquè|Exotic Bird|9|0|
    |孔雀|Kǒngquè|Peafowl|11|4|
    |波斯|Bōsī|Persia|11|0|
    |蛇尾|Shéwěi|Snake's Tail|4|0|
    |蛇腹|Shéfù|Snake's Abdomen|4|0|
    |蛇首|Shéshǒu|Snake's Head|2|0|
    |鸟喙|Niǎohuì|Bird's Beak|7|1|
    |鹤 |Hè|Crane|12|2|
    |火鸟|Huǒniǎo|Firebird|10|1|
    |水委|Shuǐweǐ|Crooked Running Water|3|0|
    |附白|Fùbái|White Patched Nearby|2|0|
    |夹白|Jiābái|White Patches Attached|2|0|
    |金鱼|Jīnyú|Goldfish|5|1|
    |海石|Hǎishí|Sea Rock|5|3|
    |飞鱼|Fēiyú|Flying Fish|6|0|
    |南船|Nánchuán|Southern Boat|5|1|
    |小斗|Xiǎodǒu|Little Dipper|9|1|
    
    注1.带“*”的星官，于1752年正式废除。
    
    注2.附官不是独立星官，是所附星官的一部分。
    
    ### 深空天体
    
    中国古代发现的有些星实际是深空天体。
    
    包括以下:
    
    |西名|中国名|拼音|英译|昵称|
    |---|---|---|---|---|
    |NGC 6231|神宫|shéngōng|God's Palace|北宝盒星团|
    |NGC 6475/M 7|鱼|Yú|Fish|托勒密星团|
    |NGC 2632/M 44|积尸|JīShī|Cumulative Corpses|蜂巢星团|
    |NGC 5139|库楼增一|Kùlóu Zēng I|Arsenal Added I|半人马座欧米伽|
    |NGC 224/M 31|奎宿增廿一|Kuíxiù Zēng XXI|Legs Mansion XXI|仙女座星系|
    |NGC 3372 |海山二|Hǎishān II|Sea and Mountain II|船底座η，1843年发生极为明亮的假超新星爆发，如今海山二已十分暗淡且没有依巴谷编号，以该位置包围它的船底座星云表示。|
    
    ### 注释
    
    本星空文化是根据*中西对照恒星图表1950.0（星表分册）*和*仪象考成*中的资料整理而成。
    
    特别感谢刘春滨先生对*中西对照恒星图表1950.0（星表分册）*的整理，他制作的*Stellarium 中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包*是非常重要的参考资料。
    
    依据潘鼐先生的*中国恒星观测史*添加了中西对照恒星图表（星表分册）中无对应或者对应有待商榷的恒星。
    
    对于星座的翻译，我们使用香港太空馆的*中国星区、星官及星名英译表*。仅改了一小部分翻译，例如，当两个不同星官的翻译相同时。
    
    七颗有中国星名的星没有相应的HIP编号，因此无法在Stellarium中显示。分别是海山二(船底座η)、五车增十八(御夫座12)、进贤增六(室女座39)、大角增二(牧夫座CN)、昴宿增十(金牛座24)、心宿增七(蛇夫座18)、南河增十一(GC 10303)。
    
    星名的文化内涵无法完美地解释。由于历史久远，一些名字背后的含义学术界也没有统一。这个翻译只是反应了一种意思。为了使这些星官名字在非东亚地区具有可读性，还提供了拼音音译。

note: Chinese sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was initially contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on Hong Kong Space Museum star maps (no longer available online).
    
    Sun Shuwei [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com) replenishes more than 200 Xingguans and more than 3,000 stars, based primarily on the book*Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* by Yi Shitong, and add the description.
zh_CN: 中国传统星空文化原由来自 Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. 的*Karrie Berglund*提供, 基于香港太空馆星图 （不再在网上提供）。
    
    孙殳玮[sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com)基于伊世同*中西对照相恒星图表1950.0*补充了200多个星官和3000多个恒星.并且完善了这份说明。

note: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: This sky culture, based on the Chen Zhuo Star Catalog, the *Three Schools’ Star Canons*, the *Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido* and other star maps, strives to faithfully reconstruct the celestial landscape of the 3rd century CE. It represents the earliest state of the constellations (or star officials, xingguan星官) compiled by Chen Zhuo.
zh_CN: 本星空文化以陈卓星表、三家星经以及《天象列次分野之图》等为参考，尽可能如实地还原了公元三世纪的星空，该星空文化是陈卓星官的最早状态。

note: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### The Evolution of Chen Zhuo Constellations
    
    The integration of the Three Schools constellations by Chen Zhuo (230s-320s CE) is a milestone in the history of Chinese astronomy. The "Three Schools constellations" refer to those created by Shi school, Gan school, and Wu Xian school, named after Shishen (石申) and Gande (甘德) from the Warring States period and Wuxian (巫咸), a legendary astronomer from the Shang dynasty (1600 BCE - 1046 BCE). Research suggests the formation of these constellation systems occurred during the Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE). Later, during the Three Kingdoms (220 CE - 280 CE) or Western Jin (265 CE - 316 CE) period, the Grand Historian Chen Zhuo synthesized these traditions into a new system, encompassing 283 constellations and 1,464 stars.
    
    However, over this long transmission period, the positions and shapes of Chen Zhuo constellations underwent noticeable changes due to transcription errors on star maps. The Northern Song constellations, as reflected in the Huangyou Star Catalog, the *Xin yixiang fayao* star map, and the Suzhou Star Map already show clear differences from those of Chen Zhuo and the original Three Schools in Han dynasty.
    
    ### Reconstruction of the Earliest Chen Zhuo Constellations
    
    The primary works of Chen Zhuo and the Three Schools have been lost, and much of the early documentation of their constellations is no longer extant. While some data from the Shi school survived in Tang dynasty texts like the *Kaiyuan zhanjing* (开元占经, Divination Canon of Kaiyuan Reign) and the *Tiandi ruixiangzhi* (天地瑞祥志, Treatise on Celestial and Terrestrial Omens), early positional descriptions for the Gande and Wuxian constellations exist only in fragments. This scarcity of materials has long hindered scholars' efforts to reconstruct and understand early Chinese sky.
    
    Recently, Boshun YANG discovered new records of stellar coordinates that differ from previously known star catalogs like Jingyou and Huangyou. These records encompass the 28 lodges (xiu) as well as constellations from the three schools. After research, he found it is a star catalog formed by Chen Zhuo based on the integration of the coordinate data of the three schools in the Han Dynasty. The Shi School data not only correct Tang Dynasty records but also include previously unrecorded information. More significantly, the Gande and Wuxian data are entirely novel and originate from Han dynasty observations. Further research indicates that these data were primarily observed during the Han Dynasty, aligning well with descriptions in the *Three Schools’ Star Canons* and early star maps like the *Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido*, the Dunhuang Star Map, and the *Gezi yuejin tu*. This discovery has proven crucial for reconstructing the early Chinese sky.
    
    The majority of the early celestial officials can be reliably restored by combining the Chen Zhuo catalogue, the *Three Schools’ Star Canons*, and the early star maps. Due to the errors in the star tables and maps, as well as the ambiguity in the early text descriptions, a small number of constellations may require further improvement.
    
    ### Scientific Value and Cultural Significance of Early Constellations
    
    The Chinese constellation system offers unique contributions to modern astronomical research. Ancient Chinese astronomers conducted detailed and prolonged observations, leaving extensive records of phenomena like meteors, comets, guest stars, and auroras, all referenced against constellations. Restoring early constellations aids in accurately locating these events, enhancing the application of ancient records in contemporary astronomy. For instance, the early Purple Palace in this sky culture has been instrumental in identifying the ancient counterpart of the nova remnant Z Cam.
    
    This sky culture preserves the original appearances and positions of numerous star groupings, with some examples highlighted below.
    
     - **Shape**: The *Huagai* (华盖, Canopy of the Emperor) constellation initially resembled some ceremonial parasols used by Han emperors, while later depictions evolved into circular or irregular shapes, losing their cultural connotation. The *Neijie* (内阶, Inner Steps) was modeled after the *Santai* (三台, Three Steps; also known as *Tianjie* (天阶, the Heavenly Steps); they serve as paths that connected the *Zigong* (紫宫, Purple Palace), *Taiwei* (太微, Supreme Palace), and *Wenchang* (文昌, Administrative Centre), symbolizing imperial pathways. Thus, it has a shape of staircase.
     - **Position**: The *Tianfu* (天桴, Celestial Drumstick) was originally located near the *Hegu* (河鼓, Drum at the River) and this position is in line with its astrological meaning. Over time, it was gradually moved downward, and its connection with *Hegu* gradually weakened. Similarly, the *Lishi* (砺石, Whetstone) was initially placed near the *Wuche* (五车, Five Chariots), whose northwest star, *Tianku* (天库, Celestial Arsenal), represented generals and military affairs. Since *Lishi* can sharpen blades, it was located below *Tianku* to assist it, aiming to make weapons sharp and achieve victory. After the Song dynasty, the Whetstone moved near the *Juanshe* (卷舌, Rolled Tongue), diverging from its original intent.
    
    The initial shapes and arrangements of the Three Schools constellations were meticulously designed by their creators, with some configurations mirroring the forms of real-world objects, and spatial relationships encoding astrological meanings. These original meanings were often lost as the constellations evolved over time.
    
    This sky culture is thus invaluable for uncovering the original scientific and cultural meanings embedded in early Chinese constellations.
zh_CN: ### 陈卓星官的演化
    
    陈卓（230年代-320年代）总三家星官是中国天文学史上一件里程碑式的重要事件。三家星官分别指石氏、甘氏、巫咸三家，是中国星官的主要来源，分别托名于战国天文学家石申夫、甘德以及商代天文学家巫咸。三家星官形成时间，经学界研究，当定为汉代；三家星官形成之后，在三国或西晋时由太史令陈卓汇为新体系，共计283星官，1464颗星。此后，中国官方所使用的星官名称以及每一星官所含星数基本定型；陈卓（三家）星官被后世历代王朝奉为正统，通过浑象、星图等载体不断传承，沿用一千三百多年，直至明末欧洲天文学传入之后方才发生重大的体系变化。
    
    不过，在一千三百多年流传过程中，由于星图传抄讹变等种种原因，陈卓星官在位置、形态上皆发生了一系列较为明显的演变。皇祐星表、《新仪象法要》星图以及苏州石刻天文图共同反映的北宋星官与陈卓乃至汉代的三家星官已有明显不同。
    
    ### 陈卓三家星官的复原
    
    三家及陈卓的主要著作皆已散佚，其中记录早期星象的图表资料亦多不存。虽然石氏学派的星官数据通过《开元占经》《天地瑞祥志》等唐代著作有幸留存下来，但甘氏、巫咸星官的早期位置记录却仅剩只言片语。资料的缺乏，使得其形成年代至今未有定论，也给学界复原、理解中国早期星空带来严重的障碍。
    
    近年，杨伯顺发现了一批新的恒星观测记录，这批数据与以往所知的景祐、皇祐等星表均不相同，涵盖二十八宿以及石氏、甘氏、巫咸三家星官，经考证为陈卓汇总的三家星表。其中石氏星官数据不仅可以对唐代著作中的石氏星表进行校正，且拥有后者未记载的十余条数据；更重要的是，其中的甘氏、巫咸星数据为学界所未见，很可能源自汉代甘氏、巫咸学派。进一步的研究表明，这批数据主体观测于汉代，十分符合《三家星经》中对各星官的位置描述，与唐代之前的早期星图如天象列次分野之图、敦煌星图、格子月进图等也能很好对应，对早期星空复原起到了关键性作用。
    
    结合陈卓星表、三家星经以及早期星图，可以较为可信地复原大部分早期的星官；由于星表、星图的误差以及早期文本描述的模糊性，少量星官可能还有待进一步完善。
    
    ### 早期星官科学价值与文化涵义
    
    中国星座体系在现代天文学研究领域中也能发挥出独特的作用。我国古人进行了长期细致的天象观测，留下了丰富的天象记录，如流星、彗星、客星、极光等，这些天象记录皆以星座作为参考来记录位置。通过对早期星象的复原，能够更好地掌握当时的天象位置，进而有助于古代资料在现代天文学中的应用。该星空文化中的早期紫宫已经成功运用于寻找新星遗迹Z Cam的古代对应客星的研究。
    
    本星空文化保存了许多星官的原始面貌与位置，在此略举数例。形态方面的典型代表为“华盖”“内阶”。华盖星官的形态与早期帝王出行所用部分伞盖极为相似，而后世星图的华盖形态则更趋近于圆形甚至不规则形态，逐渐丧失了这种文化含义。“内阶”乃是仿造“三台”（又称天阶）所造，二者为帝王往来于太微宫、文昌宫以及紫宫的路径；故早期内阶的形态与三台相似，亦为阶梯状。位置方面的典型代表为“天桴”“砺石”。“天桴”的本义为鼓槌，在本星空文化中与“河鼓”位置相近，该位置吻合其星占含义；而后世该星官位置逐渐下移，与河鼓的联系逐渐淡化。砺石星官最初与五车相近，五车西北星名为“天库”，主将军、军事，而砺石可磨砺锋刃，故位于其下，为其辅佐，欲使兵器锋利、克敌制胜。宋代之后“砺石”移至“卷舌”旁边，不再符合星官创造者本意。
    
    三家星官的最初形态、布局是创造者所精心设计，一些星官的造型反映了其原型器物的形态，一些星官之间的位置关系承载着某种星占意义的联系；而后世星官的形态位置演变则失去了其创造者所赋予的原始意义。因此，本星空文化对于发掘早期星空的科学与文化价值具有重要作用。

note: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Sun, X.-C., and Kistemaker, J., *The Chinese sky during the Han*. Leiden: Brill, 1997.
     - [#2]: Yang, B.-S., 2023. *Zhongguo Chuantong Hengxing Guance Jingdu ji Xingguan Yanbian Yanjiu* 中国传统恒星观测精度及星官演变研究 (A Research on the Accuracy of Chinese Traditional Star Observation and the Evolution of Constellations), PhD thesis, (Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2023).
     - [#3]: Yang, B.-S., and Hoffmann, S. M., 2024. Identification of Z Cam’s Historical Counterpart: The Quest for an Ancient Nova. *Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics*. 12, 12pp.
     - [#4]: Yang, B.-S., and Chu, L.-F., 2025. A Research on Chenzhuo’s Star Catalogue in the Continuation of the Later Han Books. *The Chinese Journal for the History of Science*. 1.
zh_CN:  - [#1]: Sun, X.-C., and Kistemaker, J., *The Chinese sky during the Han*. Leiden: Brill, 1997
     - [#2]: 杨伯顺. 中国古代恒星观测精度及星官演变研究. 中国科学技术大学（博士论文）.2023
     - [#3]: Yang, B.-S., and Hoffmann, S. M. Identification of Z Cam’s Historical Counterpart: The Quest for an Ancient Nova. *Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics*. 2024, 12, 12pp
     - [#4]: 杨伯顺、褚龙飞. 《续后汉书》所载陈卓星表探析. 中国科技史杂志.2025年第1期

note: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Dr. YANG Boshun (杨伯顺). [bsyang@ustc.edu.cn](mailto:bsyang@ustc.edu.cn)
zh_CN: 杨伯顺 [bsyang@ustc.edu.cn](mailto:bsyang@ustc.edu.cn)

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: This sky culture is based on the observation data of Huangyou four years (1052 AD), and presents the medieval Chinese sky map as faithfully as possible. This sky culture includes 283 Xingguans (星官, Chinese Constellations) and 1464 stars (including clusters M7, M44) of the *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map*. And the determinative star is marked for each Xingguan that can determine the determinative star. The boundaries of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions are based on 1052 AD.
zh_CN: 本星空文化以皇佑四年（公元1052年）的观测数据为基准，尽可能如实的呈现了中世纪的中国星象。本星空文化包括*新仪象法要星图*的283个星官，1464颗星（含星团M7，M44）。除了距星难以确定的情况，对每个星官都标注了距星。以皇佑四年（公元1052年）为代表年份，划分了经过28宿距星的赤经线.

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Medieval Xingguans
    
    From the Three Kingdoms Period to the Ming Dynasty, covering the whole of the Middle Ages, China's star map is similar.
    
    The Xingguans originated in ancient times. Wuxian (巫咸) of Shang Dynasty(16th century BC-1046 BC), Gan De (甘德) and Shi Shen (石申) of The Warring States Period (475–221 BC), created their own Xingguan system respectively. During the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), Chen Zhuo (陈卓) summarized the Xingguans system of Gan De, Shi Shen and Wuxian, including 283 Xingguans and 1464 stars. Since then, Xingguan system has been basically defined, and after a thousand years, there has not been much change. Since the 17th century, Western astronomy has had an impact on Chinese astronomy, and the shape and number of Xingguans have changed significantly. Only about half of the constellations maintained the medieval style.
    
    Determinative star is an important concept. In the Middle Ages, Chinese astronomers did not name all stars, and each Xingguans was chosen as a major star called determinative star. In ancient China, astronomical measurements measured its coordinate position, and other stars in the Xingguan were rarely mentioned. However, some important constellations will be selected more stars for observation and recording. In ancient China, astronomers used mansion distance degrees (determinative star distance) and polar distance degrees to record the position of stars. **In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system**.
    
    The *Song of the Sky Pacers* (步天歌) is an early Chinese star catalogue in the form of poem in heptasyllabic verse, enumerating the names of stars.
    
    Below is *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map* from Su Song(苏颂, 1020-1101 AD).
    
    ![](illustrations/xyxfy.png)
    
    *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map(1088 AD)*
    
    ### Restore Sky Map
    
    The sky map of the Song dynasty is typical of the Chinese medieval sky map. In 1052 AD, the Song Dynasty official conducted accurate stellar measurements, leaving a lot of data.
    
    Pan Nai(潘鼐) collated these astronomical observations data and based on the *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map*, he restored most of the Song Dynasty's Xingguan in his masterpiece *The History of Stellar Observation in China*, which is the most important reference book. Qi Rui (齐锐) and Wan Haoyi (万昊宜) also restored the Xingguans of the Song Dynasty in the book *Roving China Heavens*, which is also an important reference book.
    
    Due to the limitation of observation conditions in Song Dynasty, combined with instruments, circulated errors and other reasons, different scholars restored the sky map is somewhat different.
    
    Based on these books, Stellarium can almost truly present the Chinese medieval sky map of Huangyou four years (1052 AD).
    
    ### Planets
    
    Taiyang (太阳), Sun. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of yang,
    
    Taiyin (太阴), Moon. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of Yin,
    
    Chen Star (辰星), Mercury. Chen is an angle unit, which refers to about 30 degrees. Mercury is always within 30 degrees of the sun.
    
    Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai means big and white.
    
    Yinghuo (荧惑), Mars. The colors of Mars are like fire, and movement is confusing.
    
    Sui Star (岁星), Jupiter. It means the old star. Jupiter travels around the celestial sphere for a week every 12 years. The ancients took Jupiter's position as the standard of the chronology.
    
    Zhen Star (填星), Saturn. Zhen, means passing Lunar Mansions. Saturn travels around the celestial sphere about every 28 years. Saturn will pass through a Lunar Mansion every year.
zh_CN: ### 中世纪星官
    
    从三国到明朝，涵盖整个中世纪，中国的星相都是相似的。
    
    中国的星官体系产生于上古时期。最具代表性的是商代天文学家巫咸，战国时期齐国的天文学家甘德，魏国的天文学家石申三家各自命名的星官体系。三国时期，陈卓汇总甘、石、巫咸三家星官，得到283个星官，1464颗星。至此中国的星象体制就趋于完备，基本定了型。此后历经千年，变化不大。明末和清朝，西学东渐，西方天文学对中国产生重大影响，近南极星官被添加进来，传统星官的位置和形状也发生了很大变化。大约只有一半的星官，维持了中世纪的风貌。
    
    在中世纪时期，还没有对星官里的每一个恒星进行命名，因此只有一部分恒星有专门的名字。每一个星官都会确定一个主星来代表这个星官，叫做距星。古代的天文测量习惯测量和记录距星的坐标位置，其它星则较少提及。但一些特别重要的星官，则会多选取一些星进行观测和记录。中国古代采用去极度，入宿度来记录恒星的位置，**二十八宿的距星是确定中国古代赤道坐标系经度的标准**。
    
    *步天歌*是中国早期的星表，以七言诗的形式列举星名。
    
    以下是苏颂(1020-1101年)的*新仪象法要星图*。
    
    ![](illustrations/xyxfy.png)
    
    *新仪象法要星图(1088年)*
    
    ### 宋代天图的恢复
    
    皇祐星表是中国中古时期星图的典型代表。公元1052年，宋朝官方进行了精确的星体测量，留下了大量数据。
    
    潘鼐先生整理了皇佑观测记录，并以苏颂*新仪象法要星图*为基础，在巨著*中国恒星观测史*中对大部分皇佑星官进行了恢复。中国恒星观测史是最主要的参考资料。齐锐和万昊宜的著作*漫步中国星空*也对宋代星官进行了恢复。漫步中国星空的恢复更多的参考了苏州石刻天文图，它的观测年代在北宋元丰年间（公元1078-1085年），刻制年代在南宋1247年，略晚于皇佑，因此作为辅佐参考资料。
    
    由于宋代观测条件的限制，加上仪器、传抄错误等原因，不同学者复原的星象有所不同，一些有争议的恢复，作者按照自己的理解做了一定的取舍。
    
    基于此，Stellarium将近乎真实的呈现皇佑四年（公元1052年）为代表的中国中世纪星相，与步天歌很好的吻合。
    
    ### Planets
    
    太阳之名来源于阴阳，至阳之物为太阳。
    
    在古代的天文志里，月球通常叫太阴，与太阳相对，为至阴之物。五大行星叫五星虽然古代也用水星，金星，火星，木星，土星作为五大行星的名字，但五大行星更加正式的名字是辰星，太白，荧惑，岁星，填星。
    
    辰星，指水星。辰是角度单位，一辰为约30度。水星距离太阳总保持在30度内，故名。
    
    太白，指金星。太，即大。白，即色白
    
    荧惑，指火星。色荧荧似火，行踪捉摸不定为惑。
    
    岁星，指木星。木星每十二年在空中绕行一周，每年移动周天的十二分之一，古人把木星所在的位置作为纪年的标准，所以叫岁星。
    
    填星，即土星。填，通镇。中国古代认为土星每二十八年运行一周天，每年坐镇28星宿中的一宿，故名。

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Pan Nai. The History of Stellar Observation in China
     - [#2]: Qi Rui and Wan Haoyi. Roving China Heavens
     - [#3]: Su Song. *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map*
     - [#4]: *Records of the Grand Historian*
     - [#5]: *Book of Sui*
     - [#6]: *History of Song*
    
    ### External links
    
     - [wikipedia - Su Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song)
     - [History of Song](http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html)
     - [Records of the Grand Historian](http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html)
     - [(Chinese) Song of the Sky Pacers](https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm)
     - [wikipedia - Song of the Sky Pacers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers)
     - [(Chinese) Chinese Heaven in WWT Community Beijing](http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm)
zh_CN:  - [#1]: 潘鼐. 中国恒星观测史. 上海:学林出版社. 2009
     - [#2]: 齐锐, 万昊宜. 漫步中国星空. 北京: 科学普及出版社, 2014
     - [#3]: 苏颂. *新仪象法要星图*
     - [#4]: *史记*
     - [#5]: *隋书*
     - [#6]: *宋史*
    
    ### External links
    
     - [维基百科——苏颂](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song)
     - [宋史](http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html)
     - [史记](http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html)
     - [香港太空馆.丹元子步天歌全文](https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm)
     - [维基百科——步天歌](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers)
     - [WWT上的中国传统星空](http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm)

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Sun Shuwei* (孙殳玮) . [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com)
zh_CN: 本星空文化由 Stellarium 用户*孙殳玮*.[sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com)贡献。

note: Egyptian sky culture name
en: Egyptian
zh_CN: 埃及

note: Egyptian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point.
zh_CN: 晚期的埃及天文学/占星术遵循希腊/罗马文化传统。直到托勒密时期，恒星能影响人类命运的信念才开始到达埃及。丹达腊(Denderah)的哈索尔(Hathor)神庙可以追溯到托勒密时代，可能是公元前一世纪，并且神庙内有一幅黄道十二星座图很好的说明了这一点。

note: Egyptian sky culture description section in markdown format
en: However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales (which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [#1].
    
    Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [#2], although the constellations did change significantly over time [#3].
    
    The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the "stars that knew no rest". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet now known as Jupiter was called "Horus Who Limits the Two Lands"; Mars was "Horus of the Horizon"; Mercury was "Sebegu", associated with Set; Saturn was "Horus the Bull of the Sky"; and Venus was "the God of the Morning" [#7].
zh_CN: 但是和希腊/罗马星座相比，埃及星座的名称存在差异。例如，巨蟹座由金龟子代表。天秤附近狮子的形象（不是黄道上的狮子座）是半人马座[#1]。
    
    埃及早期的星座问题更多，但有些迹象表明，一些流传到现在的黄道星座确实非常古老[#2]，即使星座本身随着时间的推移发生了显着变化[#3]。
    
    埃及人称五颗行星为“不知所措的星”。埃及人观察它们在天球上的运动，认为五个行星是五位神灵驾着太阳船在天空中航行。现在被称为木星的行星被称为“限制两块土地的荷鲁斯（Horus）”；火星是“地平线上的荷鲁斯”；水星是“Sebegu”，与赛特（Set）有关；土 星是“天空之牛荷鲁斯”；而维纳斯则是“早晨之神”[#7]。

note: Egyptian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 17: *Mithraic uranography*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-17.html).
     - [#2]: [Three archaic Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?](http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm)
     - [#3]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 15: *Farnese celestial globe*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-15.html).
     - [#4]: [http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html](http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm](http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm)
     - [#6]: [http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html](http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html)
     - [#7]: <notr>Pat Remler: Egyptian mythology A to Z / 3rd ed., 2010, Chelsea House, ISBN 978-1-60413-926-6</notr>
zh_CN:  - [#1]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 17: *Mithraic uranography*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-17.html).
     - [#2]: [三个古埃及星座，用作季节标志](http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm)
     - [#3]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 15: *Farnese celestial globe*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-15.html).
     - [#4]: [http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html](http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm](http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm)
     - [#6]: [http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html](http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html)
     - [#7]: Pat Remler: Egyptian mythology A to Z / 3rd ed., 2010, Chelsea House, ISBN 978-1-60413-926-6

note: Egyptian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper "A Map of the Ancient Egyptian Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte.
    
    This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)
zh_CN: 此星空文化是由Digitalis Education Solutions，Inc。的 *Karrie Berglund* 根据Juan Antonio Belmonte撰写的“A Map of the Ancient Egyptian Firmament”提供。
    
    此星空文化由misibacsi（行星的名字）更新

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture name
en: Egyptian (Dendera)
zh_CN: 埃及 (丹达腊)

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture name
en: Greek (Almagest)
zh_CN: 希腊 (天文学大成)

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p>This ancient Greek sky culture is compiled in a book that is today known by its Arabic title "Almagest".
    This book was written in Roman time (under the reign of Roman emperor Hadrian) at Alexandria (Africa) in
    Greek language, with dates given in Egyptian month names and years counted after a Babylonian king,
    so it is clearly a multi-cultural compendium of knowledge. It is a compilation of
    astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from
    observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius
    Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written
    in Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main
    astronomical work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written
    with the title <i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek.
    The name <i>Almagest</i>, meaning &ldquo;The Largest [Book]&rdquo;, was
    developed from Arabian translations. To create this sky culture we used
    the English translation by Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details
    (e.g. using more literal translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that
    are common today) and we made use of computer readable tables prepared
    by Ernie Wright.</p>
zh_CN: <p>此古希腊的星空文化来自于《天文学大成》，此书以他的阿拉伯语标题“Almagest”而闻名。此书是在罗马时代（罗马皇帝哈德良统治时期）在亚历山大（非洲）用希腊语写成的，日期以埃及的月份名称给出，年份以巴比伦国王的名字计算，因此它显然是一本多元文化的知识简编。它是早期天文学家天文知识的汇编，包括观测和数学天文学的结果。在二世纪，克劳迪斯·托勒密（Claudius
    Ptolemy）使用了更古老的观测结果以及他自己的观测结果，用希腊语写成出版。在接下来的1500年里，它一直是重要的天文学著作。它最初是用古希腊文写的题目为<i>数学综合</i>。<i>Almagest</i>这个名字的意思是“最大的[书]”。这里采用了Toomer（1984）的英文翻译，并对其进行了一些细节的修改（例如，使用更多希腊语的直译），并采用了Ernie
    Wright制作的的计算机表格。</p>

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com
    
    Written in English: the authors
zh_CN: Alina Schmidt，Lea Jabschinski，Marie von Seggern和Susanne
    M.Hoffmann将这种星空文化汇编并添加到Stellarium中：service@uhura-uraniae.com
    
    中文翻译：Sun Shuwei

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture name
en: Greek (Dante)
zh_CN: 希腊 (但丁)

note: Greek (Farnese + Almagest) sky culture name
en: Greek (Farnese + Almagest)
zh_CN: 希腊 (法尔内塞+天文学大成)

note: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest) sky culture name
en: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest)
zh_CN: 希腊 (莱顿·阿拉图+天文学大成)

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture name
en: Hawaiian Starlines
zh_CN: 夏威夷星线

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: These are the star lines developed by Nainoa Thompson and used by the Polynesian Voyaging Society to navigate Polynesian sailing canoes using traditional techniques of non instrument navigation across thousands of miles of open ocean. For years, Hawaiian navigators have memorized the position of stars as they rise and set in order to know oneʻs bearing.   Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson developed a system of organization to help memorize the position of stars throughout the celestial sphere by dividing the sky into four evenly sized star lines.
zh_CN: 星线(star lines)，由波利尼西亚航海学会（Polynesian Voyage Society，简称PVS）用于为使用传统的非仪器导航技术的波利尼西亚帆船独木舟导航。这些船在数千英里的开阔海域中航行。 多年来，夏威夷航海家们记住了恒星在升落的位置，以便知道一个恒星的方位。 探险家Nainoa Thompson开发了一种系统，通过将天空划分为四个大小均匀的星线来帮助记住整个天球中恒星的位置。

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Polynesian Voyaging Society](http://hokulea.com)
     - [#2]: [Hawaiian Voyaging Society](http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html)
     - [#3]: [Imiloa](http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths)
     - [#4]: [Hawaiian Star Lines and Names for Stars](http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html)
    
     The Hawaiian Star Compass landscape which should be used with this skyculture is available at the [Stellarium Landscapes](https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html) collection.
zh_CN:  - [#1]: [Polynesian Voyaging Society](http://hokulea.com)
     - [#2]: [Hawaiian Voyaging Society](http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html)
     - [#3]: [Imiloa](http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths)
     - [#4]: [Hawaiian Star Lines and Names for Stars](http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html)

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture authors section in markdown format
en:  The *master navigator* behind this sky culture was Mau Piailug of Satawal, who taught the Polynesian art of celestial navigation to Nainoa Thompson, who developed this version of the sky culture that was used from 2013-17 by Hawaiians to sail around the world during the Malama Honua Voyage of Hokule’a, the Polynesian voyaging canoe. Stellarium has been used as a tool by the navigators of Hokule’a and this sky culture serves as a tool for practicing Polynesian navigation.
    
    The technical implementation of the sky culture included here was contributed in 2017 by teachers Darren Kamalu and Christopher Blake, Students Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila and the Celestial Navigation class at Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai’i. Artwork by Kealoha Kaneakua.
zh_CN: 此天空文化背后的*主要航海家* 是Satawal的Mau Piailug, 他向Nainoa Thompson教授了波利尼西亚的天体导航艺术，Nainoa Thompson开发了此版天空文化，此版在2013年至2017年期间被夏威夷人用于Malama Honua Voyage期间，在世界各地航海。 Hokule'a，波利尼西亚航海独木舟。 Stellarium已经被Hokule'a的航海家用作工具，此天空文化可以作为练习波利尼西亚导航的工具。
    
    此天空文化的是2017年，由夏威夷檀香山Kapalama的Kamehameha学校的教师Darren Kamalu和Christopher Blake，学生Jonah Apo，Nicholas Koanui，Brenden Aila以及他们开展的天体导航课程提供的。 艺术图绘来自Kealoha Kaneakua。
    
    翻译：Sun shuwei and Wang Lingyi

note: Indian Vedic sky culture name
en: Indian Vedic
zh_CN: 印度吠陀

note: Indian Vedic sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to Nakṣatra-s.
zh_CN: 吠陀星空文化中，恒星的排列主要有黄道十二星座(Rāśi，राशिः) 和二十七（八）宿(Nakṣatra，नक्षत्रम्) 两个体系。除此以外，还有一些脱离这两个体系的星座

note: Indian Vedic sky culture authors section in markdown format
en:  - Tanmoy Saha
     - Contributors from the [sanskrit-coders community](https://github.com/sanskrit-coders) (esp [Vishvas Vasuki](https://github.com/vvasuki/)).
zh_CN:  - 作者：Tanmoy Saha
     - 作者来自 [sanskrit-coders community](https://github.com/sanskrit-coders).
    
    中文翻译: Sun Shuwei

note: Inuit sky culture name
en: Inuit
zh_CN: 因纽特

note: Inuit sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Inuit sky culture files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of John MacDonald's research in his book [#1]. While placements and specifics of Inuit constellations might differ from tribe to tribe, the information in Stellarium presents the constellations and general themes of the arctic universe.
zh_CN: Stellarium 的因纽特星空文化改编自 John MacDonald 的著作 **北极天空：因纽特天文学，星空神话和传说**[#1]。 虽然因纽特星座的位置和细节可能因部落而异，但Stellarium中提供了因纽特星座的一般情况。

note: Inuit sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book [#1].
    
    Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris.
zh_CN: 该星空文化来自 Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc.的*Karrie Berglund*，主要基于 John MacDonald的著作 [#1]。
    
    插画由 Johan Meuris 制作，根据 Free Art License 协议发布。
    
    翻译来自 Wang Lingyi

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Most astronomical observation in the Japan until the Meiji Restoration was closely tied to astrological purposes. For ancient Chinese and later Korean and Japanese cartographers four seasons and four cardinal directions is marked as four talismanic animals - the Azure Dragon of the East (Spring), the Red Bird of the South (Summer), the White Tiger of the West (Fall), and the "Genbu" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter). Corresponding to each of the talismanic animals the celestial "palaces" were seven *sei shuku* or what are sometimes called "lunar lodges". The moon "stations" or "lodges" probably may be used to determine position of sun and planets as well as the moon, and their number may or may not have been related to the period of the moon's orbit. Origins of these associations are obscure and even controversial.
zh_CN: 直到明治维新之前，日本的大多数天文观测都与占星学密切相关。对于古代中国和后来的朝鲜半岛和日本天文学家来说，四季和天空的四个主要方向被标记为四钟护身符动物，称为四象——东方苍龙（春），南方朱雀（夏），西方白虎（秋）和北方玄武（冬）。每个象里包含七个*宿*或有时被称为“月站”。宿可能用于确定太阳和行星以及月球的位置，它们的数量可能与月球轨道的周期有关。这些联想的起源是模糊的，甚至是有争议的。

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Determination of the talismanic animals and associated star "palaces" together with the associated 28 *sei shuku* or lunar lodges represent some of the most complex aspects of Asian "astronomy". An apparent anomaly is the fact that the actual positional path of the sun seems to move in a direction opposite the seasonal associations of Spring and Fall. Some scientists argues that this is due to the animals and sei shuku being created some 17 to 18 millennia ago (precession creating the anomaly), but it does not really explain the apparent "backward" motion of the sun through seasons.
    
    According to some scientists, the talismanic animals with their associated sei shuku were probably used in conjunction with the direction to which the handle of the big dipper (often called the "North Seven Stars" in China, Korea, and Japan) pointed at the equinoxes and solstices. Before the Christian Era, when the sei shuku were created, the big dipper did not appear to set, because they had a relatively "higher" position than now.
    
    Like myths and traditions in Western cultures, these views still wield influence in the daily life of people in China, Korea, and Japan (this despite quite prominent scientific literacy). However, it should be pointed out that astrological divination in China, Korea and Japan was and is rather complex.
    
    The lore related to moon stations is one of the most interesting aspects of Asian Ethnoastronomy. Japanese interpretations of these associations tended to revolve around agricultural needs and animistic views of nature. Unlike many Western myths and traditions, japanese gods in the similitude of the talismanic animals can be seen as manifestations of nature.
    
    Below is an example of a star chart from Edo Era Japan.
    
    ![](illustrations/chart.png)
    
    *Close-Up of Yasui's Map Showing the First 15 Moon Stations*
    
    ### The Azure Dragon of the East (Spring)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "East" or "Blue Dragon".
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>1</notr>|![](illustrations/mn01.png)|Horn(s), perhaps Angle, Corner|<notr>&alpha; Vir</notr>|<notr>SuBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>2</notr>|![](illustrations/mn02.png)|Neck, Throat|<notr>&kappa; Vir</notr>|<notr>AmiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>3</notr>|![](illustrations/mn03.png)|Root, perhaps Shoulder or Base|<notr>&iota; Lib; </notr>sometimes<notr> &alpha; Lib</notr>|<notr>TomoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>4</notr>|![](illustrations/mn04.png)|Chamber, perhaps Breasts|<notr>&delta; Sco; </notr>sometimes<notr> &pi; Sco</notr>|<notr>SoiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>5</notr>|![](illustrations/mn05.png)|Heart|<notr>&sigma; Sco</notr>|<notr>NakagoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>6</notr>|![](illustrations/mn06.png)|Tail|<notr>&mu; Sco</notr>|<notr>AshitareBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>7</notr>|![](illustrations/mn07.png)|Basket|<notr>&gamma; Sgr; </notr>sometimes<notr> &eta; Sgr</notr>|<notr>MiBoshi</notr>|
    
    ### The "Genbu" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "North" (Genbu) or "Black Tortoise of Winter" (also "Somber" or "Black" Warrior).
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>8</notr>|![](illustrations/mn08.png)|Dipper; Measure|<notr>&phi; Sgr</notr>|<notr>HikitsuBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>9</notr>|![](illustrations/mn09.png)|Cow|<notr>&beta; Cap</notr>|<notr>InamiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>10</notr>|![](illustrations/mn10.png)|Woman; perhaps Waiting Maid|<notr>&epsilon; Aqr</notr>|<notr>UrukiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>11</notr>|![](illustrations/mn11.png)|Emptiness|<notr>&beta; Aqr</notr>|<notr>TomiteBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>12</notr>|![](illustrations/mn12.png)|Roof Top, perhaps Danger, Steep|<notr>&alpha; Aqr</notr>|<notr>UmiyameBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>13</notr>|![](illustrations/mn13.png)|Room, perhaps Encampment|<notr>&alpha; Peg</notr>|<notr>HatsuiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>14</notr>|![](illustrations/mn14.png)|Wall|<notr>&gamma; Peg</notr>|<notr>NamameBoshi</notr>|
    
    ### The White Tiger of the West (Fall)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "West" or "White Tiger".
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>15</notr>|![](illustrations/mn15.png)|Stride, Foot|<notr>&delta; And</notr>|<notr>TokakiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>16</notr>|![](illustrations/mn16.png)|Hill, Lasso; perhaps Bellows|<notr>&beta; Ari</notr>|<notr>TataraBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>17</notr>|![](illustrations/mn17.png)|Stomach|<notr>35 Ari</notr>|<notr>EkieBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>18</notr>|![](illustrations/mn18.png)|Stopping Place, United; perhaps "Getting Together"|<notr>17 Tau; </notr>sometimes<notr> 16 Tau</notr>|<notr>SubaruBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>19</notr>|![](illustrations/mn19.png)|Net; perhaps related to Rain|<notr>&epsilon; Tau</notr>|<notr>AmefuriBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>20</notr>|![](illustrations/mn20.png)|Turtle Snout, perhaps Tuft on Owl's Head|   |<notr>TorokiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>21</notr>|![](illustrations/mn21.png)|Investigator, Three|<notr>&delta; Ori; </notr>sometimes<notr> &beta; Ori</notr>|<notr>KagasukiBoshi</notr>|
    
    ### The Red Bird of the South (Summer)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "South" or "Red Bird".
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>22</notr>|![](illustrations/mn22.png)|Well|<notr>&mu; Gem</notr>|<notr>ChichiriBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>23</notr>|![](illustrations/mn23.png)|Ogre, Devil, perhaps Ghost|<notr>&delta; Cnc; </notr>sometimes<notr> &theta; Cnc</notr>|<notr>TamahomeBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>24</notr>|![](illustrations/mn24.png)|Willow|<notr>&delta; Hya</notr>|<notr>NurikoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>25</notr>|![](illustrations/mn25.png)|Stars|<notr>&alpha; Hya</notr>|<notr>HotohoriBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>26</notr>|![](illustrations/mn26.png)|Stretched Net|<notr>&nu; Hya</notr>|<notr>ChirikoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>27</notr>|![](illustrations/mn27.png)|Wings|<notr>&alpha; Crt</notr>|<notr>TasukiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>28</notr>|![](illustrations/mn28.png)|Chariot Cross-Board, perhaps strings of Koto|<notr>&gamma; Crv</notr>|<notr>MitsukakeBoshi</notr>|
zh_CN: 四象以及相关的*二十八宿*代表了亚洲天文学的一些最复杂的方面。一个明显的异常现象是，太阳的实际路径似乎在与春季和秋季的季节性关联相反的方向上移动。一些科学家认为，这是因为动物和宿是在17到18个世纪前创造的（岁差造成了异常），但它并没有真正解释太阳在季节中明显的“向后”运动。
    
    根据一些科学家的说法，与其相关的宿的护身符动物可能与北斗七星的手柄指向二分点和二至点的方向一起使用。在基督教时代之前，当二十八宿被创造出来时，北斗星似乎没有设定，因为他们的位置比现在相对“更高”。
    
    与宿有关的传说是亚洲民族天文学最有趣的方面之一。日本对此的解释倾向于围绕农业需求和自然界的万物有灵论。与许多西方神话和传统不同，与护身符动物相似的日本神可以被视为自然的代表。
    
    以下是江户时代日本的星图
    
    ![](illustrations/chart.png)
    
    *日本星图的局部显示了前十五宿*
    
    ### 东方苍龙 (春)
    
    东方苍龙七宿.
    
    |#|汉字名|据星|日语发音|
    |---|---|---|----|
    |1|![](illustrations/mn01.png)|Alpha Vir|SuBoshi|
    |2|![](illustrations/mn02.png)|Kappa Vir|AmiBoshi|
    |3|![](illustrations/mn03.png)|Iota Lib 或 Alpha Lib|TomoBoshi|
    |4|![](illustrations/mn04.png)|Delta Sco 或 Pi Sco|SoiBoshi|
    |5|![](illustrations/mn05.png)|Sigma Sco|NakagoBoshi|
    |6|![](illustrations/mn06.png)|Mu Sco|AshitareBoshi|
    |7|![](illustrations/mn07.png)|Gamma Sgr 或 Eta Sgr|MiBoshi|
    
    ### The 北方玄武 (冬)
    
    北方玄武七宿
    
    |#|汉字名|据星|日语发音|
    |---|---|---|----|
    |8|![](illustrations/mn08.png)|Phi Sgr|HikitsuBoshi|
    |9|![](illustrations/mn09.png)|Beta Cap|InamiBoshi|
    |10|![](illustrations/mn10.png)|Epsilon Aqr|UrukiBoshi|
    |11|![](illustrations/mn11.png)|Beta Aqr|TomiteBoshi|
    |12|![](illustrations/mn12.png)|Alpha Aqr|UmiyameBoshi|
    |13|![](illustrations/mn13.png)|Alpha Peg|HatsuiBoshi|
    |14|![](illustrations/mn14.png)|Gamma Peg|NamameBoshi|
    
    ### 西方白虎 (秋)
    
    西方白虎七宿".
    
    |#|汉字名|据星|日语发音|
    |---|---|---|----|
    |15|![](illustrations/mn15.png)|Delta And|TokakiBoshi|
    |16|![](illustrations/mn16.png)|Beta Ari|TataraBoshi|
    |17|![](illustrations/mn17.png)|35 Ari|EkieBoshi|
    |18|![](illustrations/mn18.png)|17 Tau 或 16 Tau|SubaruBoshi|
    |19|![](illustrations/mn19.png)|Epsilon Tau|AmefuriBoshi|
    |20|![](illustrations/mn20.png)|Lambda Ori|TorokiBoshi|
    |21|![](illustrations/mn21.png)|Delta Ori 或 Beta Ori|KagasukiBoshi|
    
    ### 南方朱雀 (夏)
    
    南方朱雀七宿
    
    |#|汉字名|据星|日语发音|
    |---|---|---|----|
    |22|![](illustrations/mn22.png)|Mu Gem|ChichiriBoshi|
    |23|![](illustrations/mn23.png)|Delta Cnc 或 Theta Cnc|TamahomeBoshi|
    |24|![](illustrations/mn24.png)|Delta Hya|NurikoBoshi|
    |25|![](illustrations/mn25.png)|Alpha Hya|HotohoriBoshi|
    |26|![](illustrations/mn26.png)|Nu Hya|ChirikoBoshi|
    |27|![](illustrations/mn27.png)|Alpha Crt|TasukiBoshi|
    |28|![](illustrations/mn28.png)|Gamma Crv|MitsukakeBoshi|

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: <notr>[A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan](http://www.academia.edu/5293593/A_Cultural_History_of_Astronomy_in_Japan)</notr> by Steve Renshaw
zh_CN:  - [#1]: [A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan](http://www.academia.edu/5293593/A_Cultural_History_of_Astronomy_in_Japan) by Steve Renshaw
    
    中文翻译: Sun Shuwei

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture authors section in markdown format Russian (Siberian) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Alexander Wolf
zh_CN: Alexander Wolf
    
    中文翻译: Sun Shuwei

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture name
en: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi
zh_CN: 卡米勒罗伊/尤阿拉伊

note: Khoikhoi and San sky culture name
en: Khoikhoi and San
zh_CN: 科伊科伊人和桑人

note: Korean sky culture name
en: Korean
zh_CN: 朝鲜

note: Korean sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C.
zh_CN: 中国、朝鲜、日本的星官同源，形状看起来也很相似。它们分别出现在公元 8 世纪的敦煌星图、天象列次分野之图和公元7-8世纪绘制的龟虎古坟星图中。他们的位置和名字在汉字中是相似的。星官名称最早出现于汉代《史记》中记录的公元前2000年左右的夏朝。

note: Korean sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Origin
    
    The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about 190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of the map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the southern limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with respect to the position, the position and the size of the constellations were somewhat altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that there should be no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. The work of the author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at a later time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation are like.
zh_CN: ### 起源
    
    本 Stellarium 星空文化中展示的 272 个星官是基于朝鲜天象列次分野之图，它于 1395 年刻在石头上，但起源于另一个存在于约2,000 年前的星图。这张星图标示了约190个星官中的1467颗星，它们的形状与中国的略有不同。星图的释读并不容易：星图太旧了，只发现约 300 颗星与真正的星相匹配。星图上的所有星都画在一个圆圈上，所以赤道似乎比南界要小。由于星官的密度不会随位置发生变化，所以星官的位置和大小以作者不知道的方式发生了一些变化。假定不应该有不属于任何星座的亮星。作者对其作品有解释权，以后可能会更改。然而，它将粗略显示朝鲜星官是什么样的。

note: Korean sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonsang_Yeolcha_Bunyajido)
zh_CN:  - [#1]: [天象列次分野之图](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonsang_Yeolcha_Bunyajido)

note: Korean sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *[Jeong, Tae-Min](http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/)*
zh_CN: 此星空文化来自*[ Jeong, Tae-Min](http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/)*

note: Lokono sky culture name
en: Lokono
zh_CN: 阿拉瓦克

note: Macedonian sky culture name
en: Macedonian
zh_CN: 马其顿

note: Macedonian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Ethnoastronomical research among Macedonian people began in 1982, organized by the Planetarium at Youth Cultural Centre. In the past years, around 140 villages in Republic of Macedonia have been visited and over 1500 inhabitants have been interviewed and surveyed. All collected information from the population have been published in the book “Sky over Macedonia” (Cenev G, 2004). An integral part of this book is the Sky map of Macedonian people which has been reconstructed based on the descriptions of constellations known to elderly inhabitants of Macedonian villages (Cenev G., 2000).
zh_CN: 马其顿人的民族天文学研究始于1982年，由青年文化中心的天文馆组织。 在过去几年中，访问了马其顿共和国的大约140个村庄，对1500多名居民进行了访谈和调查。 从民众身上收集到的所有信息都发表在*马其顿的天空*(Sky over Macedonia, Cenev G, 2004)一书中。 本书的一个不可分割部分是马其顿人的天空地图(Sky map of Macedonian people)，它是根据马其顿村庄老人所知的星座描述重建的(Cenev G, 2004)。

note: Macedonian sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: ##### Mother Hen (Kvachka) *[Quatʃka]*
    
    is the best-known constellation, which is recognized by all elderly people in Macedonian villages, without any exception. This name people use for the star cluster Pleiades
    
    ##### Rooster (Petal) *[Petel]*
    
    This is the name of the star Alnath (or Elnath) from the constellation Taurus.
    
    ##### Hawk (Јastreb) *[Yastreb]*
    
    Hawk, as one of the most famous enemies of the Mother Hen and the Rooster, is right above them in an attacking position. Bright star Capella (Kapela) from the constellation Auriga is actually known among people as Hawk.
    
    ##### Fox (Lisica) *[Lysitsa]*
    
     Fox is the second by importance natural enemy of the Mother Hen and the Rooster so it is obvious why people also “see” it on the sky. The red color of the bright star Aldebaran from the constellation of the Bull is the reason why people perceive it as a Fox ready to attack the Mother Hen and the Rooster.
    
    ##### Pigs (Svinji) *[Sviƞi]*
    
    Near to the Mother Hen, people on the sky noticed the star cluster Hyades. Scattered appearance of the stars of this cluster associated people to the image of pigs in a village yard, and so it’s called Pigs.
    
    ##### Yoke (Jarem) *[Yarem]*
    
    People under this name recognize group of stars in the constellation Perseus. Yokes for the oxen usually is found in village yards so that is why, like the previous constellation, is evidence of the general image of people and purpose given to this part of the sky.
    
    ##### Ploughman (Orach) *[Oratʃ]*
    
    The Ploughman is one of the three main characters in the sky. It is the name people gave to the bright star Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion. Besides Betelgeuse, in building the image of this folk constellation, some weaker and less bright stars from the surrounding are also taken into account, because people say that the Ploughman is an image of a person with a goad as he returns home.
    
    ##### Plough with Oxen (Ralo so Volovi) *[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]*
    
    The constellation Orion with its numerous bright stars and distinctive pattern dominates the winter sky and can be easily found. People from Macedonian villages usually point at the region around Orion’s belt saying that three bright stars and surrounding less bright stars create an image of a wooden Plough with two yoked oxen.
    
    ##### Wolves (Volci) *[Voltsi]*
    
     Near to the plough with oxen, which is left on a field, people see two wolves as well. They are the bright stars Sirius in the constellation Canis Major and Procyon in Canis Minor.
    
    ##### Priest’s Straw (Popova Slama) *[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]*
    
     Our galaxy (Milky Way) by its appearance is dominant on the summer sky
    
    ##### Threshing floor (Gumno) *[Goumno]*
    
     Circular and foggy appearance of the Andromeda galaxy (М31) evoked people to see the threshing floor with straw from where the Priest was stealing from his Godson.
    
    ##### Cross (Krst) *[Krst]*
    
    Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s might he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to the Priest’s Straw there is the Cross.
    
    ##### Ears (Ushi) *[Uʃi]*
    
    By this common word used as a jargon, Macedonian villagers mark the part of the wooden plough that goes into the soil, used for plowing.
    
    ##### Trivet (Pirustija) *[Pirustiya]*
    
    The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food.
    
    ##### Tongs (Mashi) *[Maʃy]*
    
    The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet.
    
    ##### Low round wooden dining table (Sofra) *[Sofra]*
    
    The typical semi-circular shape of the constellation Corona Borealis evoked the image of a wooden round table called sofra.
    
    ##### Auger (Svrdel) *[Svrdǝl]*
    
    People say that this is a very big drill used for construction of houses and is found inside the Priest’s Straw
    
    ##### Thieves (Aramii) *[Arami:]*
    
    The famous constellation Ursa Major among the people is described as a group of thieves. The seven bright stars of Ursa Major are said to be thieves „because during the entire night they circle on the sky same as thieves that circle around houses“
zh_CN: ##### 母鸡 (Kvachka) *[Quatʃka]*
    
    这是最着名的星座，马其顿村庄的所有老年人都认可。 这个名字人们用于昴星团
    
    ##### 公鸡 (Petal) *[Petel]*
    
    金牛座的亮星五车五，在母鸡的边上。
    
    ##### 老鹰 (Јastreb) *[Yastreb]*
    
    老鹰是公鸡和母鸡的敌人，在鸡的上方盘旋。 御夫座的亮星五车二被称为老鹰
    
    ##### 狐狸 (Lisica) *[Lysitsa]*
    
     狐狸是母鸡和公鸡的重要天敌之一，所以很明显为什么人们也会在天空中“看到”它。毕宿五红色是人们认为它是狐狸准备攻击母鸡和公鸡的原因。
    
    ##### 豕猪 (Svinji) *[Sviƞi]*
    
     毕星团。人们把这个星团的恒星分散的外观与村庄里的猪的形象联系起来，因此它被称为豕猪。
    
    ##### 牛轭 (Jarem) *[Yarem]*
    
     英仙座的一群恒星，通常在村庄的院子里发现牛轭。
    
    ##### 农夫 (Orach) *[Oratʃ]*
    
    参宿四和附近的一些暗星。这是一个农夫拿着犁回家的形象。
    
    ##### 耕犁和耕牛 (Ralo so Volovi) *[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]*
    
    猎户星座拥在冬日的天空中占主导地位，很容易找到。自马其顿村庄的人们通常指着猎户座带周围的地区，说猎户座腰带三星和周围不那么明亮的恒星形成一个木制耕犁的形象，有两头耕牛
    
    ##### 灰狼 (Volci) *[Voltsi]*
    
     耕牛附近有两头灰狼，他们是天狼星和南河三.
    
    ##### 牧师的麦秆 (Popova Slama) *[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]*
    
     夏日银河的名字
    
    ##### 打谷场 (Gumno) *[Goumno]*
    
     仙女座星系（М31）的圆形和雾状外观引起人的注意，人们看到了牧师从他的神子那里偷走麦秆的打谷场
    
    ##### 十字架 (Krst) *[Krst]*
    
    与人民的信仰相辅相成，当牧师小偷看到上帝的威力时，他开始惊慌失措并在途中失去了他的十字架。 所以在牧师的稻草旁边有十字架。
    
    ##### 犁刀 (Ushi) *[Uʃi]*
    
    通过这个常用词作为行话，马其顿村民标记了进入土壤的木犁的一部分，用于耕作。
    
    ##### 三脚架 (Pirustija) *[Pirustiya]*
    
    三脚架是一种金属装置，有三条腿（三脚架），适合在壁炉上支撑平底锅和水壶，同时准备食物。
    
    ##### 夹钳 (Mashi) *[Maʃy]*
    
    夹钳用于在三脚架中烧火。所以它非常接近三脚架
    
    ##### 圆桌 (Sofra) *[Sofra]*
    
    北冕座的半圆形被想象成一个圆桌。
    
    ##### 螺杆钻 (Svrdel) *[Svrdǝl]*
    
    人们说这是一个非常大的用于房屋建造的螺杆钻，在牧师的麦秆里。
    
    ##### 窃贼座 (Aramii) *[Arami:]*
    
    著名的大熊座被描述为一群窃贼。北斗七星是七个小偷，“因为在整个晚上, 它们就像小偷在房子周围盘旋一样, 在天空中盘旋"

note: Macedonian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Vancho Stojkoski* and *Gjore Cenev* from Macedonian Research Society based primarily on the book **Sky over Macedonia** by Cenev G, 2004.
zh_CN: 这种天空文化是由马其顿研究学会的 *Vancho Stojkoski*和*Gjore Cenev*贡献的，主要以*马其顿的天空*(Sky over Macedonia, Cenev G, 2004)为基础。
     <p>中文翻译：Sun Shuwei

note: Maori sky culture name
en: Maori
zh_CN: 毛利

note: Maori sky culture authors section in markdown format Tongan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com
zh_CN: 该星空文化来自Stellarium用户 *Dan Smale*, d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz
    
    翻译来自 Wang Lingyi

note: Maya sky culture name
en: Maya
zh_CN: 玛雅

note: Maya sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Maya culture was one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the pre-columbian american continent. They developed a writing system which let them store and use their knowledge in a variety of forms: e.g. on how to perform rituals or delivering particular messages to an audience (political and sacred facts from rulers to the people, sculpted in monuments and stelae). These records allow us explore, through the laborious work of many researchers, their cosmovision and how they thought the cosmos came to be. Their knowledge was recorded in books (academically known as “codex”), like the Dresden codex (which describes the dates that Venus would pass through each of its visibility phases and also a table of lunar and solar eclipses), the Paris codex (which is believed to describe some of their constellations), the Madrid codex (which relates astronomy and agriculture data) and lately, the Grolier codex (it was thought that it was an abbreviated version of the Dresden codex, but it is not accepted yet as original by some scholars).
zh_CN: 玛雅文明是美洲大陆最复杂和辉煌的文明之一。他们拥有一个象形文字系统，以多种形式存储和使用他们的知识：例如，如何进行仪式或向观众传递特定信息(从统治者到人民的政治和神圣事实，雕刻在纪念碑和石碑上)。这些记录使我们能够通过许多研究人员的艰苦工作，探索他们的宇宙观以及他们对宇宙形成的看法。记录他们的知识的书籍。现在学术上称为“法典”(codex)，比如德累斯顿法典(Dresden codex，描述金星通过其每一个可见时段的日期，以及月食和日食表)，巴黎法典(Paris codex，据信描述了他们的一些星座)。马德里法典(Madrid codex，涉及天文学和农业数据)和最近的格罗尔法典(Grolier codex，人们认为它是德累斯顿法典的删节版，一些学者还不接受它的原创性)。

note: Maya sky culture description section in markdown format
en: <p><img src="illustrations/description1030.png"/><br /><em>Page 49 of the Dresden Codex showing a section of the Venus Table.</em></p>
    
    All mayan codices are thought to have been taken to Europe by the first explorers of the New World, as evidence of their discoveries. The Paris Codex in particular was then long forgotten, until priest Leon Rosny found it in 1859 in a chimney corner of the National Library of Paris. It has suffered substantial damage, as can be seen in page 23 shown below. In spite of this, the Paris codex describes asterisms and constellations seen by the mayas, some of them probably related to a group of zodiacal constellations (Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005), while others do not (Špoták, 2015).
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/description1028.png" width="150" height="350"/><br />
    <em>Page 23 of the Paris Codex showing some Constellations.</em></p>
    
    In this approach to representing the constellations in Stellarium, we assume that are related to the ecliptic, since in the Paris codex they seem to "swallow" the Sun, so they are placed as close as possible to this line while trying to adjust the star patterns to the images of the different animals thought to represent zodiacal constellations. Other constellations are placed according to what ethnographic sources state are their most probable location.  Constellation lines were drawn trying to adjust to the images taken from the above mentioned sources and they appear according to the interpretation of the contributors of this culture.
zh_CN: <p><img src="illustrations/description1030.png"><br /><em>德累斯顿法典的第49页显示了金星表的一部分。</em></p>
    
    所有玛雅法典都被新世界的第一批探险者带到了欧洲。而且巴黎法典很早就被人们遗忘了，直到牧师列Leon Rosny于1859年在巴黎国家图书馆的烟囱角落发现了它。如下面第23页所示，它遭受了严重损坏。 尽管如此，巴黎法典还是描述了玛雅人看到的星群和星座，其中一些可能与一组黄道星座有关(Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005)，而其余则无关。(Špoták, 2015)
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/description1028.png" width="150" height="350"><br />
    <em>巴黎法典的第23页显示了一些星座。</em></p>
    
    在Stellarium中，我们假设这些星座与黄道有关，因为在巴黎法典中它们似乎“吞噬”了太阳，同时试图调整星座的图绘，不同的动物被认为代表不同星座。其他星座则是根据民族志学来源指出的最可能的位置来放置的。还根据这种文化贡献者的解释绘制了星座线，以适应图绘。

note: Maya sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: Some of the identified constellations from the Paris Codex are:
    
    ##### Bird *[Ch’oom]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Vulture_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Not clearly identified, but some researchers describe it as a vulture, since it is not decorated and relates better to some ethnographic descriptions (Špoták, 2015).</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Shark *[Xoc]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Shark_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>The picture used for this constellation is in fact a combination of the elements of two animals: head of a snake and tail of a fish, so some scholars conclude this is a representation of a shark.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Owl *[Kulte']*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Owl_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Identified as such by some scholars, specially because of the small body and feathers on the head that it exhibits.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Jaguar *[Balaam]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Jaguar_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Identified as such because of the typical marks exhibited which are related to the skin of this animal.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Death *[Kimi]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Death_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>This constellation appears in the Paris Codex as a skeleton, not yet clear whether it's an animal or not.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Scorpion *[Sina'an]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Scorpion_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Scholars agree that this maya constellation is in accordance to our Western culture Scorpion constellation, because of the "twisted" body that is suggested by this pattern of stars, however, for the mayas the sting is closer to the star Antares, because it should be next to the path of the Sun, as suggested by its position in the Paris Codex.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Rattlesnake *[Chaan]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Rattlesnake_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>This animal is present through many species in the central america environment, but the one represented in the Paris codex is thought to be the Rattlesnake, because of the ending of the tail which shows the typical rattling ending of this reptile.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Bat *[Zool]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Bat_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Identified as such by its wings, as well as by the characteristic nose that this animal displays in the upper lip, typical in maya iconography.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Toad *[Uo]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Frog_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>This animal is identified as such because of its necklace and the lack of teeth in its mouth (Špoták, 2015).  Freidel et al. (1993) place this animal in the Western culture constellation of Virgo.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Turtle *[Aak]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Turtle_BM.png" width="59" height="50"/></td><td>The turtle was present during the creation of the world, located on the Western culture Orion's Belt asterism. This position in the sky is not really deduced from the Paris codex, but from the analysis made on the Bonampak murals, where the picture of the turtle is decorated with three points, very similar in position and orientation to Orion’s Belt, so this turtle representation has been used to place it in the Stellarium sky, instead of the one depicted in the Paris Codex.</td></tr>
    </table>
    <p>Asterisms and constellations obtained through other archaeological and ethnographic sources (such as murals and manuscripts like the <i>Popol Vuh</i>) are described below:</p>
    
    ##### Hole-backed Caiman: *[Way Paat Ahiin]*
    
    The Milky Way in a vertical position relative to the horizon. This half-crocodile half-deer creature was sacrificed in a mythical time before the present one, an event which caused a storm of blood marking the end of the primordial chaos. On its back, the four trees -that lifted and hold the sky were placed- along with another supernatural being stepping on top of the decapitated body, thus fertilizing, founding or establishing the current order of things.
    
    <img src="illustrations/sdc.png" width="200" height="90"/>
    
    ##### Paddler Gods:
    
    This picture shows the Maize God being carried by a couple of paddler gods in a canoe to the place of creation: the Three Hearthstones (defined by the stars Alnitak, Saiph and Rigel, in the Western culture constellation Orion, and in Stellarium shown encircling the Oxib' Xk'ub', or Primordial Fire asterism), where he would be self-sacrificed for the creation of the cosmos to take place.
    
    <img src="illustrations/Stellarium_13.png" width="400" height="110"/>
    
    ##### Primordial Fire: *[Oxib'Xk'ub]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Stellarium_11.png" width="70" height="60"/></td><td>This fire was lighted at the moment of creation, and mayas saw its smoke represented as the Orion's nebula (M42), between three bright stars representing the three hearthstones.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Peccaries:
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/11.png" width="80" height="60"/></td><td>These pig-like animals are represented together just like the stars Castor and Pollux. The picture included in Stellarium was taken from the Bonampak mural.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ### Stars and Planets Names
    
     Maya people, just as other ancient cultures, used stars to keep track of time. The stars included in this version of Stellarium are:
    
    <ul>
    <li> <b>Two brilliant ones: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>, <b>Castor and Pollux</b>, used at the beginning of the dry season to track the time at night.</li>
    <li> <b>Single Star: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, used in February to track the time at night.</li>
    <li> <b>Corner Star: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>Alpha Centauri</b>, called like this because it marked the southern corner of the night sky at the end of the dry season, in April.</li>
    <li> <b>Bright Star: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venus</b>, this planet was the God of War for the maya. In the Dresden Codex there is an almanac that was used to predict this planet's appearances and disappearances during its synodic period.</li>
    </ul>
zh_CN: 巴黎法典确定的一些星座包括：
    
    ##### 秃鹰*[Ch’oom]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Vulture_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>一种鸟，没有明确的标志。但一些研究人员将其描述为秃鹰，因为它头上没有“装饰”，并且与某些民族志描述之间的关联更好。(Špoták, 2015)</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### 鲨鱼 *[Xoc]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Shark_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>图片显示这实际上是两种动物元素的组合：蛇的头和鱼的尾巴，一些学者认为这是鲨鱼的代表。</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### 夜枭 *[Kulte']*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Owl_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>一些学者认为是猫头鹰，特别是因为它所显示的头部很小且身上有羽毛。</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### 美洲豹 *[Balaam]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Jaguar_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>由于所显示的与这种动物的皮肤有关的典型标记而被认为是美洲豹。</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### 尸骨 *[Kimi]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Death_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/>这个星座在巴黎法典中显示为骨架，尚不清楚它是否是动物。</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### 蝎子 *[Sina'an]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Scorpion_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>学者们一致认为，这个玛雅星座与我们的西方文化天蝎座相符，因为图片暗示了“扭曲”的身体，但是玛雅人的蝎刺更靠近恒星心宿二。它应该在黄道的旁边，正如它在巴黎法典中的位置所暗示的那样。</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### 响尾蛇 *[Chaan]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Rattlesnake_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/>这可能是美洲中部的许多物种之一，但在巴黎法典中所代表的动物被认为是响尾蛇，因为尾部显示了响尾蛇的典型的结构。</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### 蝙蝠 *[Zool]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Bat_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/>通过其翅膀以及该动物在上唇中表现出的鼻子来辨别，这在玛雅人肖像中很典型。</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### 蟾蜍 *[Uo]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Frog_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>该动物的脖子和口中没有牙齿，被鉴定为蟾蜍。((Špoták, 2015).  Freidel et al. (1993)位于室女座位置。</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### 海龟 *[Aak]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Turtle_BM.png" width="59" height="50"/>海龟出现在世界的创造过程中，位于猎户座腰带位置。这个位置不是从巴黎法典中推导出来的，而是从对波拿巴壁画(Bonampak murals)的分析中得出的，壁画上的海龟的图片被装饰成三个点，与猎户座腰带在位置和方向上非常相似，所以这里没有采用巴黎法典中的描述的。</td></tr>
    </table>
    <p>通过其他考古学和民族志来源(壁画和手稿例如 <i>Popol Vuh</i>)获得的星群和星座如下：</p>
    
    ##### 半鹿鳄: *[Way Paat Ahiin]*
    
    英文Hole-backed Caiman。银河于地平线垂直。 这种半鳄半鹿的生物在神话时代牺牲了，这一事件引起了血腥的风暴，标志着原始混乱的结束。在它的背上，四棵树举起了天空，连同另一个超自然的人踩在被砍倒的身体上，从而使当前的世界受孕、建立或创生。
    
    <img src="illustrations/sdc.png" width="200" height="90"/>
    
    ##### 桨手神:
    
    英文Paddler Gods。图片显示了玉米神被几个划桨的神用独木舟抬到创造之地：三个炉石(参宿一、参宿六和参宿七，以及Stellarium显示的围绕着Oxib'Xk'ub'或称为原火)。在那里，他为创造世界而自我牺牲。
    
    <img src="illustrations/Stellarium_13.png" width="400" height="110"/>
    
    ##### 原火: *[Oxib'Xk'ub]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Stellarium_11.png" width="70" height="60"/>这团火是在创世之时点燃的，玛雅将三个炉石之间的烟雾(M42星云)描绘成原火。</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### 西貒:
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/11.png" width="80" height="60"/></td><td>这些像猪一样的动物是北河二和北河三以及附近的恒星。图片是从波拿巴壁画(Bonampak murals)上获得的。</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ### 恒星和行星名
    
     与其他古代文化一样，玛雅人也使用恒星和行星来记录时间。 此版本的Stellarium中包含的恒星和行星有：
    
    <ul>
    <li> <b>闪耀的双子星，Two brilliant ones: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>，<b>北河二和北河三</b>，在干旱季节开始时用于跟踪晚上的时间。</li>
    <li> <b>孤独之星，Single Star: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>轩辕十四</b>，在二月份用于跟踪晚上的时间。</li>
    <li> <b>角落之星，Corner Star: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>南门二</b>，之所以这样称呼，是因为它在四月的旱季结束时位于夜空的南角。</li>
    <li> <b>明亮之星，Bright Star: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>金星</b>，这个星球是玛雅人的战神。在德累斯顿法典中有一个历书，用来预测这颗行星在朔望周期的出现和消失。
    </ul>

note: Maya sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: <p>This sky culture was contributed by <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> and <i>Javier Mejuto</i> of the Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras based primarily on the work of the authors described as follows:</p>
zh_CN: <p>此星空文化是由洪都拉斯国立大学空间科学系考古天文学和文化天文学系的<i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i>和 <i>Javier Mejuto</i>贡献的，主要依据以下作者的工作：</p>
    
    翻译：Sun Shuwei

note: Maya sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [The Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript (Dissertation)](https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download) by Jakub Špoták
     - [#2]: Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993) *Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years On The Shaman's Path*, New York: William Morrow and Company Inc.
     - [#3]: Aveni, A.(2005) *Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo*, Mexico D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica.
     - [#4]: Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It, *Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture*, XIV(1), pp.: 39-58.
     - [#5]: Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) [El mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas fundaciones](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010), *Estudios de cultura maya*, 45(45), pp. 9-48.
    
    ### Links of Interest
    
     - [Wikipedia: The Paris Codex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex)
     - [Bonampak, Viviendo el tiempo maya](https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak)
zh_CN:  - [#1]: [The Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript (Dissertation)](https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download) by Jakub Špoták
     - [#2]: Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993) *Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years On The Shaman's Path*, New York: William Morrow and Company Inc.
     - [#3]: Aveni, A.(2005) *Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo*, Mexico D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica.
     - [#4]: Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It, *Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture*, XIV(1), pp.: 39-58.
     - [#5]: Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) [El mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas fundaciones](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010), *Estudios de cultura maya*, 45(45), pp. 9-48.
    
    ### 感兴趣的链接
    
     - [Wikipedia: Paris Codex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex)
     - [Bonampak, Viviendo el tiempo maya](https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak)

note: Modern sky culture name
en: Modern
zh_CN: 现代

note: Modern sky culture introduction section in markdown format Modern (IAU) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The modern sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic astronomy.
zh_CN: 现代天文学家在国际上使用现代天空文化，这是国际天文学联合会的官方计划。它源于古希腊天文学，并受到伊斯兰天文学的影响。

note: Modern sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The modern sky culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various sizes called constellations, each with precise boundary, issued by the International Astronomical Union in 1922. These constellations have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    The constellations in use today are based mainly on ancient Greek constellations depicted by Ptolemy in his book the Almagest during the 2nd century CE. In the subsequent centuries, this book has been translated from Greek into Arabic (6th to 9th century) and later to medieval Latin. In the Arabic more than in the Latin tradition, the Ptolemaic figures were enriched and transformed by native Arabic constellations and star names.
    
    In the 16-18th centuries, European astronomers suggested new constellations to fill the gaps between northern constellations (e.g. the constellation of "the lynx" for an area close to the Great Bear but with stars so faint that you would need the eyes of a lynx to see them) and also created new constellations in the southern part of the sky which had not been visible to Ptolemy. These new constellations were usually named after new technical inventions of the early modern period (e.g. a chemical furnace, a balloon, an air pump) or exotic animals (e.g. a chamaeleon, a tucan, a paradise bird). Among them several constellations were also named with political consideration to honor certain kings or patrons.
    
    In the beginning of the 20th century, the IAU (International Astronomical Union) aimed for a large clean-up: in 1922, it officially accepted the list of 88 constellation names. In 1928 it also defined precise constellation boundaries [#40] still in use today.
    
    ### Extras
    
    In the 2nd century CE, Ptolemy in Alexandria published a multi-volume book which summarised the astronomical knowledge of the time, rooted in a tradition of mathematical astronomy since Hipparchus (at least 265 years earlier). In the subsequent centuries, this book has been translated from Greek into Arabic (6th to 9th century), from Arabic into Latin, and later, from the original ancient Greek into medieval Latin. Due to this transformation, it is now known under the artificial name Almagest, derived from the Arabic title [#46].
    
    The Almagest star catalogue (books VII and VIII) has been depicted many times in the Islamic as well as in the Christian astronomical traditions. Often, the figures were re-drawn in order to adapt them to the taste of art of the epoch. In the Arabic more than in the Latin tradition, the Ptolemaic figures were enriched and transformed by native Arabic constellations and star names. Therefore, this sky culture displays a modern descendant of the Ptolemaic one with traces of translations, misunderstandings, transformations, and deliberate additions.
    
    In 1603 the lawyer and hobby astronomer Johann Bayer from Augsburg, Germany, made a new celestial atlas, called Uranometria [#41]. In this atlas, he introduced a systematic naming of stars starting with alpha, the brightest, beta, the second brightest, gamma, the third ... within a constellation. Subsequently, it was established to name a star with a Greek letter and the Latin constellation name in casus genitive.
    
    In the 18th century, the century of great atlases (Flamsteed, Fortin, Bode: [#42][#43]), new constellations were added to fill the gaps between northern constellations. Additionally, there were suggestions to create new constellations in the southern part of the sky which had not been visible to Ptolemy. European astronomers visited the European colonies and instead of asking the native people for their constellations, the Europeans were creative. This way, many new technical inventions of the early modern period were depicted in constellations (e.g. a chemical furnace, a balloon, an air pump) as well as exotic animals (e.g. a chamaeleon, a tucan, a paradise bird).
    
    The problem was that sometimes astronomers did not agree with each other and, thus, atlases showed deviations from each other.
    
    After many centuries of astronomers taking liberties in interpretation of the Ptolemaic original, there were many variants of constellations. As constellations are a positioning system, i.e. astronomers describe positions in the sky relative to stars and stars relative to constellations (like "Betelgeuse", Orion's right shoulder), it is necessary to use constellation names and star names uniformly all over the world.
    
    In the "Fin de siècle", there were upcoming suggestions in the astronomical community to unify the system of constellations and star names [#44].
    
    The IAU, only founded in 1919, in 1928 defined the boundaries of these areas [#43] and not the way of drawing artwork or connecting lines within them. Consequently several sub-cultures of painting figures and drawing simplified stickfigures were developed during the 20th and 21st century. We provide some of them as further sky cultures.
    
    ### Constellations
    
    These constellations are based mainly on the Ptolemaic tradition which had been used in all three Abrahamitic religions and, thus, was common in the Near East, in Europe and its colonies on all continents. However, between the ancient Greek constellations there were gaps of areas with only faint stars belonging to no constellation.[#47] In the Modern Epoch, several astronomers suggested constellation figures for these gaps, among them several political constellations to the honor of certain kings or patrons. In the late 19th century, the astronomical research community aimed for a huge clean-up to avoid ambiguities in assigning stars to constellations.
    
    In 1922, the IAU officially approved the list of 88 constellation names and their official abbreviations with three letters. The only remaining political constellation is Scutum, the shield of a Polish king but without mentioning the political reference anymore. The Belgian priest E. Delporte got the task to define constellation boundaries according to coordinates. In 1928, he finished the work, based on an atlas from Argentina [#51], and the IAU accepted his delimitations [#40].
    
    These "constellations" are naked areas in the sky without any stick figures or depictions [#44]. The borders simply follow the lines of right ascension and declination from the epoch 1875.0. Precession causes a slowly increasing deviation from the originally rectilinear grid. These constellations became the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    Stellarium by default displays the precise RA-DEC-boundaries and a set of artwork constellations on the basis of Ptolemaic figures but following our contemporary taste of art.
    
    ### Asterisms
    
    The term "asterism" (assembly of stars) can sometimes be used synonymously to "constellation". In the modern use it describes a figure which is not part of the official canon. Sometimes an asterism is a part of a constellation, e.g. the Big Dipper as part of Ursa Major, or Great Square as part of Pegasus. Other asterisms span over several constellations, e.g. the Summer Triangle or Winter Hexagon. Yet others are only visible in binoculars or telescopes and are aptly named "telescopic asterism", e.g. the Coathanger. They are often discussed in the observing columns of popular astronomy magazines.
    
    ### Ray Helpers
    
    Seasoned observers can find their way around the sky easily. One mnemonic tool are associative chains of stars that span large distances. We show them as "ray helpers". These are not standardized.
    
    ### Proper names of stars
    
    Ptolemy's star catalogue had the layout of a table listing the description of the star's position in the constellation's figure, the ecliptical coordinates, and the magnitude e.g.: "The star at the tip of the tail of Ursa Minor", "Gem 0 1/6, +66", "Mag 3".
    
    In most cases, the star names evolved by astronomer's systematical abbreviations of these descriptions, e.g., a first astronomer abbreviated in a text "tip of the tail", a next astronomer drew a map with less space and wrote only "tail" next to the star and this name remained. Over centuries, these descriptions were translated into Arabic and Latin, and in some cases the translators or scribes made mistakes because of misreading or misspelling of the Arabic words (e.g. the Arabic "yad al gauza", the hand of the giant woman, was mangled to the common term "Betelgeuse").
    
    However, there are also a few original Greek words like the red star "Antares", the counterpart of Ares (Mars), and even a few original Babylonian terms like "Shargaz", the Sting, in Scorpius. Our modern, most recent IAU star names [#45] are a renewed mixture, also with influences or even politically wanted additions of star names from the non-Ptolemaic sky cultures, e.g. the traditional Pingsing, a Chinese star name for a star in Hydra (its meaning is only "star", a reminescence to his lonely position), or newly adopted star names from Polynesian, Hawaiian, or Aboriginal cultures for names of stars with exoplanets.
    
    The IAU is the only scientifically accepted authority to assign new names to stars. Commercial exploits like "star name registries", who sell stars for commemorative purposes or as gifts, only sell printed pieces of paper. These names are not approved and never used by scientists.
zh_CN: 现代天空文化将天球划分为88个不同大小的区域，称为星座，每个区域都有精确的边界，由国际天文学联合会于1922年发布。这些星座已成为描述天空的标准方式，在日常使用中彻底取代了其他天空文化中的类似星座。
    
    今天使用的星座主要基于托勒密在公元2世纪的《天文学大成》（Almagest）一书中描绘的古希腊星座。在随后的几个世纪里，这本书从希腊语被翻译成阿拉伯语（6世纪至9世纪），后来又被翻译成中世纪的拉丁语。在阿拉伯语中，托勒密数字比在拉丁语传统中更丰富，并被阿拉伯本土的星座和恒星名称所丰富和改造。
    
    在16-18世纪，欧洲天文学家提出了新的星座来填补北方星座之间的空白（例如，靠近大熊的地区的“猞猁”星座，但恒星非常微弱，你需要猞猁的眼睛才能看到它们），并在托勒密看不到的天空南部创造了新的星座。这些新的星座通常以现代早期的新技术发明（如化学炉、气球、气泵）或外来动物（如变色龙、蜥蜴、天堂鸟）命名。其中几个星座也是出于政治考虑而命名的，以纪念某些国王或赞助人。
    
    20世纪初，国际天文学联合会（IAU）计划进行大规模清理：1922年，它正式接受了88个星座名称的名单。1928年，它还定义了至今仍在使用的精确星座边界[#40]。
    
    ### 其他
    
    公元2世纪，亚历山大的托勒密出版了一本多卷本的书，总结了当时的天文学知识，这本书植根于自希帕丘斯（至少265年前）以来的数学天文学传统。在随后的几个世纪里，这本书从希腊语翻译成阿拉伯语（6世纪至9世纪），从阿拉伯语翻译成拉丁语，后来从原始古希腊语翻译为中世纪拉丁语。由于这种转变，它现在被称为Almagest，也就是《天文学大成》，源自阿拉伯语标题[#46]。
    
    《天文学大成》星表（第七册和第八册）在伊斯兰和基督教天文传统中多次被描绘。通常，这些人物会被重新绘制，以适应那个时代的艺术品味。在阿拉伯语中，托勒密数字比在拉丁语传统中更丰富，并被阿拉伯本土的星座和恒星名称所丰富和改造。因此，这种天空文化展现了托勒密文化的现代后裔，带有翻译、误解、转换和故意添加的痕迹。
    
    1603年，来自德国奥格斯堡的律师兼业余天文学家Johann Bayer制作了一本名为Uranometria的新天体图集。在这本图集中，他介绍了恒星的系统命名，从最亮的阿尔法、最亮的贝塔、第二亮的伽马、第三亮的伽马开始。。。在一个星座内。随后，它被确立为用希腊字母命名一颗恒星，用拉丁语的星座名称命名。
    
    在18世纪，伟大的星图集世纪（Flamsteed，Fortin，Bode:[#42][#43]），新的星座被添加以填补北方星座之间的空白。此外，有人建议在托勒密看不到的天空南部创建新的星座。欧洲天文学家访问了欧洲殖民地，欧洲人没有向当地人询问他们的星座，而是富有创造力。通过这种方式，现代早期的许多新技术发明被描绘成星座（如化学炉、气球、气泵）以及异国情调的动物（如蝘蜓、杜鹃、天堂鸟）。
    
    问题是，有时天文学家之间意见不一致，因此，星图集显示出彼此的不同。
    
    经过几个世纪的天文学家对托勒密原始星座的自由解释，星座有了许多变体。由于星座是一个定位系统，即天文学家描述了天空中相对于恒星的位置和恒星相对于星座的位置（如猎户座的右肩“参宿四”），因此有必要在世界各地统一使用星座名称和恒星名称。
    
    在“世纪末”，天文学界即将提出统一星座和恒星名称系统的建议[#44]。
    
    过几天文联合会（IAU）成立于1919年，1928年定义了这些区域的边界[#43]，而不是在其中绘制艺术品或连接线条的方式。因此，在20世纪和21世纪，几个亚文化的绘画人物和绘画简化的棍棒人物得到了发展。我们提供其中一些作为进一步的天空文化。
    
    ### 星座
    
    这些星座主要基于托勒密传统，该传统在所有三种亚伯拉罕宗教中都有使用，因此在近东、欧洲及其各大洲的殖民地都很常见。然而，在古希腊星座之间有一些空白区域，有一些不属于任何星座的暗淡恒星。[#47]在现代，一些天文学家提出了一些星座填补这些空隙，其中包括几个政治星座，以纪念某些国王或赞助人。19世纪末，天文学研究界旨在进行大规模的清理，以避免在将恒星分配给星座时出现歧义。
    
    1922年，国际天文学联合会正式批准了88个星座名称及其三个字母的官方缩写。唯一剩下的政治星座是盾牌座，波兰国王的盾牌，但不再提及政治参考。比利时牧师E.Delporte接到了根据坐标定义星座边界的任务。1928年，他根据阿根廷的星图集完成了这项工作[#51]，国际天文学联合会接受了他的划界[#40]。
    
    这些“星座”是天空中没有任何人物或描绘的裸露区域[#44]。边界简单地遵循1875.0时代的赤经和赤纬线。进动导致与原始直线网格的偏差缓慢增加。这些星座成为描述天空的标准方式，在日常使用中彻底取代了其他星空文化中的类似集合。
    
    Stellarium默认显示精确的赤经赤纬边界和一组基于托勒密数字的艺术品星座，但遵循我们当代的艺术品味。
    
    ### 星群
    
    “星群”（恒星的集合）一词有时可以与“星座”同义。在现代用法中，它描述了一个不属于官方的“恒星集合”。有时星群是星座的一部分，例如大熊座的北斗七星，飞马座的大正方形。有些星群跨越几个星座，例如夏季三角星座或冬季六边形星座。然而，有些星群仅在双筒望远镜或望远镜中可见，并被恰当地命名为“望远镜星群”，例如衣架星群。它们经常在流行天文学杂志的观测专栏中讨论。
    
    ### 导航辅助线
    
    经验丰富的观测者可以很容易地在天空中找到方向。一种助记工具是跨越很远距离的恒星的联想链。我们把它们称为“导航辅助线”。这些都不是标准化的。
    
    ### 恒星的专名
    
    托勒密的星表有以表格的形式，列出了恒星在星座图中的位置、黄道坐标和星等的描述，例如："The star at the tip of the tail of Ursa Minor"，"Gem 0 1/6, +66", "Mag 3"。
    
    在大多数情况下，恒星的名字是由天文学家对这些描述的系统缩写演变而来的，例如，第一个天文学家在文本中缩写为“尾巴的尖端”，下一个天文学家在地图上画了一个更小的空间，只在恒星旁边写了“尾巴”，这个名字就保留了下来。几个世纪以来，这些描述被翻译成阿拉伯语和拉丁语，在某些情况下，翻译者或抄写员会因为误读或拼写错误而犯错误（例如，阿拉伯语中的“yad al gauza”，即女巨人的手，被曲解成常见的术语“Betelgeuse”）。
    
    然而，也有一些原始的希腊单词，如红星“Antares”，与Ares（火星）相对应，甚至还有一些原始的巴比伦术语，如天蝎座中的“Shargaz”、“Sting”。我们现代、最新的国际天文学联合会恒星名称[#45]是一种新的混合体，也受到非托勒密天空文化的影响，甚至是政治上想要添加的恒星名称，例如传统的平星，长蛇座中用中文名称命名的一颗恒星（它的意思只是“恒星”，让人想起他孤独的位置），或者新采用来自波利尼西亚、夏威夷或土著文化的恒星名称作为系外行星的恒星名称。
    
    国际天文学联合会是唯一被科学认可的为恒星命名的权威机构。像“恒星名字登记”这样的商业行为，他们出售恒星作为纪念或礼物，只出售印刷的纸张。这些名称未经批准，也从未被科学家使用过。

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture name
en: Modern (Chinese)
zh_CN: 现代 (中国)

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Modern (Chinese) Skyculture is a combination of Chinese traditions and Western constellations. The Chinese use combinations of modern constellations and Chinese star names in astronomy. This is the skyculture that the Chinese actually use now, with a great practical value.
zh_CN: 现代（中国）星空文化是中国传统与西方星座的结合。中国人在天文学中使用现代星座和中国星名的组合。这就是中国人现在实际使用的星空文化，具有很大的实用价值。

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Constellations
    
    The modern Chinese use the constellations of the International Astronomical Union. The traditional Chinese constellations have no specific boundaries between them. They only represent the corresponding set of bright stars, and do not have the role of dividing the celestial sphere into different areas, so they are no longer applicable in astronomy.
    
    ### Star names
    
    The Chinese now use traditional star names instead of Western star names. More than 3,000 stars have traditional Chinese star names. When a foreign astronomical book is translated into Chinese, the star names will also be translated into traditional Chinese star names. There are some special stars that use the names of Western stars, such as Proxima, Van Maanen's star, which can usually only be seen with a telescope, but with special astronomical significance.
    
    For a detailed introduction to traditional Chinese constellations and traditional Chinese names, see *Chinese traditional Skyculture for Stellarium*.
    
    ### External links
    
     - [Chinese constellations ](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations) Wikipedia
     - [traditional Chinese star names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names) Wikipedia
     - [constellations](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) Wikipedia
     - [Constellation image library](http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/) of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings.
zh_CN: ### 星座
    
    现代中国人使用国际天文联合会的星座。中国星官之间没有特定的界限。它们只代表相应的一组亮星，不具有将天球划分为不同区域的作用，因此在天文学中已不再适用。
    
    ### 星名
    
    中国人现在使用传统的星名而不是西方的星名。3000多颗星有传统中文星名。外国天文书籍翻译成中文时，星名也会被翻译成传统中文星名。有一些特殊的恒星使用了西方恒星的名字，例如比邻星（Proxima）、范马南星（Van Maanen's star），通常只能用望远镜才能看到，但具有特殊的天文意义。
    
    关于中国传统星官和星名的详细介绍，参见《Stellarium中国传统星空文化》。
    
    ### External links
    
     - [星官](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations) Wikipedia
     - [中国传统星名](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names) Wikipedia
     - [星座](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) Wikipedia
     - [星座图绘](http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/)美国海军天文台和太空望远镜科学研究所. Johannes Hevelius Engravings.

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This skyculture was contributed by Stellarium user *Sun Shuwei* [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com).
    
    Constellation art，Constellation lines based on *Modern Skyculture for Stellarium*.
    
    Asterism lines and traditional Chinese star names based on *Chinese Traditional Skyculture for Stellarium*.
zh_CN: *孙殳玮*[ sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com ](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com)制作了这份stellarium星空文化。
    
    星座图绘，星座连线来自stellarium的*现代星空文化*。
    
    官连线和中国传统星名基于stellarium的*中国传统星空文化*。

note: Modern (O. Hlad) sky culture name
en: Modern (O. Hlad)
zh_CN: 现代 (O. Hlad)

note: Modern (O. Hlad) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Constellations according to classical Czech publication: *Hvězdná obloha 2000.0*[#1].
zh_CN: 这些星座形象来自捷克经典出版物: *Hvězdná obloha 2000.0*[#1]。

note: Modern (O. Hlad) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Another (rather similar) Czech and Slovak references are: [#2], [#3].
    
    ![](illustrations/hvezdna_obloha_2000.png) ![](illustrations/obloha_na_dlani.png)
    
    Constellation lines are designed so they mostly connect stars with Greek-letter (α, β, γ, ...) designations, brightest, or at least similarly bright stars, and especially if they form a mnemotechnic figure (like 'W' in case of Cas, or 'hurdles-runner' instead of Vir). We usually do *not* use 5th magnitude stars, because they are difficult to spot in towns affected by light pollution. The resulting figures are also a bit simpler and easier-to-remember for children. We use these constellations at the Observatory and Planetarium Hradec Králové ([http://www.astrohk.cz](http://www.astrohk.cz)).
    
    Notes: UMa is taken from Pittich and Kalmančok (1981); M81 and M82 galaxies are just behind Bear's head. Gem is a similar case. Cam seems upside-down with respect to a mythological figure, but HIP 29997, 33694 stars are indeed brighter.
    
    ### Updates
    
    Version 1.0 for Stellarium 0.13.1
    
    Future updates should be available at [http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/](http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/)
zh_CN: 另外（与此相当类似）的捷克和斯洛伐克的参考文献: [#2], [#3].
    
    ![](illustrations/hvezdna_obloha_2000.png) ![](illustrations/obloha_na_dlani.png)
    
     使用具有希腊字母(α, β, γ, ...)编号的亮星连接星座线,最亮的，或至少是相当亮的星，特别是如果他们形成一个便于记忆的形状 （类似仙后座的'W' 形, 或者室女座的 '跨栏者'形状）。 我们通常 *不* 5等以下恒星，因为它们很难在受光污染影响的城镇中看见。 由此产生的轮廓对于儿童来说也更简单，更容易记住。 我们在赫拉德茨克拉洛韦（Hradec Králové）天文台和天文馆使用这些星座（[http://www.astrohk.cz](http://www.astrohk.cz)）。
    
    注释: 大熊座形象出自Pittich和Kalmančok (1981)，星系M81和M82跟在大熊的脑袋后面。双子座是一个类似的案例。 相对于神话形象而言，鹿豹座似乎颠倒了, 但是HIP 29997，HIP 33694这两个星确实更亮。
    
    ### 版本
    
    Version 1.0 for Stellarium
    
    未来的更新应该在 [http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/](http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/)
    
    中文翻译: Sun Shuwei and Wang Lingyi

note: Modern (IAU) sky culture name
en: Modern (IAU)
zh_CN: 现代 (国际天文学联合会)

note: Modern (IAU) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The modern sky culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various sizes called constellations, each with precise boundary, issued by the International Astronomical Union in 1922. These constellations have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    The constellations in use today are based mainly on ancient Greek constellations depicted by Ptolemy in his book the Almagest during the 2nd century CE. In the subsequent centuries, this book has been translated from Greek into Arabic (6th to 9th century) and later to medieval Latin. In the Arabic more than in the Latin tradition, the Ptolemaic figures were enriched and transformed by native Arabic constellations and star names.
    
    In the 16-18th centuries, European astronomers suggested new constellations to fill the gaps between northern constellations (e.g. the constellation of "the lynx" for an area close to the Great Bear but with stars so faint that you would need the eyes of a lynx to see them) and also created new constellations in the southern part of the sky which had not been visible to Ptolemy. These new constellations were usually named after new technical inventions of the early modern period (e.g. a chemical furnace, a balloon, an air pump) or exotic animals (e.g. a chamaeleon, a tucan, a paradise bird). Among them several constellations were also named with political consideration to honor certain kings or patrons.
    
    In the beginning of the 20th century, the IAU (International Astronomical Union) aimed for a large clean-up: in 1922, it officially accepted the list of 88 constellation names. In 1928 it also defined precise constellation boundaries [#4] still in use today.
    
    ### Constellations
    
    These constellations are based mainly on the Ptolemaic tradition which had been used in all three Abrahamitic religions and, thus, was common in the Near East, in Europe and its colonies on all continents. However, between the ancient Greek constellations there were gaps of areas with only faint stars belonging to no constellation.[#5] In the Modern Epoch, several astronomers suggested constellation figures for these gaps, among them several political constellations to the honor of certain kings or patrons. In the late 19th century, the astronomical research community aimed for a huge clean-up to avoid ambiguities in assigning stars to constellations.
    
    In 1922, the IAU officially approved the list of 88 constellation names and their official abbreviations with three letters. The only remaining political constellation is Scutum, the shield of a Polish king but without mentioning the political reference anymore. The Belgian priest E. Delporte got the task to define constellation boundaries according to coordinates. In 1928, he finished the work, based on an atlas from Argentina [#6], and the IAU accepted his delimitations [#4].
    
    These "constellations" are naked areas in the sky without any stick figures or depictions [#1]. The borders simply follow the lines of right ascension and declination from the epoch 1875.0. Precession causes a slowly increasing deviation from the originally rectilinear grid. These constellations became the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    #### Constellation Figures
    
    In star maps it is common to mark line "patterns" that represent the shapes that give the name to the constellations. However, the IAU defines a constellation by its boundary (indicated by sky coordinates) and not by its pattern and the same constellation may have several variants in its representation.
    
    This sky culture uses constellation figures were produced in collaboration with "Sky and Telescope" magazine (Roger Sinnott and Rick Fienberg) and published at IAU official website [#1]. Alan MacRobert's constellation patterns, were influenced by those of H. A. Rey but in many cases were adjusted to preserve earlier traditions.
    
    ### Proper names of stars
    
    Ptolemy's star catalogue had the layout of a table listing the description of the star's position in the constellation's figure, the ecliptical coordinates, and the magnitude e.g.: "The star at the tip of the tail of Ursa Minor", "Gem 0 1/6, +66", "Mag 3".
    
    In most cases, the star names evolved by astronomer's systematical abbreviations of these descriptions, e.g., a first astronomer abbreviated in a text "tip of the tail", a next astronomer drew a map with less space and wrote only "tail" next to the star and this name remained. Over centuries, these descriptions were translated into Arabic and Latin, and in some cases the translators or scribes made mistakes because of misreading or misspelling of the Arabic words (e.g. the Arabic "yad al gauza", the hand of the giant woman, was mangled to the common term "Betelgeuse").
    
    However, there are also a few original Greek words like the red star "Antares", the counterpart of Ares (Mars), and even a few original Babylonian terms like "Shargaz", the Sting, in Scorpius. Our modern, most recent IAU star names [#7] are a renewed mixture, also with influences or even politically wanted additions of star names from the non-Ptolemaic sky cultures, e.g. the traditional Pingsing, a Chinese star name for a star in Hydra (its meaning is only "star", a reminescence to his lonely position), or newly adopted star names from Polynesian, Hawaiian, or Aboriginal cultures for names of stars with exoplanets.
    
    The IAU is the only scientifically accepted authority to assign new names to stars. Commercial exploits like "star name registries", who sell stars for commemorative purposes or as gifts, only sell printed pieces of paper. These names are not approved and never used by scientists.
    
    ### Proper names of deep-sky objects
    
    Uranometria 2000.0 is an atlas of the 2000.0 era starry sky prepared by the Dutch artist Wil Tirion and published in 1987 by the American publishing house Willmann-Bell, specializing in astronomical literature.
    
    The Atlas of Tirion, respected by astronomers for its accuracy and beauty, is provided with detailed tables and various indexes. The second volume contains three transparent overlays designed for precise measurements. Uranometria 2000.0 contains more than 280,000 stars and more than 30,000 deep-sky objects - in particular, all the objects of the Messier and NGC catalogs.
    
    The second (corrected and most complete) three-volume edition of "Uranometria 2000.0", was published in 2001 under the name "Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Atlas" and contains 280035 stars of both hemispheres up to 9.75<sup>m</sup> in size on a scale of 1.85 cm per declination degree on 220 spreads of A3 format. Particular attention in the atlas is paid to deep-sky objects, there are more than 30 thousand of them in the second edition - many times more than in any other paper atlas.
    
    The third volume of "Uranometria 2000.0" is a guide to deep-sky objects - Deep Sky Field Guide, consisting of tables with scientific data and proper names on objects depicted in the first two volumes [#3].
zh_CN: 现代天空文化将天球划分为88个不同大小的区域，称为星座，每个区域都有精确的边界，由国际天文学联合会于1922年发布。这些星座已成为描述天空的标准方式，在日常使用中彻底取代了其他天空文化中的类似星座。
    
    今天使用的星座主要基于托勒密在公元2世纪的《天文学大成》（Almagest）一书中描绘的古希腊星座。在随后的几个世纪里，这本书从希腊语被翻译成阿拉伯语（6世纪至9世纪），后来又被翻译成中世纪的拉丁语。在阿拉伯语中，托勒密数字比在拉丁语传统中更丰富，并被阿拉伯本土的星座和恒星名称所丰富和改造。
    
    在16-18世纪，欧洲天文学家提出了新的星座来填补北方星座之间的空白（例如，靠近大熊的地区的“猞猁”星座，但恒星非常微弱，你需要猞猁的眼睛才能看到它们），并在托勒密看不到的天空南部创造了新的星座。这些新的星座通常以现代早期的新技术发明（如化学炉、气球、气泵）或外来动物（如变色龙、蜥蜴、天堂鸟）命名。其中几个星座也是出于政治考虑而命名的，以纪念某些国王或赞助人。
    
    20世纪初，国际天文学联合会（IAU）计划进行大规模清理：1922年，它正式接受了88个星座名称的名单。1928年，它还定义了至今仍在使用的精确星座边界[#4]。
    
    ### 星座
    
    这些星座主要基于托勒密传统，该传统在所有三种亚伯拉罕宗教中都有使用，因此在近东、欧洲及其各大洲的殖民地都很常见。然而，在古希腊星座之间有一些空白区域，有一些不属于任何星座的暗淡恒星。[#5]在现代，一些天文学家提出了一些星座填补这些空隙，其中包括几个政治星座，以纪念某些国王或赞助人。19世纪末，天文学研究界旨在进行大规模的清理，以避免在将恒星分配给星座时出现歧义。
    
    1922年，国际天文学联合会正式批准了88个星座名称及其三个字母的官方缩写。唯一剩下的政治星座是盾牌座，波兰国王的盾牌，但不再提及政治参考。比利时牧师E.Delporte接到了根据坐标定义星座边界的任务。1928年，他根据阿根廷的星图集完成了这项工作[#6]，国际天文学联合会接受了他的划界[#4]。
    
    这些“星座”是天空中没有任何人物或描绘的裸露区域[#1]。边界简单地遵循1875.0时代的赤经和赤纬线。进动导致与原始直线网格的偏差缓慢增加。这些星座成为描述天空的标准方式，在日常使用中彻底取代了其他星空文化中的类似集合。
    
    #### 星座连线
    
    在星图上，通常用线条连成“图案”来表示星座的形状。然而，国际天文学联合会是根据星座的边界（由天空坐标表示）来定义星座的，而不是根据星座的形状来定义的，同一个星座的连线可能有几个不同的表示。
    
    这种天空文化使用的星座图形是与《天空与望远镜》杂志（Roger Sinnott和Rick Fienberg）合作制作的，并在IAU官方网站[#1]上发布。艾伦·麦克罗伯特的星座模式，受到了H. A. Rey的影响，但在许多情况下被调整以保留早期的传统。
    
    ### 恒星的专名
    
    托勒密的星表有以表格的形式，列出了恒星在星座图中的位置、黄道坐标和星等的描述，例如："The star at the tip of the tail of Ursa Minor"，"Gem 0 1/6, +66", "Mag 3"。
    
    在大多数情况下，恒星的名字是由天文学家对这些描述的系统缩写演变而来的，例如，第一个天文学家在文本中缩写为“尾巴的尖端”，下一个天文学家在地图上画了一个更小的空间，只在恒星旁边写了“尾巴”，这个名字就保留了下来。几个世纪以来，这些描述被翻译成阿拉伯语和拉丁语，在某些情况下，翻译者或抄写员会因为误读或拼写错误而犯错误（例如，阿拉伯语中的“yad al gauza”，即女巨人的手，被曲解成常见的术语“Betelgeuse”）。
    
    然而，也有一些原始的希腊单词，如红星“Antares”，与Ares（火星）相对应，甚至还有一些原始的巴比伦术语，如天蝎座中的“Shargaz”、“Sting”。我们现代、最新的国际天文学联合会恒星名称[#7]是一种新的混合体，也受到非托勒密天空文化的影响，甚至是政治上想要添加的恒星名称，例如传统的平星，长蛇座中用中文名称命名的一颗恒星（它的意思只是“恒星”，让人想起他孤独的位置），或者新采用来自波利尼西亚、夏威夷或土著文化的恒星名称作为系外行星的恒星名称。
    
    国际天文学联合会是唯一被科学认可的为恒星命名的权威机构。像“恒星名字登记”这样的商业行为，他们出售恒星作为纪念或礼物，只出售印刷的纸张。这些名称未经批准，也从未被科学家使用过。
    
    ### 深空天体的专名
    
    Uranometria 2000.0 is an atlas of the 2000.0 era starry sky prepared by the Dutch artist Wil Tirion and published in 1987 by the American publishing house Willmann-Bell, specializing in astronomical literature.
    
    The Atlas of Tirion, respected by astronomers for its accuracy and beauty, is provided with detailed tables and various indexes. The second volume contains three transparent overlays designed for precise measurements. Uranometria 2000.0 contains more than 280,000 stars and more than 30,000 deep-sky objects - in particular, all the objects of the Messier and NGC catalogs.
    
    《Uranometria 2000.0》的第二版（修正版和最完整版）三卷本于2001年出版，名为《Uranometria 2000.0深空图集》，其中包含两个半球的280035颗恒星，大小可达9.75米，每赤纬1.85厘米，采用A3格式的纸220张。该星图集特别关注深空天体，第二版中有3万多个，是其他任何纸质星图集的数倍。
    
    《Uranometria 2000.0》的第三卷是深空天体指南——深空场指南，由前两卷中描述的天体的科学数据和专有名称构成表格[#3]。

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture name
en: Modern (H.A. Rey)
zh_CN: 现代 (H.A.Rey)

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: During the 19th century the use and further editions of richly illustrated atlases with sumptuously engraved mythological figures fell out of fashion. The stars of the constellations in atlases of that time started to be shown connected with line patterns ("stick figures"), which however appear sometimes only to have been used to indicate which stars belong to which constellation. Over several decades the figures had ceased to resemble the figures they were named after and appeared incomprehensible to beginning stargazers in the middle of the 20th century.
zh_CN: 在19世纪，显示丰富的神话人物插图的星图集已经不再流行。那段时间开始显示与星座连线有关的数字，然而有时仅出现用于指示哪些星星属于哪个星座。几十年来，这些数字已经不再像他们起初那样，在20世纪中期，对于初级观星者来说似乎难以理解。

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: <img src="illustrations/Rey_cover.png" width="150" align="right"/> H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), an artist and author of children's books of German descent but emigrated to the USA, published his answer to this problem in 1952 with the book *The Stars - A New Way To See Them*[#1][#2].
    
    ### The Constellations
    
    In this book, which has become very popular especially in the US, Rey connected the stars of every constellation "in such a way that the resulting shape makes sense." What surprised him was "that nobody has done it before. The basic idea is so simple."
    
    Rey's new stick figures make it indeed very simple to recognize the depicted constellation figures. Rey's work does not include figurative artwork, therefore this sky culture deliberately only comes with Rey's original stick figures. The constellation names were also always given in English by Rey. If you switch to "Native" name display mode, you may see exactly the spelling used in his book. Also the stars named here are limited to those included in the book.
    
    ### Rey's Figures and the Classic Constellations
    
    Rey's constellations adhere to the tradition of the Western sky culture and describes the 88 officially acknowledged constellations, with addition of asterisms of the two Dippers and the "Great Square" (of Pegasus). However, at several points Rey's figures deviate from the canonical figures described since Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD), where also positions of the stars in their constellations had been described in their names. For example,
    
     - Rey inverted the figure of the Great Bear (*Ursa Major*) to look like a polar bear scenting prey. This on one hand does not have the usual problem to explain its long tail. On the other hand, the bear is not shown to walk around the pole in this orientation.
     - The Bull (*Taurus*), only the front of which is shown with long upright horns in usual depictions, is shown with a complete body including its tail, with horns stretched wide like those of a buffalo. Its bright eye *Aldebaran* now lies in its neck.
     - The head of *Hercules* is usually next to the head of *Ophiuchus*, the serpent holder, and the four stars known as "keystone" form his body. Rey makes his head out of the keystone, and the star that usually marks the hero's head is now one of his feet.
     - The Whale (*Cetus*) has been turned around, its former mouth now forming a tail fin.
     - *Pegasus* exchanged feet and head.
     - *Bootes*, the herdsman, is shown sitting and smoking a pipe (no trace of political correctness in a children's book of the 1950s... :-)
    
    ### External links
    
     - [H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey)
zh_CN: <img src="illustrations/Rey_cover.png" width="150" align="right"/> H. A. Rey（Hans Augusto Reyersbach）（1898-1977）是一位艺术家，也是德国裔童书作家，但移民到美国，于1952年以*The Stars - A New Way To See Them*[#1][#2]出版了他对这个问题的解答。
    
    ### 星座
    
    在这本特别在美国非常受欢迎的书中，Rey 将每个星座中的星星“连接起来，以便让产生的形状有意义”。让他感到惊讶的是“之前没有人这么做过，而这件事情却很简单。”
    
    Rey的新图使得识别所描绘的星座图非常简单。 Rey的作品不包括具象艺术作品，因此这种星空文化故意只附带Rey的原始人物形象。雷伊也一直用英语给出星座名称。 如果切换到“本地”名称显示模式，您可能会看到他书中使用的拼写。此处恒星的名字也限于书中所包含的星号。
    
    ### Rey的形象和传统星座形象比较
    
    Rey的星座坚持西方的传统，描述了88个官方认可的星座，加上两个星座：北斗星和“（飞马座的）大方框”。 然而，在几个点上，Rey的人物形象偏离了自托勒密的Almagest（天文学大成，公元2世纪）以来所描述的规范形象，其中星座中的恒星位置也以他们的名字描述。 例如，
    
     - Rey将大熊大熊座的形象颠倒过来，看起来像一只北极熊嗅到猎物。这一方面解释其长尾没有通常的问题。另一方面，未示出熊在该方向上绕杆走动。
     - 金牛座，其前面只有通常描绘的长角，显示有一个完整的身体，包括它的尾巴，角像水牛一样伸展。它明亮的眼睛毕宿五现在位于它的脖子上。
     - 武仙座的头部通常紧邻蛇夫座的头部，蛇形支架，以及被称为“拱心石”的四颗星形成他的身体。Rey把头伸出了拱心石，通常标志着武仙座头部的那颗星现在是他的一只脚。
     - 鲸鱼座转过了身，它的嘴现在成了尾鳍。
     - 飞马座交换了脚和头。
     - 牧夫座, 牧夫正坐着抽烟管。(1950年代出版的儿童书中没有政治正确的痕迹... :-)
    
    ### 外部链接
    
     - [H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey)

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture used to be for a long time an easy user-installable addon example contributed by Mike Richards. It has been reworked following the 41st reprint and completed with this description by Georg Zotti.
zh_CN: 这种天空文化曾经是Mike Richards提供的一个简单的用户可安装插件。 在本书第41次重印后对此进行了重新设计，并由Georg Zotti完成了此描述。
    
    中文翻译: Wang Lingyi

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture name
en: Modern (Sky & Telescope)
zh_CN: 现代 (天空与望远镜杂志)

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Modern sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic astronomy. The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & Telescope magazine.
zh_CN: 现代，西方天空文化在国际上被广泛使用, 也是国际天文联合会的官方天空文化。它具有古希腊天文学的历史根源，受到伊斯兰天文学的影响。星座的连线和星名来自*天空与望远镜*（Sky & Telescope）杂志的定义，*天空与望远镜*的*口袋星图*（Pocket Sky Atlas），*天空地图2000.0*（Sky Atlas2000.0），以及*天空与望远镜*的星座连线，用户应该很熟悉。

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: The modern culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various sizes called *constellations*, each with precise boundary, issued by the International Astronomical Union. These constellations have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines for Microscopium or Mensa.
    
    ### Star names
    
    The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in the included *SnT_star_names.docx* file.
zh_CN: 西方文化将天球划分为88个不同大小的区域，称为 *星座*,每个区域都有精确的边界，由国际天文学联合会发布。 这些星座已经成为描述天空的标准方式，在日常使用中彻底取代了其他天空文化中的类似恒星集合。
    
    ### 星名
    
    *天空与望远镜*杂志确定星名的方法详见*SnT_star_names.docx*文件。

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Sky & Telescope](https://www.skyandtelescope.com) homepage
     - [#2]: [Constellation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) article at Wikipedia
     - [#3]: [Star Catalogue](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue) article at Wikipedia
     - [#4]: [Official IAU constellation information](http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/)
zh_CN:  - [#1]: [Sky & Telescope](https://www.skyandtelescope.com) 主页
     - [#2]: [星座](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) 维基百科
     - [#3]: [星表](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue) 维基百科
     - [#4]: [ IAU官方星座信息](http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/)
    
    中文翻译: Sun Shuwei and Wang Lingyi

note: Modern (Sternenkarten) sky culture name
en: Modern (Sternenkarten)
zh_CN: 现代 (Sternenkarten)

note: Mongolian sky culture name
en: Mongolian
zh_CN: 蒙古

note: Mongolian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: *Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols* by Jean-Paul Roux (French). *Revue de l'histoire des religions*, tome 195 n°2, 1979. pp; 153-192.
     - [#2]: [Johan Elverskog: The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. ](https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867) Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123.
zh_CN:  - [#1]: *Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols* by Jean-Paul Roux(French). *Revue de l'histoire des religions*, tome 195 n°2,1979. pp; 153-192.
     - [#2]: [Johan Elverskog: The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. ](https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867) 国际佛教研究协会杂志 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123.

note: Mongolian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en:  This skyculture is a contribution from two users of Stellarium, **Anthony Lagain** (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) and **Batiste Rousseau** (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com) mainly based on oral tales of numerous Mongolians met during a two months stay in Mongolia. To learn more about them: [www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com](http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/) (in French).
zh_CN:  这个星空文化由两个Stellarium用户的贡献， **Anthony Lagain** （anthony.lagain（at）gmail.com）和  **Batiste Rousseau** （batiste.rousseau（at）gmail.com）主要基于在蒙古停留两个月期间遇到的众多蒙古人的口头讲述。 要了解有关他们的更多信息 [www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com](http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/) (in French).
    
    中文翻译: Wang Lingyi

note: Navajo sky culture name
en: Navajo
zh_CN: 纳瓦霍

note: Navajo sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and northwestern New Mexico.
zh_CN: 纳瓦霍(Navajo)是美国最大的美洲土着部落,纳瓦霍人分布在亚利桑那州东北部，犹他州东南部和新墨西哥州西北部。

note: Navajo sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [The Navajo Nation](http://www.navajo.org) official website
     - [#2]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html)
     - [#3]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html)
     - [#4]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html](http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html)
zh_CN:  - [#1]: [The Navajo Nation](http://www.navajo.org) 官方网站
     - [#2]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html)
     - [#3]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html)
     - [#4]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html](http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html)

note: Navajo sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book **Star Trails-Navajo** by Don Childrey.
zh_CN: 该星空文化来自 Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. 的*Karrie Berglund*，基于Don Childrey的著作**Star Trails-Navajo**。
    
    翻译：Wang Lingyi

note: Norse sky culture name
en: Norse
zh_CN: 挪威 (北欧)

note: Norse sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Norse Constellations](http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html)
zh_CN:  - [#1]: [挪威(北欧)星座](http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html)

note: Norse sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Jonas Persson*, jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se
zh_CN: 此星空文化来自stellarium用户 *Jonas Persson*, jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se

note: Northern Andes sky culture name
en: Northern Andes
zh_CN: 北安第斯

note: Northern Andes sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Northern Andes have a complex laboratory that teaches us about the different sciences that humanity has contemplated in its history; starting from observation to the various elements that surround us, with the need to ensure our survival as a species and lineage, the human being learned to understand the signals that the cosmos, plants, animals, the climate and other elements emit constantly. Then the wise learned to warn about the changes that affect living beings.
zh_CN: 北安第斯山脉有一个复杂的实验室，它教我们人类在其历史上所考虑的不同科学； 从观察到我们周围的各种元素，为了确保我们作为一个物种和谱系的生存，人类学会了理解宇宙、植物、动物、气候和其他元素不断发出的信号。 智者学会了对影响生命的变化发出警告。

note: Romanian sky culture name
en: Romanian
zh_CN: 罗马尼亚

note: Romanian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Considered as a whole, Romanian popular stellar mythology has three essential components.
    
    The FIRST one - the ancestral pastoral-agricultural is pre-Christian, in which the sky seen both as an agrarian clock for specific activities and as an "exhibition" of agricultural tools used by peasants.
    
    The SECOND component - more recent - corresponding to the Christianization of Romanian geographical space and repositioning in the sky the Christian and pre-Christian elements where constellations are associated with cosmogonical and theogonical myths, so that the sky is seen more like a church.
    
    And the THIRD component - the origin of the Romanian people, projecting on the sky the synthesis of formation of this people (the conquest of Dacia by the Romans) through projection of dramatic scenes from this history of Dacians mixing with the Romans.
    
    **Note**: in Western Constellation Orion there are four Traditional Romanian Constellations that are overlapping.
zh_CN: 整体而言，罗马尼亚流行的星空神话有三个基本组成部分。
    
    1.前基督教时期。田园农业时期，天空既被用于指示农业物候，也被视为农具的展览馆。
    
    2.更新期。和罗马尼亚地理空间的基督教化相对应。天空中重新定义了基督教的元素和基督教前的元素。建立的星座和基督教神话有关，天空更像教堂。
    
    3.罗马尼亚民族的起源。通过映射达契亚人与罗马人融合历史场景，在天空中映射出罗马尼亚民族的（罗马对达契亚的征服）的形成。
    
    **注意**: 在西方星座猎户座中有四个重叠的罗马尼亚传统星座。

note: Romanian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Website for Tradițional Romanian Constellation](http://www.crt-ro.com)
     - [#2]: [On-line booklet in ro/en about 39 Traditional Romanian Constellations](http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-romanesti-tradiionale)
     - [#3]: [30 seconds movies made from scripts and with subtitle in English](http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro)
     - [#4]: [Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky – Translation of texts adapted from Ion Ottescu](http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news)
     - [#5]: [PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES](http://planetariubm.ro/)
    
    Thanks to Andrei Dorian Gheorghe and Alastair McBeth – SARM members
zh_CN:  - [#1]: [罗马尼亚传统星座网页](http://www.crt-ro.com)
     - [#2]: [关于39个罗马尼亚传统星座的在线页面](http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-romanesti-tradiionale)
     - [#3]: [30秒段视频（英文字幕）](http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro)
     - [#4]: [罗马尼亚农民对星星和天空的信仰（Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky）](http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news)
     - [#5]: [PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES](http://planetariubm.ro/)
    
    鸣谢 SARM 成员 Andrei Dorian Gheorghe 和 Alastair McBeth。

note: Romanian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user [Mircea Lite](mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com) on behalf of Baia Mare Planetarium, as a result of a project called *Traditional Romanian Constellations* primarily based on the book *Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky* by Ioan Otescu.
    
    The Romanian constellation lines, images, scripts and texts for movies prepared by [Radu Lodina](mailto:rlodina@gmail.com) and [Ovidiu Ignat](mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com). Romanian constellation art done by Zamfir Somcutean.
zh_CN: 此星空文化由Stellarium用户[Mircea Lite](mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com)代表 Baia Mare天文馆贡献。这是 *罗马尼亚传统星座(Traditional Romanian Constellations)*项目的成果。基于 Ioan Otescu 的著作*罗马尼亚农民对星星和天空的信仰(Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky)* 。
    
    罗纳尼亚星座连线、图像、脚本、视频文本来自 [Radu Lodina](mailto:rlodina@gmail.com) 以及 [Ovidiu Ignat](mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com)。罗马尼亚星空艺术图绘来自 Zamfir Somcutean。
    
    所有与罗马尼亚星空文化有关的资料均以 Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported 许可证发布。
    
    翻译：Wang Lingyi

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture name
en: Russian (Siberian)
zh_CN: 西伯利亚

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The names of the constellations of Siberian peoples is rather poorly studied. This region has the large territory and the knowledge about constellations are difficult to reconcile in a single integrated picture. In this culture of the sky marked only specific names and objects, which typical for the whole of Siberia.
zh_CN: 西伯利亚的星座研究得很少。这个地区面积很大，关于星座的知识很难在单一的视图中协调。这种星空文化中只标出了对整个西伯利亚来说都很典型特定的天体名称。

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Milky Way
    
    The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., *Goose Road*) and the name of a later period (*Mamay Road*). The names of the later period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the Mongol-Tatar invasion to Russia.
    
    ### Pleiades
    
    The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a bird's nest. Among these names *Duck Nest* is the most common.
    
    ### Ursa Major
    
    In Siberia often used name for this constellation is *Elk* (although in Eastern Siberia the name "Bear" is used more frequently).
    
    ### Orion
    
    In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of his belt, who called *Kichigi* (the Threshers) - is typical for north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major constellation.
zh_CN: ### 银河
    
    银河系的名字很多，但它们可以分为两组——早期的名字（(例如*Goose Road*)和后期的名字(*Mamay Road*)。后期的名字显然与蒙古鞑靼人入侵俄罗斯的记忆有关。
    
    ### 昴星团
    
    昴星团相比银河系有更多的名字, 但是在西伯利亚，所有这些名字都可以表述为鸟巢。其中*Duck Nest（鸭巢）* 是最常见的。
    
    ### 大熊座
    
    在西伯利亚，这个星座最常用的名字是 *Elk（马鹿）* (尽管在东西伯利亚，更常用"Bear（熊）"这个名字)。
    
    ### 猎户座
    
    西伯利亚通常只关心猎户座腰带中的三颗星，称为 *Kichigi* (Threshers，打谷者)——典型的俄罗斯东北部的打谷者形象，他们排成一排。在俄罗斯的欧洲部分，Kichigi用于称呼大熊座的一部分。

note: Sami sky culture name
en: Sami
zh_CN: 萨米

note: Sami sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula). More information can be found at [#1] and [#2].
zh_CN: 萨米(Sami)人是挪威、瑞典、芬兰三国北部及俄罗斯科拉半岛的原住民。更多信息参考 [#1] 和 [#2].

note: Sami sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Sources
    
    Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark[#3], who based much of his work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi.
    
    This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami. Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may be small differences with some references.
    
    Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role for Sami peoples in years gone by.
    
    The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture was lost before it was recorded properly.
    
    ### Constellations and Stars
    
    The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is complete. The constellations and stars included here are all connected to the dominant constellation, *Sarva* &mdash; the elk. Sarva is the Sami name for elk, an alternative name is *Sarvvis* &mdash; Bull elk. The origin of this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture before reindeer were domesticated.
    
    *Sarva* consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent hunters of the elk. *Favdna* (also transcribed as *Favtna*) is the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his bow and arrow (*Fauna davgge* &mdash; the Big Dipper). Favdna must aim well, for if he hits the Sky Support *Boahjenaste* (the star Polaris), legend has it that the world will come to an end.
    
    Favdna has a number of helpers: *Galla* (Procyon<sup>[1](#note1)</sup>) and his sons *Gallabarneck* (Orion's belt), the "Ski Runners", *Cuoigahægjek* (Castor and Pollux) and "The Runner" (Vega). The Pleiades are called *Rougot* (dog pack) or *Miese-cora* (calfpack).
    
    The Milky Way is called *Lodde-raiddaras* (lit. bird path) or *Jakke-mærka* (lit. year mark). The name used depends on the season. In the sky chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star *Guovso-naste*, morning star, that can be identified as Venus, but this is not certain as it can also be identified as Altair, a star showing the morning is approaching (similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture).
    
    The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami people's range. Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is frequently bright enough to obscure many stars.
    
    ### Notes
    
     1. <a name="note1"/>The exact star which represents *Galla* is uncertain. it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the latitude where the Sami live.
zh_CN: ### 来源
    
    Stellarium的萨米星空文化基于Bo Lundmark [#3]。他的作品主要以萨米裔艺术家和作家Johan Turi的作品为基础。
    
    此星空文化是由南萨米人、北萨米人和俄罗斯萨米人，至少三种略有不同的文化综合的。因此与某些参考文献可能会有小的差异。
    
    萨米星座可以在与古老宗教相关的萨米文物上看到，这说明夜空在萨米人过去的文化生活中有重要的作用。
    
    萨米星空文化与欧亚大陆的其他北极和亚北极文化有很多共同点。一个不幸的相似之处是许多正式记录已经失传了。
    
    ### 星座和恒星
    
    萨米人星座可能很古老，但在19世纪才有书面记录，而且还不清楚记录的是否完整。这里包括的星座和恒星都与占主导地位的星座*Sarva* &mdash;（驼鹿）有关。这个星座的起源可追溯到驼鹿被驯化之前的古老狩猎文化。
    
    *Sarva* 星座由西方星座仙后座、英仙座和部分御夫座组成。周围的星座和恒星代表狩猎驼鹿的猎手。*Favdna* (也称为 *Favtna*) 是大角星，代表着用弓箭(*Fauna davgge* &mdash; 北斗)瞄准驼鹿的猎人。 Favdna必须瞄准，如果他射中了天空支柱 *Boahjenaste* (北极星)，传说世界将会终结。
    
    Favdna有很多帮手: *Galla* (南河三<sup>[1](#note1)</sup>) 和他的儿子 *Gallabarneck* (猎户座腰带)，滑雪者 *Cuoigahægjek* (北河二和北河三)和 "跑步者" (织女星)。昴星团被叫做*Rougot* (狗群) 或者 *Miese-cora* (牛犊群)。
    
    银河被称为 *Lodde-raiddaras* (发光的鸟径) or *Jakke-mærka* (发光的年标)。在 Johan Turi的星图中，可以找到一颗叫晨星*Guovso-naste*的星，他可能是金星，但也可能是河鼓二。它预示晨曦即将到来。
    
    萨米人没有很多星座。因为萨米人的活动纬度太高，以至于南天极大部分永久的在地平线以下，而北极光又经常明亮到足以遮蔽许多恒星。
    
    ### 注释
    
     1. <a name="note1"/>代表 *Galla* 的恒星尚不确定。 它可能是南河三，参宿七或天狼星。这里选南河三做代表，因为天狼星很难从萨米人居住的纬度中发现。

note: Sami sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Jonas Persson (jonas.persson@physics.org)
zh_CN: Jonas Persson (jonas.persson@physics.org)
    
    译者 ：Sun Shuwei

note: Samoan sky culture name
en: Samoan
zh_CN: 萨摩亚

note: Sardinian sky culture name
en: Sardinian
zh_CN: 撒丁

note: Sardinian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Like all peoples of the world, even the ancient Sardinians, turned their eyes to the sky that marked the time and the seasons. The peasant's world has given its name to the stars and the constellations of the Sardinian culture.
zh_CN: 和世界其他地方一样，古代的撒丁人也用星空来表示季节和时间。撒丁的农民用自己生活的世界为星座和恒星命名。

note: Sardinian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Stars and constellations in sardinian language](https://web.archive.org/web/20201029082540/http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php)
     - [#2]: [Stellarium Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts)
     - [#3]: [Stellarium Wiki](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian)
zh_CN:  - [#1]: [撒丁语中的星星和星座](http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php)
     - [#2]: [Stellarium脚本：撒丁星座之旅](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts)
     - [#3]: [Stellarium Wiki](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian)

note: Sardinian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user *Giuseppe Putzolu*, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com
    
    ### Credits
    
    The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu
zh_CN: 此星空文化来自 Stellarium 用户*Giuseppe Putzolu*, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com
    
    ### 版权信息
    
    撒丁星座文化是Tonino Bussu和Marco Puddu的研究成果。

note: Seri sky culture name
en: Seri
zh_CN: 赛里

note: Tibetan sky culture name
en: Tibetan
zh_CN: 藏族

note: Tikuna sky culture name
en: Tikuna
zh_CN: 提库纳

note: Tongan sky culture name
en: Tongan
zh_CN: 汤加

note: Tongan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the practical application of nautical navigation.
zh_CN: 与所有波利尼西亚的星空传说一样，汤加星空文化源于航海导航的实际应用。

note: Tongan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: In some circumstances separation of individual star names from &quot;star path&quot; names cannot be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on which Tongan island group it originates from. The nomenclature of stars is approximated based on the limited resources available.
    
    Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: &alpha; UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This is surprising since the vast majority of star lore &ndash; globally and Polynesian &ndash; has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two anomalies.]
    
    Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian.
    
    ### Nomenclature
    
    |Tongan term|Designation|
    |-----------|-----------|
    |Humu|Coal sack|
    |Kaniva|Milky Way|
    |Ma'afulele|Large Magellan cloud|
    |Ma'afutoka|Small Magellan cloud|
    |'otu Ma'afu|Magellanic clouds (both)|
    |Ha'amonga|Ecliptic|
    |Mahina|Moon|
    |La'a|Sun|
    |Fetu'u|Star (in general)|
    |Fetu'ufuka|Comet|
    |'Umata|Rainbow|
    |Fetu'u'Esiafi|Falling star|
    |tapukitea|Venus|
    |Matamemea|Mars|
    |Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)|Canopus|
    |Ma'afulele (same as LMC)|Sirius|
    |Velitoa hififo|Rigel|
    |Velitoa hahake|Betelgeuse|
    |Hikule'o|Arcturus|
    |Monuafe|Meissa|
    |Motuliki|Pleiades|
    |Tu'ulalupe|Hyades|
    |Toloatonga|Southern Cross|
    |Toloalahi|False Cross|
    
    **Tongan constellations**
    
    |Tongan name|Designation or notes|
    |-----------|--------------------|
    |Tuinga ika|Part of Orion, belt and sword|
    |Ae e'Uvea|Corona Borealis (*Speculative*)|
    |Fatanalua|Coma Berenices (*Speculative*)|
    |Kapakau'o'tafahi|Cassiopeia (*Speculative*)|
    |Toloa|Belt of Orion|
    |Lua tangata|Castor and/or Pollux|
    |Fungasia|Toliman and/or Agena|
    |Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)|&mdash;|
zh_CN: 在某些情况下，将单个星名与“星座”分开，名字将无法解析。 一颗恒星可能有多个名称。1，如果一个恒星同时是不同星座的一部分，2，由于恒星的名字可能因其源自不同的汤加岛群而不同，根据可用的有限资源，近似了恒星的命名。
    
    虽然汤加的星空传说确定了最有名、最常见的恒星和星座，但是有两个值得注意的例外。1，没有北极星。考虑到汤加群岛的纬度，以及一年中某些时候这颗恒星的突出性，这是特别的。 但如果从汤加进行任何北方旅行，这样一个重要的航海导航星就不会被忽视。2，天蝎座和心宿二没有名字，在波利尼西亚，这在天空中非常显眼，而且和猎户座正好相对。这是令人惊讶的
    
    波利尼西亚不同岛群的星空文化有很高的相似性。例如汤加人、夏威夷人和毛利人对昴星团的称呼都是相似的
    
    ### 名称
    
    |汤加名|意义|
    |---|---|
    |Humu|煤袋|
    |Kaniva|银河|
    |Ma'afulele|大麦哲伦云|
    |Ma'afutoka|小麦哲伦云|
    |'otu Ma'afu|麦哲伦云(两者)|
    |Ha'amonga|黄道|
    |Mahina|月球|
    |La'a|太阳|
    |Fetu'u|恒星 (一般情况下)|
    |Fetu'ufuka|彗星|
    |'Umata|彩虹|
    |Fetu'u'Esiafi|流星|
    |tapukitea|金星|
    |Matamemea|火星|
    |Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)|老人星|
    |Ma'afulele (same as LMC)|天狼星|
    |Velitoa hififo|参宿七|
    |Velitoa hahake|参宿四|
    |Hikule'o|大角星|
    |Monuafe|参宿五|
    |Motuliki|昴星团|
    |Tu'ulalupe|毕星团|
    |Toloatonga|南十字|
    |Toloalahi|伪十字|
    
    **汤加星座**
    
    |汤加名|含义或解释|
    |---|-----|
    |Tuinga ika|猎户座腰带和剑|
    |Ae e'Uvea|北冕座(*推测的*)|
    |Fatanalua|后发座 (*推测的*)|
    |Kapakau'o'tafahi|仙后座 (*推测的*)|
    |Toloa|猎户座腰带|
    |Lua tangata|北河二和北河三|
    |Fungasia|南门二和马腹一|
    |Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)|&mdash;|

note: Tukano sky culture name
en: Tukano
zh_CN: 图卡诺

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture name
en: Tupi-Guarani
zh_CN: 图皮-瓜拉尼

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries.
zh_CN: 图皮 - 瓜拉尼语是巴西土着人民和其他南美国家所使用的一系列语言的名称。

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Paulo Marcelo Pontes*.
zh_CN: 此星空文化来自于Stellarium用户 *Paulo Marcelo Pontes*.
    
    翻译：Wang Lingyi

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture name
en: Vanuatu (Netwar)
zh_CN: 瓦努阿图 (奈特瓦)

note: Xhosa sky culture name
en: Xhosa
zh_CN: 科萨

note: Zulu sky culture name
en: Zulu
zh_CN: 祖鲁
