en to pt_BR translation catalogue (67 entries)

note: Anutan sky culture name
en: Anutan
pt_BR: Anuta

note: Anutan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or undistinguished).
pt_BR: Anuta é uma pequena ilha vulcânica que, embora localizada nas Ilhas Salomão da Melanésia, é povoada por polinésios. As estrelas fornecem a ferramenta mais importante dos Anutans para navegação de longo alcance. As principais estrelas-guia e constelações são conhecidas como "kaavenga". Caminhos de estrelas que são seguidos de uma ilha para outra (mesmo que não tenham surgido ou já tenham se estabelecido) são chamados de "kau panogna porau". Estrelas sem nome que não são usadas como principais auxílios à navegação são chamadas de "petuu vare" (tolo, comum ou indistinto).

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com
pt_BR: Esta cultura celeste foi compilada e adicionada ao Stellarium por Khalid Al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com

note: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The oral folk tradition of star names and asterisms in the Arabian Peninsula, mostly scattered in poetry and proverbs.
pt_BR: A tradição folclórica oral de nomes de estrelas e asterismos na Península Arábica, principalmente espalhada em poesia e provérbios.

note: Aztec sky culture name
en: Aztec
pt_BR: Asteca

note: Aztec sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p><img src="illustrations/aztec0.png" width="150" height="146" align="left" />For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental America in the 16th century.</p>
    <p>The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is preserved in the <em>tlacuilos</em>, word that comes from the ancient Nahuatl word <em>tlacuiloa</em>, which means <em>writing with drawings</em>. These Tlacuilos where stored in the <em>amoxcalli</em>, meaning amoxtli: books and calli: house. Later their became known as <em>codices</em>; a word that came from the Latin word Codex which means written book.</p>
    <p>After the  Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed, their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials such as deer skin, <em>amate</em> paper or cotton fabric and they had no text only draws or <em>glifos</em>. However the collection of Mesoamerican customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and Nahuatl.</p>
    <p><img src="illustrations/edificios.png" width="321" height="156" /><br />
    <em>Astronomical building</em></p>
    <p>Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the <em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (first memorials), which is a colonial manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/Primeros_Memoriales.png" width="399" height="351" /></p>
    
    Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for Stellarium.
pt_BR: <p align="justify"><img src="illustrations/aztec0.png" width="150" height="146" align="left" />Para os antigos astecas, o conhecimento dos céus noturnos e do movimento das estrelas tinha grande importância para os seus calendários e para a medição tanto dos ciclos agrícolas quanto dos ciclos sagrados. Entretanto, grande parte desse conhecimento foi perdida como consequência da conquista espanhola, ocorrida na América Central Continental no século XVI.</p>
    <p align="justify">Os elementos da cultura asteca, tais como a cultura, a economia e a ciência, estão preservados nos <em>tlacuilos</em>, palavra oriunda do antigo termo náuatle <em>tlacuiloa</em>, que significa <em>escrita com desenhos</em>. Esses tlacuilos eram guardados na <em>amoxcalli</em>, em que <em>amoxtli</em> significa <em>livros</em> e <em>calli</em> quer dizer <em>casa</em>. Mais tarde, eles se tornariam conhecidos como <em>códices</em>, uma palavra que proveio do termo latino <em>codex</em>, que significa <em>livro escrito</em>.</p>
    <p align="justify">Após a conquista espanhola, muitos dos códices pré-hispânicos foram destruídos. Sua principal característica era serem desenhados em vários materiais diferentes, como na pele de veado, no papel <em>amate</em> ou em tecido de algodão, e eles não continham texto, apenas pictogramas ou glifos. No entanto, o acervo de costumes mesoamericanos persistiu, antes da conquista espanhola, graças ao esforço de alguns índios nativos e de alguns padres espanhóis; esses códices são conhecidos como <em>códices coloniais</em>, e neles há uma mudança da maneira de desenhar, devido às novas técnicas pictóricas e aos novos materiais importados da Europa, e também devido à incorporação de texto descritivo em espanhol e em náuatle.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/edificios.png" width="321" height="156" /><br />
    <em>Edifício astronômico </em></p>
    <p align="justify">Infelizmente, o conhecimento astronômico asteca contido nos códices restantes é muito pequeno. A imagem seguinte é uma das poucas que menciona algumas constelações e fenômenos astronômicos identificados pelos astecas; ele faz parte dos <em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (primeiros memoriais), um manuscrito colonial do século XVI, escrito pelo frade Bernardino de Sahagún.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/Primeros_Memoriales.png" width="399" height="351" /></p>
    <p align="justify">Assim sendo, nessa obra temos uma explicação de algumas das figuras estelares astecas para o Stellarium.</p>

note: Aztec sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Fuego Nuevo](http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html)
     - [#2]: [Constelaciones Prehisp&#225;nicas](http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm)
     - [#3]: [The Question of the Zodiac in America](http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf)
     - [#4]: [Aztec Mythology](http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html)
     - [#5]: [Los c&#243;dices de M&#233;xico](http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF)
     - [#6]: [Los c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico](http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico)
     - [#7]: [Real c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n](http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm)
     - [#8]: [Akapochtli](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli)
     - [#9]: [Iconograf&#237;a mexicana, Volumen 3](http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false)
     - [#10]: [El C&#243;dice Par&#237;s](http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html)
     - [#11]: [El nacimiento del sol y la luna](http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html)
     - [#12]: [Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX](http://aulex.org/nah-es/)
     - [#13]: [Tlachtli](http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html)
    
    ### Thanks to
    
     - Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval
     - Martha Patricia Rivera
     - Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra
     - Hector Vega
     - Rafael Rojas Segoviano
     - Juan Caballero
     - SAAGS
pt_BR:  - [#1]: [Fuego Nuevo](http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html)
     - [#2]: [Constelaciones Prehisp&#225;nicas](http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm)
     - [#3]: [The Question of the Zodiac in America](http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf)
     - [#4]: [Aztec Mythology](http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html)
     - [#5]: [Los c&#243;dices de M&#233;xico](http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF)
     - [#6]: [Los c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico](http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico)
     - [#7]: [Real c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n](http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm)
     - [#8]: [Akapochtli](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli)
     - [#9]: [Iconograf&#237;a mexicana, Volumen 3](http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false)
     - [#10]: [El C&#243;dice Par&#237;s](http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html)
     - [#11]: [El nacimiento del sol y la luna](http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html)
     - [#12]: [Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX](http://aulex.org/nah-es/)
     - [#13]: [Tlachtli](http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html)
    
    ### Agradecimentos a
    
     - Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval
     - Martha Patricia Rivera
     - Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra
     - Hector Vega
     - Rafael Rojas Segoviano
     - Juan Caballero
     - SAAGS

note: Aztec sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: <p><strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong><br /><a href="mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a></p>
    
    English translation by: Rafael Rojas Segoviano
pt_BR: <p><strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong><br />
    <a href="mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a><br />
    <a href="http://www.wirikuta.org/comala">http://www.wirikuta.org/comala</a></p>

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture name
en: Babylonian (MUL.APIN)
pt_BR: Babilônica (MUL.APIN)

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture name
en: Babylonian (Seleucid)
pt_BR: Babilônica (Selêucida)

note: Belarusian sky culture name
en: Belarusian
pt_BR: Bielorrusso

note: Boorong sky culture name
en: Boorong
pt_BR: Burongue

note: Chinese sky culture name
en: Chinese
pt_BR: Chinesa

note: Chinese sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Chinese astronomy was developed independently and Chinese had its own system to connect the stars, known as "Xingguan" (Chinese: 星官; pinyin: xīngguān, meaning: Star officials). Chinese Traditional Sky Culture has far-reaching implications in East Asia. In ancient China, Xingguans and planets were associated with astrology. After thousands of years of evolution, the current Xingguans and star names was finalized in the 17th to 19th centuries.
pt_BR: A cultura chinesa preserva um dos mais detalhados conjuntos de dados observacionais do céu antes do século XVIII, quando a astronomia ocidental começou a fazer descobertas extraordinárias por meio da aplicação do método científico.
    
    Atualmente, o Stellarium fornece cerca de um terço dos conjuntos de Xingguans (chinês: 星官; pinyin: xīngguān) chineses, e não apresenta os nomes chineses das estrelas. Um projeto coordenado pelo membro da comunidade G. S. K. Lee está em andamento para construir um conjunto completo da cultura do céu chinesa, baseado nas informações contidas no *Yixiangkaocheng* (chinês: 儀象考成; pinyin: yíxiàngkǎochéng), um registro imperial de astronomia, concluído em 1756, que é a maior referência aos Xingguans chineses tradicionais e aos nomes de estrelas usados hoje em dia.

note: Chinese sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 Chinese star names from *Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). *Complete Studies of Astronomical* is an imperial record of astronomy finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial Astronomical Observatory made a revision to it and published *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical*, which is the major reference to the traditional Chinese Xingguans and star names used today. Yi Shitong has conducted textual research and summary of these records in his book*Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo).
    
    Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* and *Complete Studies of Astronomical*.
    
    In addition, some stars have been added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China* (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ) by Pan Nai, if these stars are not certified in *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue1950.0(Star Catalogue)*.
    
    If the star name is followed by a "*", it is a star added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China*.
    
    If the star name is followed by a "?", it is a star added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China*, but cannot be fully certified.
    
    ### Sun, Moon and Planets
    
    The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element concepts. Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, Mars is named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth Star.
    
    In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix "great" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: 太阳; pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). Their other name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, Chinese: 日) And Yue (Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name for the moon is Yueliang (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng).
    
    The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: 七曜; pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and Yang.
    
    ### Xingguans
    
    Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere into asterisms or constellations, known as "Xingguan". Modern constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries between Xingguans.
    
    The name and layout of the Xingguans are very social, the kingdom, the mountains, the goods, the industry all move to the sky, according to the Earth's way in the sky to copy a world.
    
    The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic tradition. A Xingguan contain more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿；pinyin: Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to the influence of precession, six Xingguans near the southern horizon are getting more and more south. They were no longer easy to be observed by astronomers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded in *Complete Studies of Astronomical*.
    
    Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; pinyin: JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming Dynasty based on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 Xingguans. The Southern Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system.
    
    Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to almost every Xingguan, called "added stars" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: zēngxīng). The original stars are called "primary stars" (Chinese: 正星; pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has a number. The name of the stars in *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few Xingguans, each star has a special name.
    
    In this way, *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* has 300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total.
    
    Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than Western names.
    
    ![](illustrations/yxkcxt.png)
    
    *Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)*
    
    ### Three Enclosures
    
    Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: 太微垣; pinyin: Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán).
    
    Each Enclosure has two walls, called the left wall and the right wall which are the main Xingguans. The walls are surrounded by many Xingguans. There are also Xingguans in the vicinity of the wall that belong to this Enclosure.
    
    Purple Forbidden enclosure is the inner palace of the emperor, it covers the northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and parts of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules. Purple Forbidden enclosure has 37 Xingguans.
    
     - [Purple Forbidden enclosure (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure)
    
    Supreme Palace Enclosure is the place where the emperor and the courtiers deal with their politics. Supreme Palace Enclosure has a variety of officials and government agencies. It covers the modern constellations Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and Leo Minor. Supreme Palace Enclosure has 20 Xingguans.
    
     - [Supreme Palace Enclosure (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure)
    
    Heavenly Market Enclosure is a bazaar in the sky, a place where ordinary people live. The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of Hercules. Heavenly Market Enclosure has 19 Xingguans. They were named after the participants of the bazaar and the facilities of the bazaar.
    
     - [Heavenly Market Enclosure (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure)
    
    ### Twenty-Eight Mansions
    
    The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) also known as 28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the ecliptic and the sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 regions according to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion (Chinese: 宿; pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion every day to rest.
    
    Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion.
    
    Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: 宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion.
    
    Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also changed in history.
    
    On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies.
    
    If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; pinyin: rùxiùdù).
    
    Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), which is the angular distance between the star and the north celestial pole, we can determine the position of a star on the celestial sphere. Mansion distance degrees and polar distance degrees together constitute the two components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system.
    
    The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west.
    
    ### The List of The Twenty-Eight Mansions (J2000)
    
    |Seven Luminaries|   |Wood|Metal|Earth|Sun|Moon|Fire|Water|
    |----------------|---|----|-----|-----|---|----|----|-----|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>东方苍龙</notr>|<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>箕宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Dōngfāng Cānglóng</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|Azure Dragon of the East|Horn Mansion|Neck Mansion|Root Mansion|Room Mansion|Heart Mansion|Tail Mansion|Winnowing Basket Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>46</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>α Vir</notr>|<notr>κ Vir</notr>|<notr>α2 Lib</notr>|<notr>π Sco</notr>|<notr>σ Sco</notr>|<notr>μ1 Sco</notr>|<notr>γ Sgr</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>13h25m11.6s</notr>|<notr>14h12m53.8s</notr>|<notr>14h50m52.8s</notr>|<notr>15h58m51.1s</notr>|<notr>16h21m11.3s</notr>|<notr>16h51m52.2s</notr>|<notr>18h05m48.5s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>47m42s</notr>|<notr>37m59s</notr>|<notr>1h07m58s</notr>|<notr>22m20s</notr>|<notr>30m41s</notr>|<notr>1h13m57s</notr>|<notr>39m51s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>12.10°</notr>|<notr>9.63°</notr>|<notr>17.24°</notr>|<notr>5.67°</notr>|<notr>7.78°</notr>|<notr>18.76°</notr>|<notr>10.11°</notr>|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>北方玄武</notr>|<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>壁宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Běifāng Xuánwǔ</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|Black Tortoise of the North|Dipper Mansion|Ox Mansion|Girl Mansion|Emptiness Mansion|Rooftop Mansion|Encampment Mansion|Wall Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>65</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>μ Sgr</notr>|<notr>β Cap</notr>|<notr>ε Aqr</notr>|<notr>β Aqr</notr>|<notr>α Aqr</notr>|<notr>α Peg</notr>|<notr>γ Peg</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>18h45m39.4s</notr>|<notr>20h21m0.7s</notr>|<notr>20h47m40.6s</notr>|<notr>21h31m33.5s</notr>|<notr>22h05m47.0s</notr>|<notr>23h04m45.7s</notr>|<notr>00h13m14.2s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>1h35m21s</notr>|<notr>26m40s</notr>|<notr>43m53s</notr>|<notr>34m13s</notr>|<notr>58m59s</notr>|<notr>1h08s29s</notr>|<notr>43m58s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>24.19°</notr>|<notr>6.76°</notr>|<notr>11.13°</notr>|<notr>8.68°</notr>|<notr>14.96°</notr>|<notr>17.37°</notr>|<notr>11.15°</notr>|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>西方白虎</notr>|<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>参宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Xīfāng Báihǔ</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|White Tiger of the West|Legs Mansion|Bond Mansion|Stomach Mansion|Hairy Head Mansion|Net Mansion|Turtle Beak Mansion|Three Stars Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>54</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>η And</notr>|<notr>β Ari</notr>|<notr>35 Ari</notr>|<notr>17 Tau</notr>|<notr>ε Tau</notr>|<notr>λ Ori</notr>|<notr>ζ Ori</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>00h57m12.3s</notr>|<notr>01h54m38.4s</notr>|<notr>02h43m27.1s</notr>|<notr>03h44m52.5s</notr>|<notr>04h28m37.0s</notr>|<notr>5h35m8.3s</notr>|<notr>05h40m45.5s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>57m26s</notr>|<notr>48m49s</notr>|<notr>1h01m26s</notr>|<notr>43m44s</notr>|<notr>1h06m31s</notr>|<notr>5m32s</notr>|<notr>42m12s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>14.57°</notr>|<notr>12.38°</notr>|<notr>15.58°</notr>|<notr>11.09°</notr>|<notr>16.87°</notr>|<notr>1.40°</notr>|<notr>10.70°</notr>|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>南方朱雀</notr>|<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>轸宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Nánfāng Zhūquè</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|Vermilion Bird of the South|Well Mansion|Ghosts Mansion|Willow Mansion|Star Mansion|Extended Net Mansion|Wings Mansion|Chariot Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>42</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>μ Gem</notr>|<notr>θ Cnc</notr>|<notr>δ Hya</notr>|<notr>α Hya</notr>|<notr>υ1 Hya</notr>|<notr>α Crt</notr>|<notr>γ Crv</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>6h22m57.6s</notr>|<notr>8h31m35.7s</notr>|<notr>8h37m39.4s</notr>|<notr>09h27m35.2s</notr>|<notr>09h51m28.7s</notr>|<notr>10h59m45.9s</notr>|<notr>12h15m48.4s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>2h08m38s</notr>|<notr>6m3s</notr>|<notr>49m58s</notr>|<notr>23m54s</notr>|<notr>1h08m17s</notr>|<notr>1h16m02s</notr>|<notr>1h09m23s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>32.63°</notr>|<notr>1.54°</notr>|<notr>12.67°</notr>|<notr>6.06°</notr>|<notr>17.32°</notr>|<notr>19.29°</notr>|<notr>17.60°</notr>|
    
    note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system.
    
    note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees.
    
     - <notr>[Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Eight_Mansions)</notr>
    
    ### The Southern Sky
    
    The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi (Chinese: 徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans based on the European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated into the traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually variations of Western constellations, and they are mostly named after animals.
    
    ### The list of Xingguans
    
    |Chinese Name|Pinyin|Translation|Number of Primary Stars|Number of Added Stars|
    |------------|------|-----------|-----------------------|---------------------|
    |<notr>紫微垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēiyuán</notr>|Purple Forbidden Enclosure|   |   |
    |<notr>北极</notr>|<notr>Běijí</notr>|Northern Pole|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>四辅</notr>|<notr>Sìfǔ</notr>|Four Advisors|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天乙</notr>|<notr>Tiānyǐ</notr>|Celestial Great One|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>太乙</notr>|<notr>Tàiyǐ</notr>|First Great One|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>紫微左垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēizuǒyuán</notr>|Purple Forbidden Left Wall|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>紫微右垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēiyòuyuán</notr>|Purple Forbidden Right Wall|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>阴德</notr>|<notr>Yīndé</notr>|Hidden Virtue|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>尚书</notr>|<notr>Shàngshū</notr>|Royal Secretary|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>女史</notr>|<notr>Nǚshǐ</notr>|Female Protocol|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>柱史</notr>|<notr>Zhùshǐ</notr>|Official of Royal Archives|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>御女</notr>|<notr>Yùnǚ</notr>|Maids-in-waiting|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天柱</notr>|<notr>Tiānzhù</notr>|Celestial Pillar|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>大理</notr>|<notr>Dàlǐ</notr>|Chief Judge|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>勾陈</notr>|<notr>Gōuchén</notr>|Curved Array|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>六甲</notr>|<notr>Liùjiǎ</notr>|Six Jia|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天皇大帝</notr>|<notr>Tiānhuángdàdì</notr>|Great Emperor of Heaven|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>五帝内座</notr>|<notr>WǔdìnèiZuò</notr>|Interior Seats of the Five Emperors|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>华盖</notr>|<notr>Huágài</notr>|Canopy of the Emperor|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>杠(附华盖)</notr>|<notr>Gàng</notr>|Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>传舍</notr>|<notr>Chuánshè</notr>|Guest House|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>内阶</notr>|<notr>Nèijiē</notr>|Inner Steps|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天厨</notr>|<notr>Tiānchú</notr>|Celestial Kitchen|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>八谷</notr>|<notr>Bāgǔ</notr>|Eight Kinds of Crops|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>34</notr>|
    |<notr>天棓</notr>|<notr>Tiānbàng</notr>|Celestial Flail|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>内厨</notr>|<notr>Nèichú</notr>|Inner Kitchen|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>文昌</notr>|<notr>Wénchāng</notr>|Administrative Center|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>三师</notr>|<notr>Sānshī</notr>|Three Top Instructors|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>三公</notr>|<notr>Sāngōng</notr>|Three Excellencies|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天床</notr>|<notr>Tiānchuáng</notr>|Celestial Bed|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>太尊</notr>|<notr>Tàizūn</notr>|Royals|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天牢</notr>|<notr>Tiānláo</notr>|Celestial Prison|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>太阳守</notr>|<notr>Tàiyángshǒu</notr>|Guard of the Sun|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>势</notr>|<notr>Shì</notr>|Eunuch|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>相</notr>|<notr>Xiàng</notr>|Prime Minister|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>玄戈</notr>|<notr>Xuángē</notr>|Sombre Lance|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>天理</notr>|<notr>Tiānlǐ</notr>|Judge for Nobility|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>北斗</notr>|<notr>Běidǒu</notr>|Northern Dipper|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>辅(附北斗)</notr>|<notr>Fǔ</notr>|Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天枪</notr>|<notr>Tiānqiāng</notr>|Celestial Spear|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>太微垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēiyuán</notr>|Supreme Palace Enclosure|   |   |
    |<notr>太微左垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēizuǒyuán</notr>|Supreme Palace Left Wall|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>太微右垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēiyòuyuán</notr>|Supreme Palace Right Wall|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>谒者</notr>|<notr>Yèzhě</notr>|Usher to the Court|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>三公</notr>|<notr>Sāngōng</notr>|Three Excellencies|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>九卿</notr>|<notr>Jiǔqīng</notr>|Nine Senior Officers|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>五诸侯</notr>|<notr>Wǔzhūhóu</notr>|Five Lords|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>内屏</notr>|<notr>Nèipíng</notr>|Inner Screen|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>五帝座</notr>|<notr>Wǔdìzuò</notr>|Seats of the Five Emperors|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>幸臣</notr>|<notr>Xìngchén</notr>|Officer of Honour|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>太子</notr>|<notr>Tàizǐ</notr>|Crown Prince|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>从官</notr>|<notr>Cóngguān</notr>|Retinue|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>郎将</notr>|<notr>Lángjiàng</notr>|Captain of the Bodyguards|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>虎贲</notr>|<notr>Hǔbēn</notr>|Emperor's Bodyguard|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>常陈</notr>|<notr>Chángchén</notr>|Royal Guards|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>郎位</notr>|<notr>Lángwèi</notr>|Officers of the Imperial Guard|<notr>15</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>明堂</notr>|<notr>Míngtáng</notr>|The Hall of Glory|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>灵台</notr>|<notr>Língtaí</notr>|Astronomical Observatory|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>少微</notr>|<notr>Shàowēi</notr>|Junior Officers|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>长垣</notr>|<notr>Chángyuán</notr>|Long Wall|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>三台</notr>|<notr>Sāntái</notr>|Three Steps|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>天市垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìyuán</notr>|Heavenly Market Enclosure|   |   |
    |<notr>天市左垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìzuǒyuán</notr>|Heavenly Market Left Wall|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>48</notr>|
    |<notr>天市右垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìyòuyuán</notr>|Heavenly Market Right Wall|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>32</notr>|
    |<notr>市楼</notr>|<notr>Shìlóu</notr>|Municipal Office|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>车肆</notr>|<notr>Chēsì</notr>|Commodity Market|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>宗正</notr>|<notr>Zōngzhèng</notr>|Official for the Royal Clan|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>宗人</notr>|<notr>Zōngrén</notr>|Official of Religious Ceremonies|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>宗</notr>|<notr>Zōng</notr>|Patriarchal Clan|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>帛度</notr>|<notr>Bódù</notr>|Textile Ruler|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>屠肆</notr>|<notr>Túsì</notr>|Butcher's Shops|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>候</notr>|<notr>Hòu</notr>|Astrologer|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>帝座</notr>|<notr>Dìzuò</notr>|Emperor's Seat|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>宦者</notr>|<notr>Huànzhě</notr>|Eunuch Official|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>列肆</notr>|<notr>Lièsì</notr>|Jewel Market|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>斗</notr>|<notr>Dǒu</notr>|Dipper for Liquids|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>斛</notr>|<notr>Hú</notr>|Dipper for Solids|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>贯索</notr>|<notr>Guànsuǒ</notr>|Coiled Thong|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>七公</notr>|<notr>Qīgōng</notr>|Seven Excellencies|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>天纪</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Celestial Discipline|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>女床</notr>|<notr>Nǚchuáng</notr>|Woman's Bed|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|Horn Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|Horn|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>平道</notr>|<notr>Píngdào</notr>|Flat Road|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天田</notr>|<notr>Tiāntián</notr>|Celestial Farmland|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>进贤</notr>|<notr>Jìnxián</notr>|Recommending Virtuous Men|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>周鼎</notr>|<notr>Zhōudǐng</notr>|Tripod of the Zhou|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天门</notr>|<notr>Tiānmén</notr>|Celestial Gate|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>平</notr>|<notr>Píng</notr>|Justice|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>库楼</notr>|<notr>Kùlóu</notr>|Arsenal|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>柱</notr>|<notr>Zhù</notr>|Pillars|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>衡</notr>|<notr>Héng</notr>|Railings|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>南门</notr>|<notr>Nánmén</notr>|Southern Gate|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|Neck Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|Neck|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>大角</notr>|<notr>Dàjiǎo</notr>|Great Horn|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>左摄提</notr>|<notr>Zuǒshètí</notr>|Left Conductor|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>右摄提</notr>|<notr>Yòushètí</notr>|Right Conductor|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>顿顽</notr>|<notr>Dùnwán</notr>|Trials|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>阳门</notr>|<notr>Yángmén</notr>|Gate of Yang|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>折威</notr>|<notr>Zhéwēi</notr>|Executions|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|Root Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|Root|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>30</notr>|
    |<notr>天乳</notr>|<notr>Tiānrǔ</notr>|Celestial Milk|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>招摇</notr>|<notr>Zhāoyáo</notr>|Twinkling Indicator|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>梗河</notr>|<notr>Gěnghé</notr>|Celestial Lance|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>帝席</notr>|<notr>Dìxí</notr>|Mattress of the Emperor|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>亢池</notr>|<notr>Kàngchí</notr>|Boats and Lake|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>阵车</notr>|<notr>Zhènchē</notr>|Battle Chariots|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>骑官</notr>|<notr>Qíguān</notr>|Imperial Guards|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>车骑</notr>|<notr>Chēqí</notr>|Chariots and Cavalry|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天辐</notr>|<notr>Tiānfú</notr>|Celestial Spokes|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>骑阵将军</notr>|<notr>Qízhènjiāngjūn</notr>|Chariots and Cavalry General|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|Room Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|Room|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>钩钤(附房宿)</notr>|<notr>Gōuqián</notr>|Lock (Vassal of Room)|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>键闭</notr>|<notr>Jiànbì</notr>|Door Bolt|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>罚</notr>|<notr>Fá</notr>|Punishment|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>东咸</notr>|<notr>Dōngxián</notr>|Eastern Door|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>西咸</notr>|<notr>Xīxián</notr>|Western Door|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>日</notr>|<notr>Rì</notr>|Solar Star|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>从官</notr>|<notr>Cóngguān</notr>|Retinue|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|Heart Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|Heart|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>积卒</notr>|<notr>Jīzú</notr>|Group of Soldiers|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|Tail Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|Tail|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>神宫(附尾宿)</notr>|<notr>shéngōng</notr>|Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>龟</notr>|<notr>Guī</notr>|Tortoise|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天江</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiāng</notr>|Celestial River|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>傅说</notr>|<notr>Fùyuè</notr>|Fu Yue|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>鱼</notr>|<notr>Yú</notr>|Fish|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>箕宿</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|Winnowing Basket Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>箕宿</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|Winnowing Basket|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>糠</notr>|<notr>Kāng</notr>|Chaff|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>杵</notr>|<notr>Chǔ</notr>|Pestle|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|Dipper Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|Dipper|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>建</notr>|<notr>Jiàn</notr>|Establishment|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天籥</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuè</notr>|Celestial Keyhole|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天弁</notr>|<notr>Tiānbiàn</notr>|Market Officer|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>鳖</notr>|<notr>Biē</notr>|River Turtle|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天鸡</notr>|<notr>Tiānjī</notr>|Celestial Cock|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>狗国</notr>|<notr>Gǒuguó</notr>|Territory of Dog|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天渊</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuān</notr>|Celestial Spring|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>狗</notr>|<notr>Gǒu</notr>|Dog|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>农丈人</notr>|<notr>Nóngzhàngrén</notr>|Peasant|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|Ox Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|Ox|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>天田</notr>|<notr>Tiāntián</notr>|Celestial Farmland|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>九坎</notr>|<notr>Jiǔkǎn</notr>|Nine Water Wells|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>河鼓</notr>|<notr>Hégǔ</notr>|Drum at the River|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>织女</notr>|<notr>Zhinǚ</notr>|Weaving Girl|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>左旗</notr>|<notr>Zuǒqí</notr>|Left Flag|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>30</notr>|
    |<notr>右旗</notr>|<notr>Yòuqí</notr>|Right Flag|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>天桴</notr>|<notr>Tiānfú</notr>|Celestial Drumstick|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>罗堰</notr>|<notr>Luóyàn</notr>|Network of Dykes|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>渐台</notr>|<notr>Jiàntái</notr>|Clepsydra Terrace|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>辇道</notr>|<notr>Niǎndào</notr>|Imperial Passageway|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|Girl Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|Girl|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>十二国</notr>|<notr>Shí'èrguó</notr>|Twelve States|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>离珠</notr>|<notr>Lízhū</notr>|Pearls on Ladies' Wear|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>败瓜</notr>|<notr>Bàiguā</notr>|Rotten Gourd|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>瓠瓜</notr>|<notr>Hùguā</notr>|Good Gourd|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>天津</notr>|<notr>Tiānjīn</notr>|Celestial Ford|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>40</notr>|
    |<notr>奚仲</notr>|<notr>Xīzhòng</notr>|Xi Zhong|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>扶筐</notr>|<notr>Fúkuāng</notr>|Basket for Mulberry Leaves|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|Emptiness Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|Emptiness|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>司命</notr>|<notr>Sīmìng</notr>|Deified Judge of Life|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司禄</notr>|<notr>Sīlù</notr>|Deified Judge of Rank|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司危</notr>|<notr>Sīwēi</notr>|Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司非</notr>|<notr>Sīfēi</notr>|Deified Judge of Right and Wrong|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>哭</notr>|<notr>Kū</notr>|Crying|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>泣</notr>|<notr>Qì</notr>|Weeping|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>天垒城</notr>|<notr>Tiānlěichéng</notr>|Celestial Ramparts|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>败臼</notr>|<notr>Bàijiù</notr>|Decayed Mortar|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>离瑜</notr>|<notr>Líyú</notr>|Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|Rooftop Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|Rooftop|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>坟墓(附危宿)</notr>|<notr>Fénmù</notr>|Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>人</notr>|<notr>Rén</notr>|Humans|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>杵</notr>|<notr>Chǔ</notr>|Pestle|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>臼</notr>|<notr>Jiù</notr>|Mortar|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>车府</notr>|<notr>Chēfǔ</notr>|Big Yard for Chariots|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>20</notr>|
    |<notr>天钩</notr>|<notr>Tiāngōu</notr>|Celestial Hook|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>造父</notr>|<notr>Zàofù</notr>|Zaofu|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>盖屋</notr>|<notr>Gàiwū</notr>|Roofing|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>虚梁</notr>|<notr>Xūliáng</notr>|Temple|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天钱</notr>|<notr>Tiānqián</notr>|Celestial Money|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|Encampment Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|Encampment|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>离宫(附室宿)</notr>|<notr>Lígōng</notr>|Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>雷电</notr>|<notr>Léidiàn</notr>|Thunder and Lightning|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>垒壁阵</notr>|<notr>Lěibìzhèn</notr>|Line of Ramparts|<notr>12</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>羽林军</notr>|<notr>Yǔlínjūn</notr>|Palace Guard|<notr>45</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>𫓧钺</notr>|<notr>Fūyuè</notr>|Axe|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>北落师门</notr>|<notr>Běiluòshīmén</notr>|North Gate of the Military Camp|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>八魁</notr>|<notr>Bākuí</notr>|Net for Catching Birds|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天纲</notr>|<notr>Tiāngāng</notr>|Materials for Making Tents|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>土公吏</notr>|<notr>Tǔgōnglì</notr>|Official for Materials Supply|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>螣蛇</notr>|<notr>Téngshé</notr>|Flying Serpent|<notr>22</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>壁宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Wall Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>壁宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Wall|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>23</notr>|
    |<notr>霹雳</notr>|<notr>Pīlì</notr>|Thunderbolt|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>云雨</notr>|<notr>Yúnyǔ</notr>|Cloud and Rain|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天厩</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiù</notr>|Celestial Stable|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>𫓧锧</notr>|<notr>Fūzhì</notr>|Sickle|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>土公</notr>|<notr>Tǔgōng</notr>|Official for Earthworks and Buildings|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|Legs Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|Legs|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>23</notr>|
    |<notr>外屏</notr>|<notr>Wàipíng</notr>|Outer Fence|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>天溷</notr>|<notr>Tiānhùn</notr>|Celestial Pigsty|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>土司空</notr>|<notr>Tǔsīkōng</notr>|Master of Constructions|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>军南门</notr>|<notr>Jūnnánmén</notr>|Southern Military Gate|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>阁道</notr>|<notr>Gédào</notr>|Flying Corridor|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>附路</notr>|<notr>Fùlù</notr>|Auxiliary Road|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>王良</notr>|<notr>Wángliáng</notr>|Wang Liang|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>策</notr>|<notr>Cè</notr>|Whip|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|Bond Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|Bond|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>左更</notr>|<notr>Zuǒgēng</notr>|Official in Charge of the Forest|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>右更</notr>|<notr>Yòugēng</notr>|Official in Charge of Pasturing|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天仓 </notr>|<notr>Tiāncāng</notr>|Square Celestial Granary|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>天庾</notr>|<notr>Tiānyǔ</notr>|Ricks of Grain|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天大将军</notr>|<notr>Tiāndàjiāngjūn</notr>|Great General of Heaven|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>17</notr>|
    |<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|Stomach Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|Stomach|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天廪</notr>|<notr>Tiānlǐn</notr>|Celestial Foodstuff|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天囷</notr>|<notr>Tiānqūn</notr>|Circular Celestial Granary|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>大陵</notr>|<notr>Dàlíng</notr>|Mausoleum|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>天船</notr>|<notr>Tiānchuán</notr>|Celestial Boat|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>JīShī</notr>|Heap of Corpses|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>积水</notr>|<notr>Jīshuǐ</notr>|Stored Water|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|Hairy Head Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|Hairy Head|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>天阿</notr>|<notr>Tiān'ē</notr>|Celestial Concave|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>月</notr>|<notr>Yuè</notr>|Lunar Star|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天阴</notr>|<notr>Tiānyīn</notr>|Celestial Yin Force|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>刍藁</notr>|<notr>Chúgǎo</notr>|Hay|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天苑</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuàn</notr>|Celestial Meadows|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>卷舌</notr>|<notr>Juǎnshé</notr>|Rolled Tongue|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天谗</notr>|<notr>Tiānchán</notr>|Celestial Slander|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>砺石</notr>|<notr>Lìshí</notr>|Whetstone|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Net Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Net|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>附耳(附毕宿)</notr>|<notr>Fù'ěr</notr>|Whisper (Vassal of Net)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天街</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiē</notr>|Celestial Street|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天节</notr>|<notr>Tiānjié</notr>|Celestial Tally|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>诸王</notr>|<notr>Zhūwáng</notr>|Feudal Kings|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天高</notr>|<notr>Tiāngāo</notr>|Celestial High Terrace|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>九州殊口</notr>|<notr>Jiǔzhōushūkǒu</notr>|Interpreters of Nine Dialects|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>五车</notr>|<notr>Wǔchē</notr>|Five Chariots|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>柱</notr>|<notr>Zhù</notr>|Pillars|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天潢</notr>|<notr>Tiānhuáng</notr>|Celestial Pier|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>咸池</notr>|<notr>Xiánchí</notr>|Pool of Harmony|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天关</notr>|<notr>Tiānguān</notr>|Celestial Pass|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>参旗</notr>|<notr>Shēnqí</notr>|Banner of Three Stars|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>九斿</notr>|<notr>Jiǔyóu</notr>|Imperial Military Flag|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天园</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuán</notr>|Celestial Orchard|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|Turtle Beak Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|Turtle Beak|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司怪</notr>|<notr>Sīguài</notr>|Deity in Charge of Monsters|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>座旗</notr>|<notr>Zuòqí</notr>|Seat Flags|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>参宿</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|Three Stars Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>参宿</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|Three Stars|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>39</notr>|
    |<notr>伐(附参宿)</notr>|<notr>Fá</notr>|Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>玉井</notr>|<notr>Yùjǐng</notr>|Jade Well|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>屏</notr>|<notr>Píng</notr>|Screen|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>军井</notr>|<notr>Jūnjǐng</notr>|Military well|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>厕</notr>|<notr>Cè</notr>|Toilet|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>屎</notr>|<notr>Shǐ</notr>|Excrement|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|Well Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|Well|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>钺(附井宿)</notr>|<notr>Yuè</notr>|Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>南河</notr>|<notr>Nánhé</notr>|South River|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>北河</notr>|<notr>Běihé</notr>|North River|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天樽</notr>|<notr>Tiānzūn</notr>|Celestial Wine Cup|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>五诸侯</notr>|<notr>Wǔzhūhóu</notr>|Five Feudal Kings|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>积水</notr>|<notr>Jīshuǐ</notr>|Accumulated Water|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>积薪</notr>|<notr>Jīxīn</notr>|Pile of Firewood|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>水府</notr>|<notr>Shuǐfǔ</notr>|Official for Irrigation|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>水位</notr>|<notr>Shuǐwèi</notr>|Water Level|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>四渎</notr>|<notr>Sìdú</notr>|Four Channels|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>军市</notr>|<notr>Jūnshì</notr>|Market for Soldiers|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>野鸡</notr>|<notr>Yějī</notr>|Wild Cockerel|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>丈人</notr>|<notr>Zhàngrén</notr>|Grandfather|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>子</notr>|<notr>Zǐ</notr>|Son|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>孙</notr>|<notr>Sūn</notr>|Grandson|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>阙丘</notr>|<notr>Quèqiū</notr>|Palace Gate|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天狼</notr>|<notr>Tiānláng</notr>|Celestial Wolf|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>弧矢</notr>|<notr>Húshǐ</notr>|Bow and Arrow|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>32</notr>|
    |<notr>老人</notr>|<notr>Lǎorén</notr>|Old Man|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|Ghosts Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|Ghosts|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>Jīshī</notr>|Cumulative Corpses|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>爟</notr>|<notr>Guàn</notr>|Beacon Fire|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>天狗</notr>|<notr>Tiāngǒu</notr>|Celestial Dog|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>外厨</notr>|<notr>Wàichú</notr>|Outer Kitchen|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>17</notr>|
    |<notr>天社</notr>|<notr>Tiānshè</notr>|Celestial Earth God's Temple|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天记</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|Willow Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|Willow|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>酒旗</notr>|<notr>Jiǔqí</notr>|Banner of Wine Shop|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|Star Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|Star Mansion|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>天相</notr>|<notr>Tiānxiàng</notr>|Celestial Premier|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>天稷*</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Celestial Cereals|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>轩辕</notr>|<notr>Xuānyuán</notr>|Xuanyuan|<notr>17</notr>|<notr>59</notr>|
    |<notr>内平</notr>|<notr>Nèipíng</notr>|High Judge|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|Extended Net Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|Extended Net|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天庙*</notr>|<notr>Tiānmiào</notr>|Celestial Temple|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|Wings Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|Wings|<notr>22</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>东瓯*</notr>|<notr>Dōngōu</notr>|Dongou|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>轸宿</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|Chariot Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>轸宿</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|Chariot|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>长沙(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Chángshā</notr>|Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>左辖(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Zuǒxiá</notr>|Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>右辖(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Yoùxiá</notr>|Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>青丘</notr>|<notr>Qīngqiū</notr>|Green Hill|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>军门*</notr>|<notr>Jūnmén</notr>|Military Gate|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>土司空*</notr>|<notr>Tǔsīkōng</notr>|Master of Constructions|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>器府*</notr>|<notr>Qìfǔ</notr>|House for Musical Instruments|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>近南极星区</notr>|<notr>JìnnánJí Xīngqū</notr>|The Southern Sky|   |   |
    |<notr>海山</notr>|<notr>Hǎishān</notr>|Sea and Mountain|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>十字架</notr>|<notr>Shízìjià</notr>|Cross|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>马尾</notr>|<notr>Mǎwěi</notr>|Horse's Tail|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>马腹</notr>|<notr>Mǎfù</notr>|Horse's Abdomen|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蜜蜂</notr>|<notr>Mìfēng</notr>|Bee|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>三角形</notr>|<notr>Sānjiǎoxíng</notr>|Triangle|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>异雀</notr>|<notr>Yìquè</notr>|Exotic Bird|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>孔雀</notr>|<notr>Kǒngquè</notr>|Peafowl|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>波斯</notr>|<notr>Bōsī</notr>|Persia|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇尾</notr>|<notr>Shéwěi</notr>|Snake's Tail|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇腹</notr>|<notr>Shéfù</notr>|Snake's Abdomen|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇首</notr>|<notr>Shéshǒu</notr>|Snake's Head|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>鸟喙</notr>|<notr>Niǎohuì</notr>|Bird's Beak|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>鹤 </notr>|<notr>Hè</notr>|Crane|<notr>12</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>火鸟</notr>|<notr>Huǒniǎo</notr>|Firebird|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>水委</notr>|<notr>Shuǐweǐ</notr>|Crooked Running Water|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>附白</notr>|<notr>Fùbái</notr>|White Patched Nearby|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>夹白</notr>|<notr>Jiābái</notr>|White Patches Attached|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>金鱼</notr>|<notr>Jīnyú</notr>|Goldfish|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>海石</notr>|<notr>Hǎishí</notr>|Sea Rock|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>飞鱼</notr>|<notr>Fēiyú</notr>|Flying Fish|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>南船</notr>|<notr>Nánchuán</notr>|Southern Boat|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>小斗</notr>|<notr>Xiǎodǒu</notr>|Little Dipper|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    
    note 1: The Xingguans with "*", Was officially deleted in 1752.
    
    note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the parent Xingguan.
    
    ### Deep Space Objects
    
    Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were also included in the Xingguans.
    
    Include the following:
    
    |General name|Chinese Name|Pinyin|Translation|Nick name|
    |------------|------------|------|-----------|---------|
    |<notr>NGC 6231</notr>|<notr>神宫</notr>|<notr>shéngōng</notr>|God's Palace|Northern Jewel Box Cluster|
    |<notr>NGC 6475/M 7</notr>|<notr>鱼</notr>|<notr>Yú</notr>|Fish|Ptolemy Cluster|
    |<notr>NGC 2632/M 44</notr>|<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>JīShī</notr>|Cumulative Corpses|Beehive Cluster|
    |<notr>NGC 5139</notr>|<notr>库楼增一</notr>|<notr>Kùlóu Zēng I</notr>|Arsenal Added I|Omega Centauri|
    |<notr>NGC 224/M 31</notr>|<notr>奎宿增廿一</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù Zēng XXI</notr>|Legs Mansion XXI|Andromeda Galaxy|
    |<notr>NGC 3372 </notr>|<notr>海山二</notr>|<notr>Hǎishān II</notr>|Sea and Mountain II|Homunculus Nebula, Eta Carinae|
    
    ### Notes
    
    This Sky Culture is Based on the information inside *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)* (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and *Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成).
    
    Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)*. He produced *Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium* (Chinese: Stellarium 中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important reference.
    
    Some stars have been added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China* (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史).
    
    For the translation of constellations, we use the *English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names* (Chinese: 中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a small portion of the translation is changed, for example, when the translations of the two different Xingguans are the same.
    
    There are seven stars with Chinese star names without corresponding HIP numbers, so they cannot be displayed in Stellarium. They are Sea and Mountain II (η Car), Five Chariots Added XVIII (12 Aur), Recommending Virtuous Man Added VI (39 Vir) , Great Horn Added II (CN Boo), Hairy Head Added X (24 Tau), Heart Added VII (18 Oph), South River Added XI (GC 10303).
    
    The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are controversial. these are only possible translations. Chinese characters are ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is provided only to make star names readable.
pt_BR: ### Xingguans
    
    A maior diferença entre um Xingguan e uma constelação é o fato de que, ao passo que constelações se referem a uma área definida na esfera celestial, um Xingguan se refere apenas a um padrão de estrelas. O termo mais próximo na astronomia ocidental poderia ser um asterismo, embora, ao contrário dos asterismos, os Xingguans não tenham um estatus oficial.
    
    O número de Xingguans varia no decorrer das diferentes eras da história chinesa; novos Xingguans eram criados quandos estrelas mais fracas eram observadas, e alguns Xingguans antigos eram abolidos quando o padrão não mais podia ser observado (principalmente devido aos seus movimentos característicos). Xingguans próximos ao polo sul celestial foram criados após a introdução das constelações ocidentais na China por missionários católicos.
     <p>No total, o *Yixiangkaocheng* tem 300 Xingguans.
    Suprimidos em favor das constelações ocidentais, atualmente, os Xingguans não estão mais em uso ativo pelos chineses.
    
    ### Nomes das estrelas
    
    <p align="justify">Os tradicionais nomes de estrelas chineses eram sistematicamente alocados pela combinação do nome do Xingguan em que a estrela se encontrava com um número, geralmente refletindo a posição da estrela dentro do Xingguan. Quando estrelas mais fracas foram observadas com instrumentos melhores na era do *Yixiangkaocheng*, elas foram nomeadas pela combinação do nome do Xingguan do qual a estrela estava mais próxima com um número de aumento.
    No total, o *Yixiangkaocheng* tem 3.083 Xingguans. Ainda não existe uma lista completa em que seja feita a correspondência de todas as 3.083 estrelas a quaisquer catálogos ou designações estelares modernas.
    
    Diferentemente dos Xingguans, os tradicionais nomes de estrelas chineses ainda hoje são utilizados comumente, até mais frequentemente do que as designações de Bayer/Flamsteed.

note: Chinese sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was initially contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on Hong Kong Space Museum star maps (no longer available online).
    
    Sun Shuwei [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com) replenishes more than 200 Xingguans and more than 3,000 stars, based primarily on the book*Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* by Yi Shitong, and add the description.
pt_BR: Esta cultura do céu foi contribuída por *Karrie Berglund* da Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc., baseada em [mapas estelares do Museu Espacial de Hong Kong](http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/en_US/web/spm/starshine/interactive-star-maps.html).

note: Egyptian sky culture name
en: Egyptian
pt_BR: Egípcia

note: Egyptian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point.
pt_BR: A astronomia/astrologia egípcia tardia acompanha a da cultura greco-romana. A crença de que as estrelas poderiam influenciar o destino humano parece não ter chegado ao Egito até a era ptolomaica. O templo de Hator, em Dendera, data dos tempos ptolomaicos, provavelmente do século I a.C., e tem uma maravilhosa ilustração do céu, que representa esse ponto de vista.

note: Egyptian sky culture description section in markdown format
en: However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales (which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [#1].
    
    Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [#2], although the constellations did change significantly over time [#3].
    
    The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the "stars that knew no rest". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet now known as Jupiter was called "Horus Who Limits the Two Lands"; Mars was "Horus of the Horizon"; Mercury was "Sebegu", associated with Set; Saturn was "Horus the Bull of the Sky"; and Venus was "the God of the Morning" [#7].
pt_BR: Entretanto, havia diferenças nos nomes. Por exemplo, Câncer, o Caranguejo é representado pelo Escaravelho. A figura do Leão (que não é o Leão zodiacal), próximo a Libra, é a constelação do Centauro [#1].
    
    Constelações mais antigas são mais problemáticas, mas existem algumas indicações de que alguns signos do zodíaco moderno são, de fato, muito antigos [#2], apesar de as constelações terem mudado significativamente ao longo do tempo [#3].

note: Egyptian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 17: *Mithraic uranography*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-17.html).
     - [#2]: [Three archaic Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?](http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm)
     - [#3]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 15: *Farnese celestial globe*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-15.html).
     - [#4]: [http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html](http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm](http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm)
     - [#6]: [http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html](http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html)
     - [#7]: <notr>Pat Remler: Egyptian mythology A to Z / 3rd ed., 2010, Chelsea House, ISBN 978-1-60413-926-6</notr>
pt_BR:  - [#1]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 17: *Mithraic uranography*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-17.html).
     - [#2]: [Three archaic Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?](http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm)
     - [#3]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 15: *Farnese celestial globe*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-15.html).
     - [#4]: [http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html](http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm](http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm)
     - [#6]: [http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html](http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html)
     - [#7]: Pat Remler: Egyptian mythology A to Z / 3rd ed., 2010, Chelsea House, ISBN 978-1-60413-926-6

note: Egyptian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper "A Map of the Ancient Egyptian Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte.
    
    This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)
pt_BR: Esta cultura do céu foi contribuída por *Karrie Berglund* da Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc., baseada no artigo *A Map of the Ancient Egyptian Firmament*, de Juan Antonio Belmonte.

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture name
en: Hawaiian Starlines
pt_BR: Linhas Estelares Havaianos

note: Indian Vedic sky culture name
en: Indian Vedic
pt_BR: Indiana védica

note: Indian Vedic sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to Nakṣatra-s.
pt_BR: A cultura védica apresenta algumas constelações comumente conhecidas relacionadas à Nakshatra.

note: Indian Vedic sky culture authors section in markdown format
en:  - Tanmoy Saha
     - Contributors from the [sanskrit-coders community](https://github.com/sanskrit-coders) (esp [Vishvas Vasuki](https://github.com/vvasuki/)).
pt_BR: Esta cultura do céu foi contribuída por Tanmoy Saha.

note: Inuit sky culture name
en: Inuit
pt_BR: Inuíte

note: Inuit sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Inuit sky culture files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of John MacDonald's research in his book [#1]. While placements and specifics of Inuit constellations might differ from tribe to tribe, the information in Stellarium presents the constellations and general themes of the arctic universe.
pt_BR: Os arquivos da cultura do céu inuíte, disponíveis para o Stellarium, são uma adaptação da pesquisa de John MacDonald em seu livro [#1]. Pelo fato de as posições e as espeficações das constelações inuítes poderem diferir de tribo para tribo, a informação do Stellarium apresenta as constelações e temas gerais do universo ártico.

note: Inuit sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: ##### Two Sunbeams
    
    Aagjuuk, an important constellation for timekeeping.
    
    ##### Two Placed Far Apart
    
    Akkuttujuuk, two stars signaling the return of sunlight to the arctic.
    
    ##### Dogs
    
    Qimmiitt, five dogs harassing Nanook, or Nanurjuk, the polar bear.
    
    ##### Collarbones
    
    Quturjuuk
    
    ##### Lamp Stand
    
    Pituaq, stand containing the burning fuel providing light
    
    ##### Caribou
    
    The big dipper is Tukturjuit, the caribou.
    
    ##### Two in Front
    
    Sivulliik, "the first ones" , Little Orphan Boy being chased by an angry grandfather.
    
    ##### The One Behind
    
    Kingulliq, the grandmother chasing the Two in Front
    
    ##### Breastbone
    
    Sakiattiak, The Pleiades, are seen as a breast bone.
    
    ##### Runners
    
    Orion's Belt is Ullaktut, three hunters lost on a hunting trip for Nanuk, the polar bear.
    
    ##### Blubber Container
    
    Uqsuutaattiaq, a seal flipper skin sewn shut, contains fuel for lamps.
    
    ##### Never Moves
    
    Nuuttuittuq is the North Star Polaris, the star that never moves.
    
    ##### Nephews or Nieces
    
    The Orion Nebula, Qangimmaariik, a group of children.
    
    ##### The Milky Way
    
    The Divider, Aviguti.
    
    ##### Name of a Murdered Man
    
    Or sometimes: "He who never goes out on newly formed ice". Sikuliaqsiujuittuq is Procyon, the main star in Canis Minor.
pt_BR: ##### Dois Raios de Sol
    
    Aagjuuk, uma importante constelação para precisar o tempo.
    
    ##### Dois Muito Afastados
    
    Akkuttujuuk, duas estrelas que sinalizam o retorno da luz do sol ao ártico.
    
    ##### Cães
    
    Qimmiitt, cinco cães que molestam Nanook, ou Nanurjuk, o urso polar.
    
    ##### Clavículas
    
    Quturjuuk.
    
    ##### Pira
    
    Pituaq, pira que contém combustível em chamas, que fornece luz.
    
    ##### Caribu
    
    A Grande Concha é Tukturjuit, o caribu.
    
    ##### Dois em Frente
    
    Sivulliik, “os primeiros”, representa um pequeno menino órfão sendo perseguido por um avô furioso.
    
    ##### Aquela que Está Atrás
    
    Kingulliq, a avó perseguindo os Dois em Frente.
    
    ##### Esterno
    
    Sakiattiak, as Plêiades, são vistas como um esterno.
    
    ##### Corredores
    
    O cinturão de Órion representa Ullaktut, três caçadores perdidos em uma expedição de caça a Nanuk, o urso polar.
    
    ##### Recepiente de Gordura
    
    Uqsuutaattiaq representa uma pele de nadadeira de foca costurada, que contém combustível para as piras.
    
    ##### Nunca se Move
    
    Nuuttuittuq é Polaris, a estrela do Norte, a qual nunca se move.
    
    ##### Sobrinhos ou Sobrinhas
    
    A Nebulosa de Órion, Qangimmaariik, representa um grupo de crianças.
    
    ##### A Via Láctea
    
    O Divisor, Aviguti.
    
    ##### Nome de um Homem Assassinado
    
    Ou, às vezes: Ele que nunca sai no gelo recém-formado. Sikuliaqsiujuittuq é Procyon, a principal estrela do Cão Menor.

note: Inuit sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book [#1].
    
    Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris.
pt_BR: Esta cultura do céu foi contribuída por *Karrie Berglund* da Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc., baseada principalmente no livro [#1].
    
    As ilustrações foram feitas por Johan Meuris, e liberadas sob a Free Art License.

note: Korean sky culture name
en: Korean
pt_BR: Coreana

note: Korean sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C.
pt_BR: As constelações chinesas, coreanas e japonesas têm a mesma origem e parecem muito semelhantes na sua forma. Elas são representadas, respectivamente, no mapa estelar de Dun Huang, datado do século VIII, no mapa *Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do* e no mapa estelar de Kitora, pintados por volta do século VII ou VIII. As suas posições e os seus nomes são semelhantes na escrita chinesa. Os nomes das constelações aparecem pela primeira vez nos *Registros do Historiador* (史記) na dinastia Han, descrevendo a dinastia Xia, por volta de 2000 a.C.

note: Korean sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Origin
    
    The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about 190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of the map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the southern limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with respect to the position, the position and the size of the constellations were somewhat altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that there should be no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. The work of the author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at a later time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation are like.
pt_BR: ### Origem
    
    As 272 constelações exibidas nesta cultura do céu do Stellarium foram baseadas no *Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do*, o mapa de constelações coreano, que foi entalhado em pedra no ano de 1395, mas que tem origem a partir de outro mapa do céu, que existiu há cerca de 2.000 anos atrás. Esse mapa representa 1.467 estrelas em aproximadamente 190 constelações, cujas formas são levemente diferentes das constelações chinesas. A interpretação do mapa não foi fácil: o mapa é tão antigo, que foram encontradas apenas cerca de 300 estrelas que correspondiam às estrelas reais. Todas as estrelas do mapa foram traçadas em um círculo, de modo que o Equador parece menor do que o limite sul. Pelo fato de a densidade das constelações não mudar no que se refere à posição, a posição e o tamanho das constelações foram um pouco alteradas de uma forma desconhecida pelo autor. Supõe-se que não devem haver estrelas brilhantes que não pertençam a nenhuma constelação. O trabalho do autor está sujeito a interpretação, e pode ser alterado em um momento posterior. Entretanto, ele pretende mostrar de uma forma aproximada como são as constelações coreanas.

note: Korean sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *[Jeong, Tae-Min](http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/)*
pt_BR: Esta cultura do céu foi contribuída pelo usuário do Stellarium *[Jeong, Tae-Min](http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/)*.

note: Macedonian sky culture name
en: Macedonian
pt_BR: Macedônio

note: Maori sky culture authors section in markdown format Tongan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com
pt_BR: Esta cultura do céu foi contribuída pelo usuário do Stellarium *Dan Smale*, d.smale(at)niwa.co.nz

note: Mongolian sky culture name
en: Mongolian
pt_BR: Mongol

note: Navajo sky culture name
en: Navajo
pt_BR: Navaja

note: Navajo sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and northwestern New Mexico.
pt_BR: Os navajos são a maior tribo americana nativa nos Estados Unidos da América. A Nação Navajo se estende ao nordeste do Arizona, ao sudeste de Utah, e ao noroeste do Novo México.

note: Navajo sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [The Navajo Nation](http://www.navajo.org) official website
     - [#2]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html)
     - [#3]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html)
     - [#4]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html](http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html)
pt_BR:  - [#1]: [A Nação Navajo](http://www.navajo.org): saite oficial (em inglês)
     - [#2]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html)
     - [#3]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html)
     - [#4]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html](http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html)

note: Navajo sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book **Star Trails-Navajo** by Don Childrey.
pt_BR: Esta cultura do céu foi contribuída por *Karrie Berglund* da Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc., baseada principalmente no livro *Star Trails-Navajo*, de Don Childrey.

note: Norse sky culture name
en: Norse
pt_BR: Nórdica

note: Norse sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Norse Constellations](http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html)
pt_BR:  - [#1]: [Constelações nórdicas](http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html) (em inglês)

note: Norse sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Jonas Persson*, jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se
pt_BR: Esta cultura do céu foi contribuída pelo usuário do Stellarium *Jonas Persson*, jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se

note: Romanian sky culture name
en: Romanian
pt_BR: Romena

note: Romanian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Considered as a whole, Romanian popular stellar mythology has three essential components.
    
    The FIRST one - the ancestral pastoral-agricultural is pre-Christian, in which the sky seen both as an agrarian clock for specific activities and as an "exhibition" of agricultural tools used by peasants.
    
    The SECOND component - more recent - corresponding to the Christianization of Romanian geographical space and repositioning in the sky the Christian and pre-Christian elements where constellations are associated with cosmogonical and theogonical myths, so that the sky is seen more like a church.
    
    And the THIRD component - the origin of the Romanian people, projecting on the sky the synthesis of formation of this people (the conquest of Dacia by the Romans) through projection of dramatic scenes from this history of Dacians mixing with the Romans.
    
    **Note**: in Western Constellation Orion there are four Traditional Romanian Constellations that are overlapping.
pt_BR: Considerada como um todo, a mitologia estelar popular romena apresenta três componentes essenciais.
    
    O primeiro componente, que é ancestral e pastoral-agrícola, é pré-cristão, no qual o céu é visto tanto como um relógio agrícola para atividades específicas quanto como uma “exibição” de ferramentas agrícolas empregadas pelos camponeses.
    
    O segundo componente, mais recente, corresponde à cristianização do espaço geográfico romento e reposiciona no céu os elementos cristãos e pré-cristãos, em que as constelações são associadas a mitos cosmogônicos e teogônicos, de modo que o céu é visto mais como uma igreja.
    
    O terceiro componente, por sua vez, refere-se à origem do povo romeno, projetando no céu a síntese da formação desse povo (a conquista da Dácia pelos romanos) por meio da projeção de cenas dramáticas dessa história dos dácios misturando-se com os romanos.
    
    **Observação**: na constelação ocidental de Órion, há quatro constelações romenas tradicionais que a ela se sobrepõem.

note: Romanian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Website for Tradițional Romanian Constellation](http://www.crt-ro.com)
     - [#2]: [On-line booklet in ro/en about 39 Traditional Romanian Constellations](http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-romanesti-tradiionale)
     - [#3]: [30 seconds movies made from scripts and with subtitle in English](http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro)
     - [#4]: [Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky – Translation of texts adapted from Ion Ottescu](http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news)
     - [#5]: [PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES](http://planetariubm.ro/)
    
    Thanks to Andrei Dorian Gheorghe and Alastair McBeth – SARM members
pt_BR:  - [#1]: [Sítio da rede sobre constelações romenas tradicionais](http://www.crt-ro.com)
     - [#2]: [Folheto na rede em romeno/inglês sobre as 39 constelações romenas tradicionais](http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-romanesti-tradiionale)
     - [#3]: [Vídeos de 30 segundos feitos a partir de apresentações e com legendas em inglês](http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro)
     - [#4]: [Crenças dos camponeses romenos nas estrelas e no céu – Tradução de textos adaptada de Ion Ottescu](http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news)
     - [#5]: [PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES](http://planetariubm.ro/)
    
    Agradecimentos a Andrei Dorian Gheorghe e a Alastair McBeth – membros do SARM

note: Romanian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user [Mircea Lite](mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com) on behalf of Baia Mare Planetarium, as a result of a project called *Traditional Romanian Constellations* primarily based on the book *Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky* by Ioan Otescu.
    
    The Romanian constellation lines, images, scripts and texts for movies prepared by [Radu Lodina](mailto:rlodina@gmail.com) and [Ovidiu Ignat](mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com). Romanian constellation art done by Zamfir Somcutean.
pt_BR: Esta cultura do céu foi contribuída pelo usuário do Stellarium [Mircea Lite](mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com) em nome do Baia Mare Planetarium, como resultado de um projeto chamado *Constelações Romenas Tradicionais*, baseado principalmente no livro *Crenças dos camponeses romenos nas estrelas e no céu* de Ioan Otescu.
    
    As linhas, imagens, apresentações e textos para os vídeos das constelações romenas foram preparados por [Radu Lodina](mailto:rlodina@gmail.com) e por [Ovidiu Ignat](mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com). A arte das constelações romenas foi feita por Zamfir Somcutean.
    
    Todos os materiais relacionados às constelações romenas tradicionais estão publicados sob a Creative Commons Atribuição-Compartilhamento pela mesma licença 3.0 Unported.

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The names of the constellations of Siberian peoples is rather poorly studied. This region has the large territory and the knowledge about constellations are difficult to reconcile in a single integrated picture. In this culture of the sky marked only specific names and objects, which typical for the whole of Siberia.
pt_BR: Os nomes das constelações dos povos da Sibéria são muito pouco estudados. Essa região tem um vasto território e é difícil conciliar o conhecimento sobre as constelações em um único quadro integrado. Nessa cultura do céu, são marcados apenas nomes e objetos específicos, típicos para toda a Sibéria.

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Milky Way
    
    The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., *Goose Road*) and the name of a later period (*Mamay Road*). The names of the later period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the Mongol-Tatar invasion to Russia.
    
    ### Pleiades
    
    The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a bird's nest. Among these names *Duck Nest* is the most common.
    
    ### Ursa Major
    
    In Siberia often used name for this constellation is *Elk* (although in Eastern Siberia the name "Bear" is used more frequently).
    
    ### Orion
    
    In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of his belt, who called *Kichigi* (the Threshers) - is typical for north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major constellation.
pt_BR: ### Via Láctea
    
    Os nomes para a Via Láctea são bastante numerosos, mas podem ser distinguidos em dois grupos: os nomes oriundos do passado (por exemplo, *Estrada do Ganso*) e os nomes de um período posterior (*Estrada de Mamay*). Esses últimos claramente apresentam conexão com a memória da invasão mongol-tártara da Rússia.
    
    ### Plêiades
    
    As Plêiades têm diversos nomes, até mais numerosos do que os da Via Láctea, contudo, na Sibéria, todos podem ser reduzidos à noção de um aglomerado estelar em forma de ninho de ave. Dentre esses nomes, *Ninho de Pato* é o mais comum.
    
    ### Ursa Maior
    
    Na Sibéria, um nome frequentemente utilizado para essa constelação é *Alce* (embora na Sibéria Oriental o nome *Urso* seja usado mais frequentemente).
    
    ### Órion
    
    Com relação à constelação de Órion, são usualmente consideradas, na Sibéria, apenas as três estrelas de seu cinturão, denominadas *Kichigi* (os debulhadores), constelação essa que, no nordeste da Rússia, é típica para a imagem de debulhadores, que estão parados em fileira. Na parte europeia da Rússia, a constelação chamada Kichigi normalmente oculta a constelação de Ursa Maior.

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Svjatskij, D.O. Astronomija Drevnej Rusi. - M., 2007. - 664 s.
     - [#2]: Svjatskij, D.O. Pod svodom hrustal'nogo neba: Ocherki po astral'noj mifologii v oblasti religioznogo i narodnogo mirovozzrenija. Izd. 2-e M.: Knizhnyj dvor "LIBROKOM", 2011. - 192 s.
     - [#3]: Rut, M.E. Slovar' astronimov. Zvezdnoe nebo po-russki. - M.: AST-PRESS KNIGA, 2010. - 288 s.
     - [#4]: Karpenko, Ju.A. Nazvanija zvezdnogo neba. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 184 s.
pt_BR:  - [#1]: Svjatskij, D. O. Astronomija Drevnej Rusi. - M., 2007. - p. 664
     - [#2]: Svjatskij, D. O. Pod svodom hrustal'nogo neba: Ocherki po astral'noj mifologii v oblasti religioznogo i narodnogo mirovozzrenija. Izd. 2-e M.: Knizhnyj dvor "LIBROKOM", 2011. - p. 192
     - [#3]: Rut, M. E. Slovar' astronimov. Zvezdnoe nebo po-russki. - M.: AST-PRESS KNIGA, 2010. - p. 288
     - [#4]: Karpenko, Ju. A. Nazvanija zvezdnogo neba. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - p. 184

note: Sami sky culture name
en: Sami
pt_BR: Lapônica

note: Sami sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula). More information can be found at [#1] and [#2].
pt_BR: O povo lapônico é considerado a população nativa do norte da Noruega, Suécia e Finlândia, e do oeste da Rússia (a Península de Kola). Mais informações podem ser encontradas em [#1] e no [#2] (em inglês).

note: Sami sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Sources
    
    Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark[#3], who based much of his work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi.
    
    This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami. Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may be small differences with some references.
    
    Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role for Sami peoples in years gone by.
    
    The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture was lost before it was recorded properly.
    
    ### Constellations and Stars
    
    The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is complete. The constellations and stars included here are all connected to the dominant constellation, *Sarva* &mdash; the elk. Sarva is the Sami name for elk, an alternative name is *Sarvvis* &mdash; Bull elk. The origin of this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture before reindeer were domesticated.
    
    *Sarva* consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent hunters of the elk. *Favdna* (also transcribed as *Favtna*) is the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his bow and arrow (*Fauna davgge* &mdash; the Big Dipper). Favdna must aim well, for if he hits the Sky Support *Boahjenaste* (the star Polaris), legend has it that the world will come to an end.
    
    Favdna has a number of helpers: *Galla* (Procyon<sup>[1](#note1)</sup>) and his sons *Gallabarneck* (Orion's belt), the "Ski Runners", *Cuoigahægjek* (Castor and Pollux) and "The Runner" (Vega). The Pleiades are called *Rougot* (dog pack) or *Miese-cora* (calfpack).
    
    The Milky Way is called *Lodde-raiddaras* (lit. bird path) or *Jakke-mærka* (lit. year mark). The name used depends on the season. In the sky chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star *Guovso-naste*, morning star, that can be identified as Venus, but this is not certain as it can also be identified as Altair, a star showing the morning is approaching (similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture).
    
    The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami people's range. Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is frequently bright enough to obscure many stars.
    
    ### Notes
    
     1. <a name="note1"/>The exact star which represents *Galla* is uncertain. it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the latitude where the Sami live.
pt_BR: ### Fontes
    
    A cultura do céu lapônica do Stellarium é baseada na obra [#3], de Bo Lundmark, que baseou grande parte de seu trabalho nos escritos do artista e autor lapônico Johan Turi.
    
    Esta cultura do céu é uma conglomeração de pelo menos três culturas levemente distintas dos povos lapônicos meridionais, lapônicos setentrionais e lapônicos russos. Cada um desses grupos tem línguas ligeiramente diferentes e, desse modo, pode haver pequenas diferenças com relação a algumas referências.
    
    As constelações lapônicas podem ser observadas em artefatos lapônicos ligados à antiga religião, sugerindo que, no passado, o céu noturno desempenhou um importante papel cultural para os povos lapônicos.
    
    A cultura do céu lapônica tem muito em comum com outras culturas árticas e sub-árticas na Eurásia. Uma lamentável semelhança é o fato de grande parte da cultura ter sido perdida antes de ter sido devidamente registrada.
    
    ### Constelações e estrelas
    
    As constelações lapônicas são, provavelmente, muito antigas, mas foram registradas por escrito durante o século XIX. Não se sabe se o registro escrito é completo. As constelações e estrelas aqui incluídas estão todas relacionadas à constelação dominante, *Sarva*, o alce. Sarva é o nome lapônico para alce; um nome alternativo é *Sarvvis*, que quer dizer *alce macho*. A origem dessa constelação provavelmente remonta à antiga cultura dos caçadores, antes de as renas terem sido domesticadas.
    
    *Sarva* consiste das constelações ocidentais Cassiopeia, Perseu e de partes do Cocheiro. As constelações e estrelas em torno de Sarva representam caçadores do alce. *Favdna* (também transcrito como *Favtna*) é a estrela Arcturus, e representa o caçador que visa o alce com seu arco e flecha. (*Fauna davgge*, a Grande Concha). Favdna deve mirar bem, pois se ele acertar a Escora do Céu, *Boahjenaste* (a estrela Polaris), reza a lenda que o mundo chegará ao fim.
    
    Favdna tem alguns ajudantes: *Galla* (Procyon<sup>[1](#note1)</sup>) e seus filhos *Gallabarneck* (cinturão de Órion), “Os Esquiadores”, *Cuoigahægjek* (Castor e Pollux) e “O Corredor” (Vega). As Plêiades são denominadas *Rougot* (matilha de cães) ou *Miese-cora* (manada de bezerros).
    
    A Via Láctea é chamada de *Lodde-raiddaras* (literalmente: caminho das aves) ou *Jakke-mærka* (literalmente: marca do ano). O nome utilizado depende da estação do ano. Na carta celeste de Johan Turi, é possível observar uma estrela, *Guovso-naste*, estrela da manhã, que pode ser identificada como Vênus. Isso, no entanto, não está claro, pelo fato de ela também poder ser identificada como Altair, uma estrela que indica que a manhã se aproxima (de maneira semelhante a Arcturus na cultura do céu nórdica).
    
    A cultura do céu lapônica não tem um grande número de constelações. Cogita-se que isso seja devido principalmente à alta latitude setentrional da área em que vive o povo lapônico. Dois fatores contribuem para isso: o céu meridional em grande medida permanece abaixo do horizonte, e a aurora boreal é amiúde suficientemente brilhante para obscurecer muitas estrelas.
    
    ### Notas
    
    <ol align="justify"> <li><a name="note1"/>A estrela exata que representa *Galla* é incerta. Provavelmente é Procyon, Rigel ou Sirius – Procyon foi escolhida como Galla para esta cultura do céu pelo fato de Sirius ser muito difícil de detectar a partir da latitude em que vivem os lapões.</li> </ol>

note: Sardinian sky culture name
en: Sardinian
pt_BR: Sardenha

note: Sardinian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Like all peoples of the world, even the ancient Sardinians, turned their eyes to the sky that marked the time and the seasons. The peasant's world has given its name to the stars and the constellations of the Sardinian culture.
pt_BR:  Como todos os povos do mundo, mesmo os antigos sardos, voltaram seus olhos para o céu que marcava o tempo e as estações. O mundo do camponês deu o seu nome às estrelas e às constelações da cultura sarda.

note: Sardinian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Stars and constellations in sardinian language](https://web.archive.org/web/20201029082540/http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php)
     - [#2]: [Stellarium Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts)
     - [#3]: [Stellarium Wiki](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian)
pt_BR:  - [#1]: [Estrelas e constelações em língua sarda](http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php)
     - [#2]: [Stellarium Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts)
     - [#3]: [Stellarium Wiki](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian)

note: Sardinian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user *Giuseppe Putzolu*, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com
    
    ### Credits
    
    The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu
pt_BR: Estas constelações foram criadas pelo usuário do Stellarium *Giuseppe Putzolu*, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com
    
    ### Créditos
    
    As constelações da cultura da Sardenha são o resultado da pesquisa feita por Tonino Bussu e Marco Puddu

note: Tikuna sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Tikuna indigenous people have inhabited the region of the Upper Solimões river for the past 2,000 years. They currently occupy a territory where the political borders of three countries converge: Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. This is the reason why the Tikuna recognize themselves as a differentiated indigenous group, while also identifying with the national identities related to these three countries.
pt_BR: O movimento das constelações Tikuna corresponde a uma interpretação da sazonalidade da chuva, como as narrativas expostas no presente texto sugerem. As constelações são relacionadas com mitos referenciando: A ascensão e descida de Wücütcha (fera celestial associada ao clã da Onça), Coyatchicüra (Queixada do Jacaré) e Baweta (coletivo da tartaruga aquática), assim como a briga da Onça com o Tamanduá no caminho da Anta. De acordo com o testemunho dos índios Tikuna, Baweta aparece no oriente celeste ao anoitecer quando se aproxima o mês de novembro. Após o nascimento de Baweta, sobe a queixada do Jacaré. A perna de Wücütcha corresponde a Orion e começa a descer no céu ocidental no começo de maio, aproximadamente ao anoitecer do dia 20. Alguns dias depois, a Queixada do Jacaré, também desaparece a Oeste no horizonte.
    
    O povo Tikuna habita a região do Alto Solimões há aproximadamente 2000 anos, ocupando atualmente território que atravessa as fronteiras político-administrativas de três países: Brasil, Colômbia e Peru. Devido a isto os Tikuna percebem-se como um grupo indígena diferenciado que no entanto se insere em processos identitários relacionados aos três diferentes países.

note: Tikuna sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Tikuna territory encompasses a region 600 kilometers long, running west to east from the Chimbote region in Peru—along the emptiness of the Amazonas-Solimões valley, in the so-called Trapézio Amazônico (Colombian Amazonian Trapezoid)—to the Barreira da Missão region, in the municipality of Tefé, in the Brazilian state of Amazonas (See The Ticuna Atlas, Figure I).
    
     <img src="illustrations/Atlas_das_terras_Tikuna.png" width="753" height="453" />
    
     <em>Figure 1: The Tikuna Atlas<cite id="cit1a">[**<sup>1</sup>**](#cit1)</cite> </em>
    
    The agencies and researchers that deal with them estimate that more than 53,544 (Siasi/Sesai, 2014) Tikunas live in Brazil (FUNASA, 2009), 8.000 in Colombia (Goulard, 2010), and 6.982 in Peru (INEL, 2007)<cite id="cit2a">[**<sup>2</sup>**](#cit2)</cite>. Together, they constitute the largest Amazonian indigenous population. Aside from their own Tikuna language, they also speak Spanish and Portuguese, depending on whether they live in Colombia and Peru or in Brazil.
    
    The Tikuna live in riverside villages along the Amazonas-Solimões and its tributaries, called igarapés. Their daily life revolve around the cultivation cycles of different agricultural goods; specially, manioc, used to produce the flour the Tikuna sell in the markets of the region’s main cities. They are also fishers, hunters, and gatherers of the forest products. The women make hammocks, bags, and other objects with plant fibers; and the men paint on tururi fiber and fabricate arrows, paddles, and canoes.
    
    It should be noted that, in Brazil, the Tikuna Indians live in indigenous lands recognized by Brazil’s indigenous policy. They are located in “terrestrial islands” among non-indigenous territories occupied by the Brazilian Population, from Tabatinga to Manaus (as illustrated in the Brazilian Tikuna Atlas).
    
    ### The Astronomical Correlations
    
    The movements of the Tikuna constellations correspond to an interpretation of the seasonality of rainfall, as the Tikuna narratives suggest. These constellations are related to myths referencing the ascension and fall of Wücütcha (a heavenly beast related to the Jaguar Clan), Coyatchicüra (Caiman’s Jaw) and Baweta (Tracajá, the Aquatic Turtle Collective), the Anteater’s fight with the Jaguar, and the Way of the Tapir.
    
    According to the testimony of the Tikuna indigenous people, Baweta (the Pleiades Star Cluster) appears in the eastern sky towards the end of November, at nightfall. After Baweta rises, Caiman’s Jaw rises. Wücütcha’s leg corresponds to a portion of The Orion Constellation; and it begins to disappear from the western sky around the 20th of May, at nightfall. About one month earlier, the Caiman’s Jaw, corresponding to The Hyades Star Cluster in Taurus, also disappears to the West.
    
    According to Vieira’s interpretation, the form of Baweta (the Turtle Collective) is associated with the stars within the asterisms of the Pleiades and of Perseus. Baweta’s eyes are the feet of Perseus (Omicron Persei - Atik and ζ (Zeta) Persei). The “V” shape that Western astronomy relates to the head of Taurus is called Coyatchicüra (Caiman’s Jaw). Wücütcha’s Leg corresponds to the stars that groups as Orion. Its toes are Orion’s Belt and the bend of the legs are ι (iota) Orionis; κ (kappa) Orionis; η (eta) Leporis and δ (delta) Leporis.
    
    During the summer, the fight between the Anteater (Tchatü) and the Jaguar (Ai) occurs. The end of the battle coincides with the death and ascension of Wücütcha. The eyes of the Anteater are located in β (beta) of Triangulum Australe; his claw and body is in the constellations Norma and Ara. The right foot of the Jaguar is in Scorpio’s α (Antares), σ (Sigma), and τ (tau); its eyes are in ε (epsilon) and μ (mu) Scorpii; and its left paw is in λ (Shaula), υ (upsilon Sco – Lesath) and κ (kappa) of the same constellation. Wücütcha (the Jaguar’s leg) represents the beginning of the rains in late September; and its reappearance to the east follows the setting of Tchatü in the west, at nightfall, in the end of November. Those correlations are illuminated by indigenous testimony reproduced below:
    
    > “The stars fit into their respective constellations. First is Wücütcha. After winter, summer begins to walk. It is the Jaguar. After him, comes Coyathicüra in the month of May, at nightfall, when the Caiman’s Jaw appears on the beach. Baweta appears in September, the month of the turtle. In May, Wücütcha and Coyatchicüra fall. They all fall together at the end of May. In July, they come again. Baweta already begins to appear in July. When Wücütcha falls, beginning in May, caimans and turtles begin to appear. The apex is in September.”
    >
    > “In May, all the constellations fall, together with their planets. It is summertime. Later, in July, they appear again for the New Year. Coya and Wücütcha leave the sky from May to September. Later, in July, they appear again.”
    >
    > Fernando Marques or Ütchancu – translated by Lucho
    
    The Tikuna interpret processes affected by a succession of meteorological changes that, in turn, determine the rainy and the dry seasons. In this region of Western Amazon, the rainy season runs from December to March and the dry season from June to September. During April, May, October, and November the rainfall is intermediate. In November, the water level starts to rise and in late December the tides occur. During the month of May, the water level drops until September, the peak of the drought. The periods of El Niño imply a rain deficit, causing the extreme drought of the great river; during La Niña, the cooling of the Pacific increases the amount of water, causing dramatic tides and floods.
    
    Although dependent on weather variability, at the September Equinox the Tikuna observe how fog affects how they see in early morning; the Pleiades star cluster disappears on the morning horizon in early June and reappears in the evening, in late November. The goal of the Tikuna is to predict the intensity of the coming rains in order to negotiate with the entity Mawü, the “Master of Rain,” the effects of the floods on their subsistence activities.
    
    According to the explanations found in Enepü (a Tikuna community in the indigenous Land Eware II, in the Brazilian State of Amazon, in Western Amazonia), the influence of seasonality upon Tikuna subsistence activities is more prevalent along the Solimões. In the headwaters of the igarapés, where Enepü is situated, plenty of food exists all year long. In Enepü, trees and palms, such as the ingá and açaí, are fertile all year long due to the “virginity” and the enrichment of the soil by natural compost. The same thing occurs with the fishing in Lake Preto, within the limits of Enepü, where they can supply themselves abundantly with fish all year long. On the Solimões, however, one finds fish only from April to July, when the water level drops. Abundance in the hunt is also from April to July (or September, at most), along the Solimões. Fishing becomes more difficult when the river is high. The fruit of the native açaí palm is collected in summer, and customarily saved for preparation during winter—time of poor hunting and fishing. Through planning and regular gardening, harvests are available all year long. The harvest of cultivated plants also occurs during the drought months. There is a certain degree of flexibility in adapting the agricultural calendar to the rainy season (when fishing and hunting are not productive) and the dry season, (when fishing is more abundant); however, difficulties involving navigation and transport grow as the water level drops along the igarapés linking the river. Traditional culture, however, is not prepared for unforeseen alterations in the rainy season, such as it occurred in 2002. In that year, July saw the beginning of the repiquete (the rise on water levels), which normally occurs in September. This destroyed the short-range agricultural cycle and made the fish scarcer, changing alimentary habits.
     <p id="cit1"><notr><a href="#cit1a"><B>1</B></a></notr><cite>This work adopts linguistic convention when writing Tikuna, even though several Anthropologists and Indigenous experts use the vernacular form (Ticuna).</cite></p>
    
     <p id="cit2"><notr><a href="#cit2a"><B>2</B></a></notr><cite> According to socioambiental.org, consulted on 08/05/2019.</cite></p>
pt_BR: O território Tikuna estende-se em uma área de 600 quilômetros desde a região do Chimbote no Perú e pelo Vale do Amazonas-Solimões desde o chamado Trapézio Amazônico até a região da Barreira da Missão no Município de Tefé no Estado do Amazonas (ver o mapa Atlas das Terras Ticuna, Figura I).
    
     <img src="illustrations/Atlas_das_terras_Tikuna.png" width="753" height="453" />
    
     <em>Figura I: Atlas das terras Tikuna no Brasil<cite id="cit1a">[**<sup>1</sup>**](#cit1)</cite> </em>
    
    As agências e pesquisadores que lidam com este povo estima que mais de 53.544 (Siasi/Sesai, 2014) Tikuna vivem no Brasil (FUNASA, 2009), 8.000 na Colômbia (Goulard, 2010) e 6.982 no Peru (INEL, 2007)<cite id="cit2a">[**<sup>2</sup>**](#cit2)</cite> . Juntos, eles constituem a maior população indígena da Amazônia. Além de sua própria língua Tikuna, eles também falam português e espanhol, dependendo se vivem na Colômbia, no Peru ou no Brasil.
    
    Os Tikuna vivem em comunidades ribeirinhas ao longo do Amazomas-Solimões e seus tributários, cursos menores de água denominados igarapés. A vida cotidiana envolve o cultivo de bens agrícolas, mais particularmente a mandioca, usada para produzir a farinha que os Tikuna vendem em comércios nas principais cidades da região. Eles também são pescadores e coletores de produtos da floresta. As mulheres fazem redes, bolsas e outros objetos com fibras de palmeiras e os homens pintam tecidos de entrecasca de árvore bem como fabricam arcos, remos e canoas.
    
    Os Tikuna afirmam que os dois irmãos gêmeos Yoi’i e Ipi - que são os seus heróis cultu-rais mais representativos - criaram os primeiros homens. A carne de Ipi foi convertida em peixe e Yoi’i o pescou no igarapé mítico Eware. Quando içados à terra, os peixes foram transformados em Tikuna. Yoi lhes ensinou a trabalhar e realizar festas e lhes deu nomes clânicos associados com pássaros e animais terrestres, de modo a organizar a sociedade Tikuna.
    
    Deve ser levado em consideração que no Brasil os Tikuna vivem em terras indígenas reconhecidas pela política indigenista do estado nacional situadas em “ilhas territoriais” entre terras não indígenas povoadas por população brasileira, de Tabatinga a Manaus (ver como ilustração o Atlas das Terras Tikuna).
    
    ### Correlações astronômicas
    
    Correlacionando as constelações Tikuna com as da astronomia ocidental, de acordo com a intepretação de Vieira, a forma de Baweta é associada com as estrelas dos asterismos das Plêiades e Perseu. Seus olhos estão nos pés de Perseu (Omicron Persei -Atik e ζ (Zeta) Persei). A forma em “V” relacionada à cabeça do Touro é chamada Coyatchicüra (Queixada do Jacaré). A perna de Wücütcha é relacionada às estrelas agrupadas em Orion. Os dedos do pé são o cinturão de Órion e as dobras da perna são representadas por ι (iota) Orionis; κ (capa) Orionis; η (eta) Leporis e δ (delta) Leporis.
    
    Durante o verão ocorre a briga do Tamanduá (Tchatü) e a Onça (Ai), sendo que o final da peleja coincide com a morte e ascensão de Wücütcha. Os olhos do Tamanduá estão em β (beta) do Triângulo Austral. Sua pata e corpo nas constelações de Norma e Ara. A pata direita da Onça está em α (Antares), σ (Sigma) e τ (Tau), do Escorpião ocidental; seus olhos estão em ε (épsilon) e μ (mi), também no Escorpião. Sua pata esquerda está em λ (Shaula), υ (ípsilon Sco – Lesath) e κ (Capa), da mesma constelação. Tchatü deixando o céu à região Oeste ao anoitecer, no fim de novembro, coincide com o reaparecimento da perna da Onça (Wücütcha) no Leste, anunciando o começo das chuvas ao final de setembro. Estas correlações são esclarecidas por testemunhos indígenas reproduzidos abaixo:
    
    “As estrelas cabem nas suas respectivas constelações. Primeiro é Wücütcha. Depois do inverno, o verão começa a caminhar. É a Onça. Depois aparece Coyathicüra no mês de maio, num início de noite, quando os jacarés aparecem na praia. Baweta aparece em setembro, mês da tartaruga. Em maio, caem Wücütcha e Coyatchicüra. Todos fazem ‘ram, ram!’ Caem todos juntos no fim de maio. Em julho, vêm de novo. Baweta começa a aparecer já no mês de julho. Quando cai Wücütcha, a partir de maio, começa a aparecer jacaré, tartaruga. O ápice é setembro”.
    
    “No mês de maio, caem as constelações junto com os seus planetas. É a época do verão. Em julho, aparecem de novo para o próximo ano. Coya e Wücütcha saem do céu de maio a setembro.” (Fernando Marques ou Ütchancu – traduzido por Luís Angel).
    
    Os Tikuna interpretam processos afetados pela sucessão de mudanças meteorológicas que determinam as estações das chuvas e da estiagem. Na Amazônia Ocidental, as chuvas vão de dezembro a março e o verão de junho a setembro. Nos meses de abril, maio, outubro e novembro a carga pluvial é intermediária. Em novembro, o nível das águas começa a subir e no final de dezembro principiam as cheias. Durante do mês de maio, as águas descem até setembro, o pique da seca. Os períodos de El Niño implicam um déficit de pluviosidade, causando seca extrema do grande rio. Durante la Niña, o esfriamento do Oceano Pacífico incrementa o aumento de água, causando dramáticas cheias e inundações.
    
    Ainda que dependendo da variabilidade climática, no equinócio de setembro os Tikuna observam como a neblina afeta como eles veem, antes do alvorecer, as plêiades que desaparecem no horizonte matutino no início de junho e reaparecem no crepúsculo vespertino no final de novembro. Os Tikuna almejam prognosticar a intensidade das chuvas que estão por vir para negociar com a entidade Mawü, “o dono da chuva”, os seus efeitos para as suas atividades de subsistência.
    
    O mesmo ocorre com a pesca no Lago Preto, que está dentro dos limites territoriais do Enepü. onde os habitantes podem se abastecer de peixe durante todo o ano. No Solimões entretanto, encontra-se peixe apenas de abril a julho, quando o rio está mais baixo. O tempo da fartura na caça ali também está entre abril a julho, ou no máximo até setembro. Quando o rio enche a pesca se torna mais difícil. O fruto da palmeira do açaí é colhido também durante o verão e por costume estocada para preparação durante o inverno, tempo pobre para caça e pesca. Contaram que planejando as atividades regulares de roçado, a colheita agrícola pode ser disponível durante todo o ano. A colheita das plantas cultivadas também ocorre durante os meses de estiagem. Existe certo grau de flexibilidade na adaptação do calendário agrícola e extrativo à estação chuvosa quando a pesca e a caça são menos produtivas e a estação seca quando há mais abundância mas quando ocorrem mais dificuldades na navegação e transporte pois o nível da água nos igarapés dificulta navegação e transporte fluviais. A cultura tradicional não está preparada, no entanto, para inesperadas alterações na estação chuvosa como ocorreu em 2002. Naquele ano, julho viu o começo do repiquete (subida inesperada das águas) que normalmente ocorre em setembro. Isto destruiu a agricultura de ciclo curto e escasseou o peixe, causando mudança em hábitos alimentares.
     <p id="cit1"> <a href="#cit1a"><B>1</B></a><cite>Este trabalho adota a convenção linguística grafando Tikuna, ainda que muitos antropólogos e especialistas indígenas usam a forma vernacular (Ticuna).</cite></p>
    
     <p id="cit2"> <a href="#cit2a"><B>2</B></a><cite> De acordo com socioambiental.org, consultado em 05/08/2019.</p></cite>

note: Tikuna sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: **Priscila Faulhaber** (Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences)
    
    **Fernando Vieira** (Astronomer and Former Coordinator of Astronomy in The Planetarium Foundation of the City of Rio de Janeiro) helped with the interpretation of the astronomical correlations between Western and Tikuna constellations, identified by the Tikuna in November 2002, during a research visit at the Science Center and Planetarium of the Universidade do Pará (Belém/Brazil), using the Starry Night System. Vieira plotted the correspondence between the traces of Tikuna mythical animals and the Official IAU constellations of western astronomy. He also reviewed this text for any skyscape incongruences related to corresponding Western astronomy and Tikuna cosmovision.
    
    We are integrating in this investigation **Walmir Thomazi Cardoso**, a Physics Professor in the Postgraduate Program in History of Sciences and Techniques and Epistemology at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (HCTE-UFRJ) and researcher of astronomy in culture; he made some reinterpretations in a collaborative work with physics undergraduate students; and **Youssif Ghantous Filho**, adapting and anchoring original drawings to Stellarium. Nevertheless, every sky interpretation is contextual and circumstantial. Current collaborative investigations are looking for new astronomical observation together with the Tikuna, which will improve the initial findings.
    
     The data used in **Cardoso & Ghantous Filho** were a reinterpretation of charts used by the Tikunas, **Pedro Inácio Pinheiro** and **Luís Angel Ramos**, to interpret Tikuna constellations. The calculations were established based upon coordinates 70° W and 3°S with the help of Oswaldo dos Santos Barros, Pará State (CCPP). The different interpretations of the drawings developed from the ongoing collaborative investigation with Walmir T. Cardoso, researcher of astronomy in Culture, takes into consideration some changes, such as the ones shown in this work.   **Marcio D´Olne Campos** (UNICAMP and SULear/SOUTHing Proposal) helped map the location of the Tikuna village and define their latitude and longitude coordinates (See Tikuna Lands Atlas).
    
    The recording of this myth and the identification of the Jaguar’s eyes was inspired by Curt Nimuendajú, (1952 p.143).
pt_BR: **Priscila Faulhaber**
    
    Museu de Astronomia e Ciências Afins
    
    **Fernando Vieira,**(Astrônomo e ex-diretor da Fundação Planetário do Rio de Janeiro), auxiliou a interpretação das correlações astronômicas entre as constelações ocidentais e dos Tikuna identificadas pelos Tikuna em Novembro de 2002, em visita de estudo no Centro de Ciência e Planetário do Pará (CCPP) na cidade de Belém-Brasil, usando o Sistema Starry Night. Fernando Vieira plotou a correspondência entre os traços dos animais e as constelações ocidentais e também revisou este texto o que parecia apresentar incongruência na correspondência entre a visão ocidental e a cosmovisão Tikuna.
    
    Está integrado a esta investigação o Professor de Física no Programa de Pós-graduação em História das Ciências e das Técnicas e Epistemologia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (HCTE-UFRJ) e Astrônomo nas Culturas **Walmir Thomazi Cardoso**, que fez algumas interpretações em colaboração com o estudante de graduação de física **Youssif Ghantous Filho**, que adaptando e ancorando desenhos originais indígenas ao Stellarium. No entanto, toda interpretação do céu é contextual e circunstancial. As pesquisas colaborativas aguardam por novas observações astronômicas junto com os Tikuna, que irão incrementar estes achados iniciais.
    
    Os dados usados por **Cardoso & Ghantous Filho** foram reinterpretados nas cartas que os Tikuna Pedro Inácio Pinheiro e Luís Angel Ramos usaram para interpretar as constelações Tikuna correspondentes. Os cálculos se basearam e 70⸰ We 3⸰S com a ajuda de Oswaldo do Santos Barros, do Planetário do Pará (CCPP). Diferentes interpretações dos desenhos desenvolvidas na pesquisa colaborativa em curso com Walmir T. Cardoso, levam em conta algumas mudanças mostradas no presente trabalho. Barthelemy D’Ans (Instituto Peruano de Astronomia, Planetario Maria Reich Lima-Ica-Nasca-Colca-Cusco), editou a foto panorâmica e adaptou-a aos horizontes do software Stellarium. Marcio D´Olne Campos (UNICAMP and SULear/SOUTHing Proposal) auxiliou na localização das comunidades Tikuna e nas definições de coordenadas de latitude e longitude.

note: Tongan sky culture name
en: Tongan
pt_BR: Tonganesa

note: Tongan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the practical application of nautical navigation.
pt_BR: Como em toda a cultura estelar polinésia, a cultura do céu tonganesa descende da utilização prática da navegação náutica.

note: Tongan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: In some circumstances separation of individual star names from &quot;star path&quot; names cannot be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on which Tongan island group it originates from. The nomenclature of stars is approximated based on the limited resources available.
    
    Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: &alpha; UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This is surprising since the vast majority of star lore &ndash; globally and Polynesian &ndash; has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two anomalies.]
    
    Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian.
    
    ### Nomenclature
    
    |Tongan term|Designation|
    |-----------|-----------|
    |Humu|Coal sack|
    |Kaniva|Milky Way|
    |Ma'afulele|Large Magellan cloud|
    |Ma'afutoka|Small Magellan cloud|
    |'otu Ma'afu|Magellanic clouds (both)|
    |Ha'amonga|Ecliptic|
    |Mahina|Moon|
    |La'a|Sun|
    |Fetu'u|Star (in general)|
    |Fetu'ufuka|Comet|
    |'Umata|Rainbow|
    |Fetu'u'Esiafi|Falling star|
    |tapukitea|Venus|
    |Matamemea|Mars|
    |Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)|Canopus|
    |Ma'afulele (same as LMC)|Sirius|
    |Velitoa hififo|Rigel|
    |Velitoa hahake|Betelgeuse|
    |Hikule'o|Arcturus|
    |Monuafe|Meissa|
    |Motuliki|Pleiades|
    |Tu'ulalupe|Hyades|
    |Toloatonga|Southern Cross|
    |Toloalahi|False Cross|
    
    **Tongan constellations**
    
    |Tongan name|Designation or notes|
    |-----------|--------------------|
    |Tuinga ika|Part of Orion, belt and sword|
    |Ae e'Uvea|Corona Borealis (*Speculative*)|
    |Fatanalua|Coma Berenices (*Speculative*)|
    |Kapakau'o'tafahi|Cassiopeia (*Speculative*)|
    |Toloa|Belt of Orion|
    |Lua tangata|Castor and/or Pollux|
    |Fungasia|Toliman and/or Agena|
    |Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)|&mdash;|
pt_BR: Em certas circunstâncias, a separação de nomes de estrelas individuais dos nomes do &quot;caminho estelar&quot; não pode ser resolvida. Uma estrela pode ter vários nomes, caso a estrela faça parte de numerosos caminhos estelares e pelo fato da designação de estrelas poder diferir, dependendo de em qual grupo de ilhas tonganesas ela se originou. A nomenclatura de estrelas é aproximada, com base nos limitados recursos disponíveis.
    
    Ao passo que as estrelas e as constelações mais notáveis e comuns (isto é, Órion, as Plêiades, a Cruz) são identificados na cultura estelar tonganesa, há duas exceções importantes. Há a ausência de uma designação para a Estrela do Norte (Polaris: α UMi). Isto é peculiar, considerando a latitude das ilhas tonganesas e a proeminência dessa estrela em certas épocas do ano. No caso de quaisquer viagens para o norte a partir de Tonga, um ponto de referência navigacional tão importante não poderia, possivelmente, ter passado despercebido. A constelação de Escorpião (partes ou estrelas dela) também está ausente da cultura estelar tonganesa. Isso é surpreendente, visto que a imensa maioria das culturas estelares, globais e polinésias, tem Escorpião como uma constelação central, devido ao fato de ela ser facilmente identificada e por ela estar quase diretamente oposta a Órion no céu noturno. [O Stellarium agradece por qualquer conhecimento adicional a respeito dessas duas anomalias.
    
    A ancestralidade comum da cultura estelar polinésia é evidente nas similaridades das designações de estrelas. Por exemplo, as Plêiades são chamadas Mataliki em tonganês, Matariki em maori and Makali’i em havaiano.
    
    ### Nomenclatura
    
    |Termo tonganês|Designação|
    |--------------|----------|
    |Humu|Saco de Carvão|
    |Kaniva|Via Láctea|
    |Ma’afulele|Grande Nuvem de Magalhães|
    |Ma’afutoka|Pequena Nuvem de Magalhães|
    |’Otu Ma’afu|Nuvens de Magalhães (ambas)|
    |Ha’amonga|Eclíptica|
    |Mahina|Lua|
    |La’a|Sol|
    |Fetu’u|Estrela (em geral)|
    |Fetu’ufuka|Cometa|
    |’Umata|Arco-íris|
    |Fetu’u’Esiafi|Estrela cadente|
    |Tapukitea|Vênus|
    |Matamemea|Marte|
    |Ma’afutoka (igual à PNM)|Canopus|
    |Ma’afulele (igual à GNM)|Sirius|
    |Velitoa hififo|Rigel|
    |Velitoa hahake|Betelgeuse|
    |Hikule’o|Arcturus|
    |Monuafe|Meissa|
    |Motuliki|Plêiades|
    |Tu’ulalupe|Híades|
    |Toloatonga|Cruzeiro do Sul|
    |Toloalahi|Falsa Cruz|
     <p><strong>
    Constelações tonganesas
    </strong></p>
    |Nome tonganês|Designação ou notas|
    |-------------|-------------------|
    |Tuinga ika|Parte de Órion, do cinturão e da espada|
    |Ae e’Uvea|Coroa Boreal (*especulativo*)|
    |Fatanalua|Cabeleira de Berenice (*especulativo*)|
    |Kapakau’o’tafahi|Cassiopeia (*especulativo*)|
    |Toloa|Cinturão de Órion|
    |Lua tangata|Castor e/ou Pollux|
    |Fungasia|Toliman e/ou Agena|
    |Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)|&mdash;|

note: Tongan sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Velt Kik, *Ko E Ngaahi fetu'u 'o, Stars over tonga*, 1990 'Atenisi University, Nuku'alofa, Tonga Government printing department.
     - [#2]: T.H Fale, *Tongan astronomy*, 1990 Polynesian Eyes foundation, Nuku'alofa, Tonga Choice printing.
     - [#3]: E. E. V. Collocott, *Tongan astronomy and calendar*, 1992 Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian ethnology and Natural History, Vol.8, No. 4 Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press 1922, p. 157-173.
pt_BR:  - [#1]: Velt Kik, *Ko E Ngaahi fetu’u ’o, Stars over tonga*, 1990, ’Atenisi University, Nuku’alofa, Tonga Government printing department.
     - [#2]: T. H. Fale, *Tongan astronomy*, 1990, Polynesian Eyes foundation, Nuku’alofa, Tonga Choice printing.
     - [#3]: E. E. V. Collocott, *Tongan astronomy and calendar*, 1992, Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian ethnology and Natural History, Vol. 8, No. 4. Honolulu, Hawaii, Bishop Museum Press 1922, p. 157-173.

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture name
en: Tupi-Guarani
pt_BR: Tupi-guarani

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries.
pt_BR: Tupi-guarani é o nome dado a uma família de línguas faladas pelos povos indígenas do Brasil e de outros países da América do Sul.

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Paulo Marcelo Pontes*.
pt_BR: Esta cultura do céu foi contribuída pelo usuário do Stellarium *Paulo Marcelo Pontes*.
