en to hr translation catalogue (88 entries)

note: Anutan sky culture name
en: Anutan
hr: Anutanska

note: Anutan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or undistinguished).
hr: Anuta je maleni vulkanski otok koji je, iako smješten unutar Salomonskih otoka Melanezije, naseljen Polinezijancima. Zvijezde pružaju Anutanski najvažniji alat za dugoročnu navigaciju. Glavne zvijezde i zviježđa vodilje su poznate kao "kaavenga". Zvjezdane staze koje slijede od jednog do drugog otoka (čak i ako se nisu uzdigle ili već postavljene) nazivaju se 'kau panogna porau'. Neimenovane zvijezde koje se ne upotrebljavaju kao glavna navigacijska pomagala nazivaju se "petuu vare" (bezumne, uobičajene ili nerazlučene).

note: Anutan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Nomenclature
    
    |Anutan name|English translation|Western skylore|
    |-----------|-------------------|---------------|
    |Te Tino A Manu|The Bird's Body|Sirius|
    |Te Kapakau Tonga|The East Wing|Canopus|
    |Te Kapakau Pakatokerau|The North Wing|Procyon|
    |Te Kaokao O Manu|The Bird's Armpit|Group of four small stars just east of Manu's Body|
    |Te Kope|The Bamboo|Grus|
    |Ara Toru|Path of Three|Orion's belt|
    |Te Angaanga|The Tongs|Taurus's forehead|
    |Matariki|Small Face, or Small Eyes|Pleiades|
    |Kaavei|Octopus Tentacle|Aries|
    |Taki Roto|Middle Precursor|Corner of Great Square (one large star)|
    |Taki Mua|Forward Precursor|Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder|
    |Toki|Adze|Delphinus|
    |Te Aamonga|The Carrying Stick|Three stars in Aquila in a straight line|
    |Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu|Sammara Squirrelfish|Four large stars in Sagittarius|
    |Te Rua Tangata|Double Man|Alpha and Beta Centauri|
    |Te Rakau Tapu|The Net, or The Sacred Timber|Southern Cross|
    |Taro|Taro plant|Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau (its leaves)|
    |Te Tukaniva|&mdash;|Milky way|
    |Te Ao Rere|The Running Cloud|Large Magellanic Cloud|
    |Te Ao Toka|The Restrained Cloud (?)|Small Magellanic Cloud|
    |Te Petuu Ao|The Morning Star|Venus|
    |Tiuriuri|The Morning Star(?)|Venus(?)|
hr: ### Nomenklatura
    
    |Anutanski naziv|Prijevod|Zapadno zvjezdoznanstvo|
    |---------------|--------|-----------------------|
    |Te Tino A Manu|Ptičje Tijelo|Sirius|
    |Te Kapakau Tonga|Istočno Krilo|Canopus|
    |Te Kapakau Pakatokerau|Sjeverno Krilo|Procyon|
    |Te Kaokao O Manu|Ptičji Pazuh|Grupa od četiri manje zvijezde istočno od tijela Manua|
    |Te Kope|Bambus|Ždral|
    |Ara Toru|Staza Trojice|Orionov pojas|
    |Te Angaanga|The Tongs|Bikovo Čelo|
    |Matariki|Malo Lice, ili Male Oči|Plejade|
    |Kaavei|Krak Hobotnice|Aries|
    |Taki Roto|Srednji Prethodnik|Kut Velikog Kvadrata (jedna velika zvijezda)|
    |Taki Mua|Prednji Prethodnik|Pegazove prednje noge i Rame|
    |Toki|Adze|Delphinus|
    |Te Aamonga|Štap Za Nošenje|Tri zvijezde u Orlu u ravnoj liniji|
    |Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu|Riba Sammara|Četiri sjajne zvijezde u Strijelcu|
    |Te Rua Tangata|Dupli Čovjek|Alfa i Beta Centauri|
    |Te Rakau Tapu|Mreža, ili Sveto Drvo|Južni Križ|
    |Taro|Biljka Taro|Škorpion, Antares je Te Kau (stabljika). Pet zvijezda oko Antaresa su Ona Rau (njeni listovi)|
    |Te Tukaniva|&mdash;|Mliječna staza|
    |Te Ao Rere|Oblak koji teče|Veliki Magellanov oblak|
    |Te Ao Toka|The Restrained Cloud (?)|Mali Magellanov oblak|
    |Te Petuu Ao|Jutarnja zvijezda|Venera|
    |Tiuriuri|Jutarnja zvijezda (?)|Venera (?)|

note: Anutan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com
hr: Ovu kulturu zviježđa za Stellarium uredio je *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com

note: Armintxe Cave sky culture name
en: Armintxe Cave
hr: Špilja Armintxe

note: Aztec sky culture name
en: Aztec
hr: Astečka

note: Aztec sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p><img src="illustrations/aztec0.png" width="150" height="146" align="left" />For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental America in the 16th century.</p>
    <p>The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is preserved in the <em>tlacuilos</em>, word that comes from the ancient Nahuatl word <em>tlacuiloa</em>, which means <em>writing with drawings</em>. These Tlacuilos where stored in the <em>amoxcalli</em>, meaning amoxtli: books and calli: house. Later their became known as <em>codices</em>; a word that came from the Latin word Codex which means written book.</p>
    <p>After the  Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed, their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials such as deer skin, <em>amate</em> paper or cotton fabric and they had no text only draws or <em>glifos</em>. However the collection of Mesoamerican customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and Nahuatl.</p>
    <p><img src="illustrations/edificios.png" width="321" height="156" /><br />
    <em>Astronomical building</em></p>
    <p>Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the <em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (first memorials), which is a colonial manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/Primeros_Memoriales.png" width="399" height="351" /></p>
    
    Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for Stellarium.
hr: <p><img src="illustrations/aztec0.png" width="150" height="146" align="left" />Za drevne Asteke, znanje o noćnom nebu i kretanju zvijezda imalo je veliku
    važnost u njihovim kalendarima te mjerenjima poljoprivrednih i vjerskih
    ciklusa. Međutim, veliki dio ovog znanja izgubljen je kao posljedica
    španjolskih osvajanja u kontinentalnoj Americi u 16. stoljeću. </p>
    <p>Elementi Astečkog društva kao što  su kultura, ekonomija i znanost sačuvani
    su u <em>tlacuilos</em>, riječ koja dolazi iz drevne Nahuatl riječi
    <em>tlacuiloa</em>, koja ima značenje <em>tekstovi sa crtežima</em>. Ovi
    Tlacuilos-i bili su pohranjeni u <em>amoxcalli-ma</em>, od riječi amoxtli:
    knjiga i calli: kuća. Kasnije su postale poznate kao <em>codices</em>; prema
    latinskom izrazu Kodeks koji znači 'napisana knjiga'.</p>
    <p>Nakon španjolskih osvajanja, veliki broj pred - španjolskih Kodeksa bio je
    unište. Njihova glavna osobina bila je da su crtani na mnogim različitim
    materijalima, poput jelenje kože, <em>amate</em>  papiru ili pamučnim
    tkaninama, te nisu sadržavali tekst, već samo crteže ili
    <em>glifove</em>. No, prikupljanje srednjo američkih običaja bilo je
    prisutno prije i nastavilo se nakon osvajanja zahvaljujući radu nekih
    autohtonih indijanaca i ponekih španjolskih svećenika. Takvi su kodeksi
    poznati kao Kolonijalni kodeksi, a u njima je vidljiva razlika u načinu
    crtanja zbog novih tehnika crtanja i novih materijala uvezenih iz Europe,
    kao i zbog uklapanja  opisnog teksta na španjolskom i jeziku Nahuatl. </p>
    <p><img src="illustrations/edificios.png" width="321" height="156" /><br />
    <em>Astronomska građevina</em></p>
    <p>Nažalost, astečko astronomsko znanje u sačuvanim kodeksima je vrlo
    slabo. Slijedeća slika jedna je od rijetkih na kojoj se prikazuju nazivi
    nekih zviježđa i astronomskih pojava definiranih od strane Asteka, a
    pripadaju <em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (prvim zapisima), odnosno
    kolonijalnim rukopisima iz 16. stoljeća koje je napisao Fray Bernardino de
    Sahagun.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/Primeros_Memoriales.png" width="399" height="351" /></p>
    
    Danas, u ovom radu imamo objašnjena nekih astečkih zvjezdanih oblika za
    Stellarium.

note: Aztec sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Fuego Nuevo](http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html)
     - [#2]: [Constelaciones Prehisp&#225;nicas](http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm)
     - [#3]: [The Question of the Zodiac in America](http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf)
     - [#4]: [Aztec Mythology](http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html)
     - [#5]: [Los c&#243;dices de M&#233;xico](http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF)
     - [#6]: [Los c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico](http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico)
     - [#7]: [Real c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n](http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm)
     - [#8]: [Akapochtli](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli)
     - [#9]: [Iconograf&#237;a mexicana, Volumen 3](http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false)
     - [#10]: [El C&#243;dice Par&#237;s](http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html)
     - [#11]: [El nacimiento del sol y la luna](http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html)
     - [#12]: [Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX](http://aulex.org/nah-es/)
     - [#13]: [Tlachtli](http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html)
    
    ### Thanks to
    
     - Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval
     - Martha Patricia Rivera
     - Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra
     - Hector Vega
     - Rafael Rojas Segoviano
     - Juan Caballero
     - SAAGS
hr:  - [#1]: [Fuego Nuevo](http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html)
     - [#2]: [Constelaciones Prehisp&#225;nicas](http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm)
     - [#3]: [Pitanje Zodijaka u Americi](http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf)
     - [#4]: [Astečka mitologija](http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html)
     - [#5]: [Los c&#243;dices de M&#233;xico](http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF)
     - [#6]: [Los c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico](http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico)
     - [#7]: [Real c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n](http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm)
     - [#8]: [Akapochtli](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli)
     - [#9]: [Iconograf&#237;a mexicana, Volumen 3](http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false)
     - [#10]: [El C&#243;dice Par&#237;s](http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html)
     - [#11]: [El nacimiento del sol y la luna](http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html)
     - [#12]: [Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX](http://aulex.org/nah-es/)
     - [#13]: [Tlachtli](http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html)
    
    ### Zahvaljujući
    
     - Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval
     - Martha Patricia Rivera
     - Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra
     - Hector Vega
     - Rafael Rojas Segoviano
     - Juan Caballero
     - SAAGS

note: Aztec sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: <p><strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong><br /><a href="mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a></p>
    
    English translation by: Rafael Rojas Segoviano
hr: <p><strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong><br /><a href="mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a></p>
    
    Prijevod na hrvatski: Rafael Rojas Segoviano

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture name
en: Babylonian (MUL.APIN)
hr: Babilonska (MUL.APIN)

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture name
en: Babylonian (Seleucid)
hr: Babilonska (Seleukidi)

note: Belarusian sky culture name
en: Belarusian
hr: Bjeloruska

note: Belarusian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Shown here are some interesting folk astronomy constellations found in Belarus, a country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus is landlocked and contains large tracts of marshy land and thousands of lakes. Forests cover about 40% of the country. Belarus is exceptional in that people in the villages have preserved their traditional knowledge about the stars and related beliefs, right through to the present time. The illustrations are by no means exhaustive. In fact, many asterisms have multiple recorded meanings, ranging from ancient to Christianized.
hr: Ovdje su prikazane neka zanimljiva zviježđa pučke astronomije Bjelorusije, zemlje u istočnoj Europi koja graniči s Rusijom na sjeveroistoku, Ukrajinom na jugu, Poljskom na zapadu, te Litvom i Latvijom na sjeverozapadu. Bjelorusija je kontinentalna država bez izlaza na more, sadrži velike površine močvarnog tla i tisuće jezera. Šume prekrivaju oko 40% zemlje. Bjelorusija je izuzetna po tome što su ljudi u selima sačuvali svoje tradicionalno znanje o zvijezdama i srodnim vjerovanjima sve do današnjih vremena. Ilustracije nikako nisu iscrpne. U stvari, mnogi asterizmi imaju višestruko zabilježena značenja, u rasponu od drevnih pa do kršćanskih.

note: Belarusian sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en:  - Elias's Cart &mdash; the burning cart that is ridden by Elias, the Christianized version of a constellation previously seen as *simply* a large cart.
     - The Bride
     - The Chicks
     - The Cross &mdash; a Peter’s cross
     - The Crown &mdash; the thorn wreath that was put on Christ’s head.
     - The Goat
     - The Grass Snakes
     - The Kingdoms &mdash; These two stars served as a symbol of two states: the Great Lithuanian Princedom and the Polish Kingdom.
     - The Mowers &mdash; These three stars stand one after another in the manner of people mowing the fields.
     - The Nail &mdash; The north star is seen as a nail around which the skies revolve.
     - The Ploughman
     - The Rake
     - The Ram
     - The Serpent &mdash; St. Yuri killed this serpent and hung it near the star that always stands in the same place
     - The Sieve &mdash; It was said that “God used to sift grains of *zhito* through it“.
     - The Small Cart &mdash; Ursa Minor resembles the large cart of Ursa Major.
     - The Throne &mdash; Lord Jesus’s chair.
     - The Twins
     - The Goose's Way
hr:  - Eliasova Kola &mdash; goruća kola kojim upravlja Elias, pokrštena verzija zviježđa prethodno viđena *jednostavno*  kao velika kola.
     - Nevjesta
     - Pilići
     - Križ &mdash; Petrov križ
     - Kruna &mdash; vijenac od trnja koji je stavljen na Kristovu glavu.
     - Koza
     - Poljske Zmije
     - Kraljevstva &mdash; Ove su zvijezde predstavljale simbol dviju država: Velike kneževine Litve i Poljskog Kraljevstva.
     - Kosci &mdash; Ove tri zvijezde stoje jedna za drugom u stilu ljudi koji kose polja.
     - Čavao &mdash; Sjevernjača viđena kao čavao oko kojeg se vrti nebo.
     - Orač
     - Grablje
     - Ovan
     - Zmija &mdash; Sv. Juraj ubio je ovu zmiju te je objesio u blizini zvijezde koja uvijek stoji na istom mjestu.
     - The Sieve &mdash; It was said that “God used to sift grains of *zhito* through it“.
     - Mala Kola &mdash; Mali Medvjed nalikuje velikim kolima Velikog medvjeda.
     - Prijestolje &mdash; Isusova stolica.
     - Blizanci
     - Put Gusaka

note: Belarusian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Belarussian Folk Astronomy](http://aviti.livejournal.com) The author's website, in Belarusian.
     - [#2]: Авілін Ц. «Паміж небам і зямлёй. Этнаастраномія», Менск, Тэхналёґія, 2015. ISBN 978-985-458-261-0.
     - [#3]: [Belarusian Ethnoastronomy.](https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy)
     - [#4]: [Ethnoastronomical aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.](https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement)
     - [#5]: [Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#6]: [Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#7]: [Astronyms in Belarussian folk beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs)
hr:  - [#1]: [Bjeloruska pučka astronomija](http://aviti.livejournal.com) stranica autora, na bjeloruskom jeziku.
     - [#2]: Авілін Ц. «Паміж небам і зямлёй. Этнаастраномія», Менск, Тэхналёґія, 2015. ISBN 978-985-458-261-0.
     - [#3]: [Bjeloruska etnoastronomija.](https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy)
     - [#4]: [Etnoastronomski aspekt tradicionalnog bjeloruskog fitonimikona](https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement)
     - [#5]: [Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#6]: [Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#7]: [Astronyms in Belarussian folk beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs)

note: Belarusian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: The creation of this sky culture for Stellarium was suggested by Alexander Wolf to Johan Meuris, based on the article **Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Beliefs** by Tsimafei Avilin, published in the peer-reviewed journal Archaeologia Baltica.
    
    Illustrations by Johan Meuris.
hr: Alexander Wolf predložio je stvaranje ove kulture zviježđa za Stellarium Johanu Meurisu, na temelju članka **Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Beliefs** autora Tsimafei Avilin-a, objavljenog u recenziranom časopisu Archaeologia Baltica.
    
    Autor ilustracija je Johan Meuris.

note: Boorong sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: One hundred and forty years ago, a Boorong family at Lake Tyrrell (North-Western Victoria, Australia) told William Stanbridge something of their stories relating to the night sky. Some forty stars, constellations and other celestial phenomena were named and located. He wrote them down and related this information to the Philosophical Institute in Melbourne in 1857. In his paper he wrote down the Aboriginal term and gave its European equivalent. What John Morieson has done is look closely at these celestial phenomena, attempt to satisfactorily identity them and to imitate the way the Boorong people may have seen them. John's interpretation was used to create the constellation figures in Stellarium.
    
    The Boorong were very much acquainted with the night sky, and William Stanbridge wrote in 1857 that they &quot;Pride themselves upon knowing more of Astronomy than any other tribe&quot;.
hr: Prije sto četrdeset godina, Boorong obitelj s Jezera Tyrrel (Sjeverozapadna Victoria, Australija) ispričala je William Stanbridge-u nešto od svojih priča povezanih s noćnim nebom. Nekih četrdesetak zvijezda, zviježđa i ostalih nebeskih pojava bile su imenovane i pozicionirane. Zapisao ih je i 1857. godine proslijedio ove informacije Filozofskom Institutu u Melbourne-u . U svom je radu zapisao nazive Aboridžina i dao im europske ekvivalente. John Morieson je detaljno pregledao ove nebeske pojave i pokušaoih identificirati i prikazati na što izvorniji način, način na koji ih je vidio Boorong narod. Njegova je interpretacija korištena prilikom stvaranja oblika zviježđa u Stellariumu.
    
    Boorong pleme je bilo vrlo dobro upoznato s noćnim nebom, a William Stanbridge je 1857. godine napisao &quot;da se ponose time što znaju više o astronomiji nego bilo koje drugo pleme&quot;.

note: Boorong sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Constellations and other celestial objects
    
    |Name|Explanation|Celestial Clue|
    |----|-----------|--------------|
    |<notr>Berm-berm-gle</notr>|Red-kneed dotterel|Alpha and Beta Centauri|
    |<notr>Boorong</notr>|Night; small mallee; starry firmament|Starry firmament at night|
    |<notr>Bunya</notr>|Ring-tail possum|Top star in Southern Cross|
    |<notr>Chargee Gnowee</notr>|Elder sister, sister of the sun|Venus|
    |<notr>Bittur</notr>|Larvae of the woodant|&mdash;|
    |<notr>Collenbitchick</notr>|Species of ant|Double star in head of Capricornus|
    |<notr>Collowgulloric War</notr>|Female crow, wife of War|Eta Carinae|
    |<notr>Colowgulloric Warepil</notr>|Female eagle, wife of Warepil|Rigel In Orion|
    |<notr>Djuit</notr>|Red-rumped parrot|Antares|
    |<notr>Gellarlec</notr>|Pink cockatoo|Aldebaran|
    |<notr>Ginabongbearp</notr>|Sulphur-crested white cockatoo; pulling up daylight|Jupiter|
    |<notr>Gnowee</notr>|Day; Sun|Sun|
    |<notr>Karik Karik</notr>|Spear thrower; Australian Kestrel|Two stars at end of Scorpius|
    |<notr>Kourt-chin</notr>|Male and female brolga|Clouds of Magellan|
    |<notr>Kulkanbulla</notr>|Two teenage boys|Belt and Scabbard of Orion|
    |<notr>Lamankurrk</notr>|Girls, young women|Pleiades|
    |<notr>Marpeankurrk</notr>|Meat ant; treecreeper|Arcturus|
    |<notr>Millee</notr>|Murray River|Part of the Milky Way|
    |<notr>Mindi</notr>|The maned snake|Part of the Milky Way|
    |<notr>Mityan</notr>|Quoll|Moon|
    |<notr>Neilloan</notr>|Mallee fowl|Lyra|
    |<notr>Nurrumbunguttias</notr>|Old man, black faced mallee kangaroo|White aura of the Milky Way|
    |<notr>Otchocut</notr>|Great fish|Delphinus|
    |<notr>Porkelong toute</notr>|Loss of tooth|Shooting star|
    |<notr>Pupperimbul</notr>|Diamond firetail finch or shy hylacola|Carried the emu egg to become the Sun|
    |<notr>Purra</notr>|Red kangaroo|Capella|
    |<notr>Tchingal</notr>|The tall one; emu|Dark space near Cross|
    |<notr>Totyarguil</notr>|Purple crowned lorikeet|Altair|
    |<notr>Tourchingboiongerra</notr>|Needlewood hakea and willie wagtails|Coma Berenices|
    |<notr>Tourte</notr>|Star|Any star|
    |<notr>Tyrille</notr>|Space; night sky|Space; night sky|
    |<notr>Unurgunite</notr>|Jacky lizard|Sigma Canis Majoris|
    |<notr>Wanjel</notr>|Long-necked tortoise|Pollux|
    |<notr>War</notr>|Crow|Canopus|
    |<notr>Warepil</notr>|Wedge tailed eagle|Sirius|
    |<notr>Warring</notr>|Galaxy|Milky Way|
    |<notr>Weetkurrk</notr>|Singing bushlark|Star in Bootes west of Arcturus|
    |<notr>Won</notr>|Boomerang|Corona Australis|
    |<notr>Yerredetkurrk</notr>|Owlet nightjar|Achernar|
    |<notr>Yurree</notr>|Fan-tailed cockatoo|Castor|
hr: ### Zviježđa i ostali nebeski objekti
    
    |Naziv|Objašnjenje|Nebeski trag|
    |-----|-----------|------------|
    |Berm-berm-gle|Pijukavac s crvenim koljenima|Alfa i Beta Centauri|
    |Boorong|Noć; maleni mallee eukaliptus; zvjezdani svod|Zvjezdani svod noću|
    |Bunya|Oposum s prstenastim repom|Gornja zvijezda Južnog Križa|
    |Chargee Gnowee|Starija sestra, sestra sunca|Venera|
    |Bittur|larve ili ličinke koje se hrane drvetom|&mdash;|
    |Collenbitchick|Vrste mrava|Dvojna zvijezda u glavi Jarca|
    |Collowgulloric War|Ženka vrane, žena War-a|Eta Carinae|
    |Colowgulloric Warepil|Ženka orla, žena Warepil-a|Rigel u Orionu|
    |Djuit|Papagaj crvene stražnjice|Antares|
    |Gellarlec|Ružičasti kakadu|Aldebarana|
    |Ginabongbearp|Žuto kukmasti kakadu|Jupiter|
    |Gnowee|Dan; Sunce|Sunce|
    |Karik Karik|Bacač koplja; Australska vjetruša|Dvije zvijezda na kraju Škorpiona|
    |Kourt-chin|Mužjak i ženka Australskog ždrala|Magellanovi oblaci|
    |Kulkanbulla|Dva Tinejđera|Pojas i korice mača Oriona|
    |Lamankurrk|Djevojke, mlade žene|Plejade|
    |Marpeankurrk|Vrsta mrava|Arcturus|
    |Millee|Rijeka Murray|Dio Mliječne Staze|
    |Mindi|Vrsta zmije|Dio Mliječne Staze|
    |Mityan|Bijelopjegavi kunaš|Mjesec|
    |Neilloan|Pjegava kokošina|Lyra|
    |Nurrumbunguttias|Starac, vrsta klokana s crnim licem|Bijela aura Mliječne Staze|
    |Otchocut|Velika riba|Delphinus|
    |Porkelong toute|Gubitak zuba|Zvijezda padalica|
    |Pupperimbul|autohtona ptica Australije|Nosila je jaje emua da postane Sunce|
    |Purra|Crveni klokan|Capella|
    |Tchingal|Onaj visoki, emu|Tamni prostor blizu Križa|
    |Totyarguil|Australska vrsta papige|Altair|
    |Tourchingboiongerra|Crno-bijela lepezašica i grm u kojem prebiva|Berenikina kosa|
    |Tourte|Zvijezda|Bilo koja zvijezda|
    |Tyrille|Svemir, noćno nebo|Svemir, noćno nebo|
    |Unurgunite|australski gušter|Sigma Canis Majoris|
    |Wanjel|Dugovrata kornjača|Pollux|
    |War|Vrana|Canopus|
    |Warepil|Orao klinastog repa|Sirius|
    |Warring|Galaksija|Mlječna staza|
    |Weetkurrk|vrsta australske ptice|Zvijezda u Volaru zapadno od Arcturusa|
    |Won|Bumerang|Corona Australis|
    |Yerredetkurrk|vrsta australske ptice|Achernar|
    |Yurree|Kakadu širokog repa|Castor|

note: Boorong sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *[John Morieson](http://www.johnmorieson.com)* and *[Alex Cherney](http://www.terrastro.com)*.
hr: Ovu kulturu zviježđa su stvorili *[John Morieson](http://www.johnmorieson.com)* i *[Alex Cherney](http://www.terrastro.com)*.

note: Chinese sky culture name
en: Chinese
hr: Kineska tradicionalna

note: Chinese sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 Chinese star names from *Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). *Complete Studies of Astronomical* is an imperial record of astronomy finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial Astronomical Observatory made a revision to it and published *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical*, which is the major reference to the traditional Chinese Xingguans and star names used today. Yi Shitong has conducted textual research and summary of these records in his book*Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo).
    
    Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* and *Complete Studies of Astronomical*.
    
    In addition, some stars have been added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China* (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ) by Pan Nai, if these stars are not certified in *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue1950.0(Star Catalogue)*.
    
    If the star name is followed by a "*", it is a star added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China*.
    
    If the star name is followed by a "?", it is a star added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China*, but cannot be fully certified.
    
    ### Sun, Moon and Planets
    
    The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element concepts. Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, Mars is named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth Star.
    
    In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix "great" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: 太阳; pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). Their other name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, Chinese: 日) And Yue (Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name for the moon is Yueliang (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng).
    
    The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: 七曜; pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and Yang.
    
    ### Xingguans
    
    Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere into asterisms or constellations, known as "Xingguan". Modern constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries between Xingguans.
    
    The name and layout of the Xingguans are very social, the kingdom, the mountains, the goods, the industry all move to the sky, according to the Earth's way in the sky to copy a world.
    
    The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic tradition. A Xingguan contain more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿；pinyin: Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to the influence of precession, six Xingguans near the southern horizon are getting more and more south. They were no longer easy to be observed by astronomers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded in *Complete Studies of Astronomical*.
    
    Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; pinyin: JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming Dynasty based on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 Xingguans. The Southern Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system.
    
    Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to almost every Xingguan, called "added stars" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: zēngxīng). The original stars are called "primary stars" (Chinese: 正星; pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has a number. The name of the stars in *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few Xingguans, each star has a special name.
    
    In this way, *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* has 300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total.
    
    Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than Western names.
    
    ![](illustrations/yxkcxt.png)
    
    *Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)*
    
    ### Three Enclosures
    
    Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: 太微垣; pinyin: Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán).
    
    Each Enclosure has two walls, called the left wall and the right wall which are the main Xingguans. The walls are surrounded by many Xingguans. There are also Xingguans in the vicinity of the wall that belong to this Enclosure.
    
    Purple Forbidden enclosure is the inner palace of the emperor, it covers the northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and parts of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules. Purple Forbidden enclosure has 37 Xingguans.
    
     - [Purple Forbidden enclosure (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure)
    
    Supreme Palace Enclosure is the place where the emperor and the courtiers deal with their politics. Supreme Palace Enclosure has a variety of officials and government agencies. It covers the modern constellations Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and Leo Minor. Supreme Palace Enclosure has 20 Xingguans.
    
     - [Supreme Palace Enclosure (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure)
    
    Heavenly Market Enclosure is a bazaar in the sky, a place where ordinary people live. The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of Hercules. Heavenly Market Enclosure has 19 Xingguans. They were named after the participants of the bazaar and the facilities of the bazaar.
    
     - [Heavenly Market Enclosure (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure)
    
    ### Twenty-Eight Mansions
    
    The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) also known as 28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the ecliptic and the sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 regions according to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion (Chinese: 宿; pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion every day to rest.
    
    Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion.
    
    Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: 宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion.
    
    Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also changed in history.
    
    On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies.
    
    If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; pinyin: rùxiùdù).
    
    Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), which is the angular distance between the star and the north celestial pole, we can determine the position of a star on the celestial sphere. Mansion distance degrees and polar distance degrees together constitute the two components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system.
    
    The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west.
    
    ### The List of The Twenty-Eight Mansions (J2000)
    
    |Seven Luminaries|   |Wood|Metal|Earth|Sun|Moon|Fire|Water|
    |----------------|---|----|-----|-----|---|----|----|-----|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>东方苍龙</notr>|<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>箕宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Dōngfāng Cānglóng</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|Azure Dragon of the East|Horn Mansion|Neck Mansion|Root Mansion|Room Mansion|Heart Mansion|Tail Mansion|Winnowing Basket Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>46</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>α Vir</notr>|<notr>κ Vir</notr>|<notr>α2 Lib</notr>|<notr>π Sco</notr>|<notr>σ Sco</notr>|<notr>μ1 Sco</notr>|<notr>γ Sgr</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>13h25m11.6s</notr>|<notr>14h12m53.8s</notr>|<notr>14h50m52.8s</notr>|<notr>15h58m51.1s</notr>|<notr>16h21m11.3s</notr>|<notr>16h51m52.2s</notr>|<notr>18h05m48.5s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>47m42s</notr>|<notr>37m59s</notr>|<notr>1h07m58s</notr>|<notr>22m20s</notr>|<notr>30m41s</notr>|<notr>1h13m57s</notr>|<notr>39m51s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>12.10°</notr>|<notr>9.63°</notr>|<notr>17.24°</notr>|<notr>5.67°</notr>|<notr>7.78°</notr>|<notr>18.76°</notr>|<notr>10.11°</notr>|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>北方玄武</notr>|<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>壁宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Běifāng Xuánwǔ</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|Black Tortoise of the North|Dipper Mansion|Ox Mansion|Girl Mansion|Emptiness Mansion|Rooftop Mansion|Encampment Mansion|Wall Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>65</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>μ Sgr</notr>|<notr>β Cap</notr>|<notr>ε Aqr</notr>|<notr>β Aqr</notr>|<notr>α Aqr</notr>|<notr>α Peg</notr>|<notr>γ Peg</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>18h45m39.4s</notr>|<notr>20h21m0.7s</notr>|<notr>20h47m40.6s</notr>|<notr>21h31m33.5s</notr>|<notr>22h05m47.0s</notr>|<notr>23h04m45.7s</notr>|<notr>00h13m14.2s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>1h35m21s</notr>|<notr>26m40s</notr>|<notr>43m53s</notr>|<notr>34m13s</notr>|<notr>58m59s</notr>|<notr>1h08s29s</notr>|<notr>43m58s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>24.19°</notr>|<notr>6.76°</notr>|<notr>11.13°</notr>|<notr>8.68°</notr>|<notr>14.96°</notr>|<notr>17.37°</notr>|<notr>11.15°</notr>|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>西方白虎</notr>|<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>参宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Xīfāng Báihǔ</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|White Tiger of the West|Legs Mansion|Bond Mansion|Stomach Mansion|Hairy Head Mansion|Net Mansion|Turtle Beak Mansion|Three Stars Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>54</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>η And</notr>|<notr>β Ari</notr>|<notr>35 Ari</notr>|<notr>17 Tau</notr>|<notr>ε Tau</notr>|<notr>λ Ori</notr>|<notr>ζ Ori</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>00h57m12.3s</notr>|<notr>01h54m38.4s</notr>|<notr>02h43m27.1s</notr>|<notr>03h44m52.5s</notr>|<notr>04h28m37.0s</notr>|<notr>5h35m8.3s</notr>|<notr>05h40m45.5s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>57m26s</notr>|<notr>48m49s</notr>|<notr>1h01m26s</notr>|<notr>43m44s</notr>|<notr>1h06m31s</notr>|<notr>5m32s</notr>|<notr>42m12s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>14.57°</notr>|<notr>12.38°</notr>|<notr>15.58°</notr>|<notr>11.09°</notr>|<notr>16.87°</notr>|<notr>1.40°</notr>|<notr>10.70°</notr>|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>南方朱雀</notr>|<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>轸宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Nánfāng Zhūquè</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|Vermilion Bird of the South|Well Mansion|Ghosts Mansion|Willow Mansion|Star Mansion|Extended Net Mansion|Wings Mansion|Chariot Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>42</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>μ Gem</notr>|<notr>θ Cnc</notr>|<notr>δ Hya</notr>|<notr>α Hya</notr>|<notr>υ1 Hya</notr>|<notr>α Crt</notr>|<notr>γ Crv</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>6h22m57.6s</notr>|<notr>8h31m35.7s</notr>|<notr>8h37m39.4s</notr>|<notr>09h27m35.2s</notr>|<notr>09h51m28.7s</notr>|<notr>10h59m45.9s</notr>|<notr>12h15m48.4s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>2h08m38s</notr>|<notr>6m3s</notr>|<notr>49m58s</notr>|<notr>23m54s</notr>|<notr>1h08m17s</notr>|<notr>1h16m02s</notr>|<notr>1h09m23s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>32.63°</notr>|<notr>1.54°</notr>|<notr>12.67°</notr>|<notr>6.06°</notr>|<notr>17.32°</notr>|<notr>19.29°</notr>|<notr>17.60°</notr>|
    
    note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system.
    
    note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees.
    
     - <notr>[Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Eight_Mansions)</notr>
    
    ### The Southern Sky
    
    The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi (Chinese: 徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans based on the European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated into the traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually variations of Western constellations, and they are mostly named after animals.
    
    ### The list of Xingguans
    
    |Chinese Name|Pinyin|Translation|Number of Primary Stars|Number of Added Stars|
    |------------|------|-----------|-----------------------|---------------------|
    |<notr>紫微垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēiyuán</notr>|Purple Forbidden Enclosure|   |   |
    |<notr>北极</notr>|<notr>Běijí</notr>|Northern Pole|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>四辅</notr>|<notr>Sìfǔ</notr>|Four Advisors|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天乙</notr>|<notr>Tiānyǐ</notr>|Celestial Great One|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>太乙</notr>|<notr>Tàiyǐ</notr>|First Great One|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>紫微左垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēizuǒyuán</notr>|Purple Forbidden Left Wall|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>紫微右垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēiyòuyuán</notr>|Purple Forbidden Right Wall|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>阴德</notr>|<notr>Yīndé</notr>|Hidden Virtue|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>尚书</notr>|<notr>Shàngshū</notr>|Royal Secretary|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>女史</notr>|<notr>Nǚshǐ</notr>|Female Protocol|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>柱史</notr>|<notr>Zhùshǐ</notr>|Official of Royal Archives|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>御女</notr>|<notr>Yùnǚ</notr>|Maids-in-waiting|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天柱</notr>|<notr>Tiānzhù</notr>|Celestial Pillar|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>大理</notr>|<notr>Dàlǐ</notr>|Chief Judge|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>勾陈</notr>|<notr>Gōuchén</notr>|Curved Array|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>六甲</notr>|<notr>Liùjiǎ</notr>|Six Jia|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天皇大帝</notr>|<notr>Tiānhuángdàdì</notr>|Great Emperor of Heaven|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>五帝内座</notr>|<notr>WǔdìnèiZuò</notr>|Interior Seats of the Five Emperors|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>华盖</notr>|<notr>Huágài</notr>|Canopy of the Emperor|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>杠(附华盖)</notr>|<notr>Gàng</notr>|Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>传舍</notr>|<notr>Chuánshè</notr>|Guest House|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>内阶</notr>|<notr>Nèijiē</notr>|Inner Steps|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天厨</notr>|<notr>Tiānchú</notr>|Celestial Kitchen|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>八谷</notr>|<notr>Bāgǔ</notr>|Eight Kinds of Crops|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>34</notr>|
    |<notr>天棓</notr>|<notr>Tiānbàng</notr>|Celestial Flail|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>内厨</notr>|<notr>Nèichú</notr>|Inner Kitchen|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>文昌</notr>|<notr>Wénchāng</notr>|Administrative Center|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>三师</notr>|<notr>Sānshī</notr>|Three Top Instructors|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>三公</notr>|<notr>Sāngōng</notr>|Three Excellencies|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天床</notr>|<notr>Tiānchuáng</notr>|Celestial Bed|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>太尊</notr>|<notr>Tàizūn</notr>|Royals|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天牢</notr>|<notr>Tiānláo</notr>|Celestial Prison|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>太阳守</notr>|<notr>Tàiyángshǒu</notr>|Guard of the Sun|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>势</notr>|<notr>Shì</notr>|Eunuch|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>相</notr>|<notr>Xiàng</notr>|Prime Minister|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>玄戈</notr>|<notr>Xuángē</notr>|Sombre Lance|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>天理</notr>|<notr>Tiānlǐ</notr>|Judge for Nobility|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>北斗</notr>|<notr>Běidǒu</notr>|Northern Dipper|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>辅(附北斗)</notr>|<notr>Fǔ</notr>|Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天枪</notr>|<notr>Tiānqiāng</notr>|Celestial Spear|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>太微垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēiyuán</notr>|Supreme Palace Enclosure|   |   |
    |<notr>太微左垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēizuǒyuán</notr>|Supreme Palace Left Wall|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>太微右垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēiyòuyuán</notr>|Supreme Palace Right Wall|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>谒者</notr>|<notr>Yèzhě</notr>|Usher to the Court|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>三公</notr>|<notr>Sāngōng</notr>|Three Excellencies|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>九卿</notr>|<notr>Jiǔqīng</notr>|Nine Senior Officers|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>五诸侯</notr>|<notr>Wǔzhūhóu</notr>|Five Lords|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>内屏</notr>|<notr>Nèipíng</notr>|Inner Screen|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>五帝座</notr>|<notr>Wǔdìzuò</notr>|Seats of the Five Emperors|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>幸臣</notr>|<notr>Xìngchén</notr>|Officer of Honour|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>太子</notr>|<notr>Tàizǐ</notr>|Crown Prince|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>从官</notr>|<notr>Cóngguān</notr>|Retinue|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>郎将</notr>|<notr>Lángjiàng</notr>|Captain of the Bodyguards|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>虎贲</notr>|<notr>Hǔbēn</notr>|Emperor's Bodyguard|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>常陈</notr>|<notr>Chángchén</notr>|Royal Guards|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>郎位</notr>|<notr>Lángwèi</notr>|Officers of the Imperial Guard|<notr>15</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>明堂</notr>|<notr>Míngtáng</notr>|The Hall of Glory|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>灵台</notr>|<notr>Língtaí</notr>|Astronomical Observatory|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>少微</notr>|<notr>Shàowēi</notr>|Junior Officers|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>长垣</notr>|<notr>Chángyuán</notr>|Long Wall|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>三台</notr>|<notr>Sāntái</notr>|Three Steps|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>天市垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìyuán</notr>|Heavenly Market Enclosure|   |   |
    |<notr>天市左垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìzuǒyuán</notr>|Heavenly Market Left Wall|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>48</notr>|
    |<notr>天市右垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìyòuyuán</notr>|Heavenly Market Right Wall|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>32</notr>|
    |<notr>市楼</notr>|<notr>Shìlóu</notr>|Municipal Office|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>车肆</notr>|<notr>Chēsì</notr>|Commodity Market|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>宗正</notr>|<notr>Zōngzhèng</notr>|Official for the Royal Clan|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>宗人</notr>|<notr>Zōngrén</notr>|Official of Religious Ceremonies|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>宗</notr>|<notr>Zōng</notr>|Patriarchal Clan|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>帛度</notr>|<notr>Bódù</notr>|Textile Ruler|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>屠肆</notr>|<notr>Túsì</notr>|Butcher's Shops|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>候</notr>|<notr>Hòu</notr>|Astrologer|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>帝座</notr>|<notr>Dìzuò</notr>|Emperor's Seat|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>宦者</notr>|<notr>Huànzhě</notr>|Eunuch Official|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>列肆</notr>|<notr>Lièsì</notr>|Jewel Market|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>斗</notr>|<notr>Dǒu</notr>|Dipper for Liquids|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>斛</notr>|<notr>Hú</notr>|Dipper for Solids|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>贯索</notr>|<notr>Guànsuǒ</notr>|Coiled Thong|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>七公</notr>|<notr>Qīgōng</notr>|Seven Excellencies|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>天纪</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Celestial Discipline|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>女床</notr>|<notr>Nǚchuáng</notr>|Woman's Bed|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|Horn Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|Horn|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>平道</notr>|<notr>Píngdào</notr>|Flat Road|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天田</notr>|<notr>Tiāntián</notr>|Celestial Farmland|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>进贤</notr>|<notr>Jìnxián</notr>|Recommending Virtuous Men|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>周鼎</notr>|<notr>Zhōudǐng</notr>|Tripod of the Zhou|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天门</notr>|<notr>Tiānmén</notr>|Celestial Gate|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>平</notr>|<notr>Píng</notr>|Justice|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>库楼</notr>|<notr>Kùlóu</notr>|Arsenal|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>柱</notr>|<notr>Zhù</notr>|Pillars|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>衡</notr>|<notr>Héng</notr>|Railings|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>南门</notr>|<notr>Nánmén</notr>|Southern Gate|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|Neck Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|Neck|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>大角</notr>|<notr>Dàjiǎo</notr>|Great Horn|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>左摄提</notr>|<notr>Zuǒshètí</notr>|Left Conductor|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>右摄提</notr>|<notr>Yòushètí</notr>|Right Conductor|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>顿顽</notr>|<notr>Dùnwán</notr>|Trials|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>阳门</notr>|<notr>Yángmén</notr>|Gate of Yang|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>折威</notr>|<notr>Zhéwēi</notr>|Executions|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|Root Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|Root|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>30</notr>|
    |<notr>天乳</notr>|<notr>Tiānrǔ</notr>|Celestial Milk|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>招摇</notr>|<notr>Zhāoyáo</notr>|Twinkling Indicator|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>梗河</notr>|<notr>Gěnghé</notr>|Celestial Lance|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>帝席</notr>|<notr>Dìxí</notr>|Mattress of the Emperor|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>亢池</notr>|<notr>Kàngchí</notr>|Boats and Lake|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>阵车</notr>|<notr>Zhènchē</notr>|Battle Chariots|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>骑官</notr>|<notr>Qíguān</notr>|Imperial Guards|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>车骑</notr>|<notr>Chēqí</notr>|Chariots and Cavalry|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天辐</notr>|<notr>Tiānfú</notr>|Celestial Spokes|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>骑阵将军</notr>|<notr>Qízhènjiāngjūn</notr>|Chariots and Cavalry General|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|Room Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|Room|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>钩钤(附房宿)</notr>|<notr>Gōuqián</notr>|Lock (Vassal of Room)|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>键闭</notr>|<notr>Jiànbì</notr>|Door Bolt|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>罚</notr>|<notr>Fá</notr>|Punishment|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>东咸</notr>|<notr>Dōngxián</notr>|Eastern Door|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>西咸</notr>|<notr>Xīxián</notr>|Western Door|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>日</notr>|<notr>Rì</notr>|Solar Star|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>从官</notr>|<notr>Cóngguān</notr>|Retinue|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|Heart Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|Heart|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>积卒</notr>|<notr>Jīzú</notr>|Group of Soldiers|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|Tail Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|Tail|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>神宫(附尾宿)</notr>|<notr>shéngōng</notr>|Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>龟</notr>|<notr>Guī</notr>|Tortoise|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天江</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiāng</notr>|Celestial River|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>傅说</notr>|<notr>Fùyuè</notr>|Fu Yue|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>鱼</notr>|<notr>Yú</notr>|Fish|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>箕宿</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|Winnowing Basket Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>箕宿</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|Winnowing Basket|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>糠</notr>|<notr>Kāng</notr>|Chaff|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>杵</notr>|<notr>Chǔ</notr>|Pestle|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|Dipper Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|Dipper|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>建</notr>|<notr>Jiàn</notr>|Establishment|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天籥</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuè</notr>|Celestial Keyhole|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天弁</notr>|<notr>Tiānbiàn</notr>|Market Officer|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>鳖</notr>|<notr>Biē</notr>|River Turtle|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天鸡</notr>|<notr>Tiānjī</notr>|Celestial Cock|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>狗国</notr>|<notr>Gǒuguó</notr>|Territory of Dog|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天渊</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuān</notr>|Celestial Spring|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>狗</notr>|<notr>Gǒu</notr>|Dog|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>农丈人</notr>|<notr>Nóngzhàngrén</notr>|Peasant|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|Ox Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|Ox|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>天田</notr>|<notr>Tiāntián</notr>|Celestial Farmland|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>九坎</notr>|<notr>Jiǔkǎn</notr>|Nine Water Wells|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>河鼓</notr>|<notr>Hégǔ</notr>|Drum at the River|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>织女</notr>|<notr>Zhinǚ</notr>|Weaving Girl|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>左旗</notr>|<notr>Zuǒqí</notr>|Left Flag|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>30</notr>|
    |<notr>右旗</notr>|<notr>Yòuqí</notr>|Right Flag|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>天桴</notr>|<notr>Tiānfú</notr>|Celestial Drumstick|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>罗堰</notr>|<notr>Luóyàn</notr>|Network of Dykes|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>渐台</notr>|<notr>Jiàntái</notr>|Clepsydra Terrace|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>辇道</notr>|<notr>Niǎndào</notr>|Imperial Passageway|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|Girl Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|Girl|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>十二国</notr>|<notr>Shí'èrguó</notr>|Twelve States|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>离珠</notr>|<notr>Lízhū</notr>|Pearls on Ladies' Wear|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>败瓜</notr>|<notr>Bàiguā</notr>|Rotten Gourd|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>瓠瓜</notr>|<notr>Hùguā</notr>|Good Gourd|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>天津</notr>|<notr>Tiānjīn</notr>|Celestial Ford|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>40</notr>|
    |<notr>奚仲</notr>|<notr>Xīzhòng</notr>|Xi Zhong|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>扶筐</notr>|<notr>Fúkuāng</notr>|Basket for Mulberry Leaves|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|Emptiness Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|Emptiness|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>司命</notr>|<notr>Sīmìng</notr>|Deified Judge of Life|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司禄</notr>|<notr>Sīlù</notr>|Deified Judge of Rank|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司危</notr>|<notr>Sīwēi</notr>|Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司非</notr>|<notr>Sīfēi</notr>|Deified Judge of Right and Wrong|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>哭</notr>|<notr>Kū</notr>|Crying|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>泣</notr>|<notr>Qì</notr>|Weeping|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>天垒城</notr>|<notr>Tiānlěichéng</notr>|Celestial Ramparts|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>败臼</notr>|<notr>Bàijiù</notr>|Decayed Mortar|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>离瑜</notr>|<notr>Líyú</notr>|Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|Rooftop Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|Rooftop|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>坟墓(附危宿)</notr>|<notr>Fénmù</notr>|Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>人</notr>|<notr>Rén</notr>|Humans|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>杵</notr>|<notr>Chǔ</notr>|Pestle|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>臼</notr>|<notr>Jiù</notr>|Mortar|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>车府</notr>|<notr>Chēfǔ</notr>|Big Yard for Chariots|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>20</notr>|
    |<notr>天钩</notr>|<notr>Tiāngōu</notr>|Celestial Hook|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>造父</notr>|<notr>Zàofù</notr>|Zaofu|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>盖屋</notr>|<notr>Gàiwū</notr>|Roofing|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>虚梁</notr>|<notr>Xūliáng</notr>|Temple|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天钱</notr>|<notr>Tiānqián</notr>|Celestial Money|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|Encampment Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|Encampment|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>离宫(附室宿)</notr>|<notr>Lígōng</notr>|Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>雷电</notr>|<notr>Léidiàn</notr>|Thunder and Lightning|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>垒壁阵</notr>|<notr>Lěibìzhèn</notr>|Line of Ramparts|<notr>12</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>羽林军</notr>|<notr>Yǔlínjūn</notr>|Palace Guard|<notr>45</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>𫓧钺</notr>|<notr>Fūyuè</notr>|Axe|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>北落师门</notr>|<notr>Běiluòshīmén</notr>|North Gate of the Military Camp|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>八魁</notr>|<notr>Bākuí</notr>|Net for Catching Birds|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天纲</notr>|<notr>Tiāngāng</notr>|Materials for Making Tents|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>土公吏</notr>|<notr>Tǔgōnglì</notr>|Official for Materials Supply|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>螣蛇</notr>|<notr>Téngshé</notr>|Flying Serpent|<notr>22</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>壁宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Wall Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>壁宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Wall|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>23</notr>|
    |<notr>霹雳</notr>|<notr>Pīlì</notr>|Thunderbolt|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>云雨</notr>|<notr>Yúnyǔ</notr>|Cloud and Rain|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天厩</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiù</notr>|Celestial Stable|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>𫓧锧</notr>|<notr>Fūzhì</notr>|Sickle|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>土公</notr>|<notr>Tǔgōng</notr>|Official for Earthworks and Buildings|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|Legs Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|Legs|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>23</notr>|
    |<notr>外屏</notr>|<notr>Wàipíng</notr>|Outer Fence|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>天溷</notr>|<notr>Tiānhùn</notr>|Celestial Pigsty|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>土司空</notr>|<notr>Tǔsīkōng</notr>|Master of Constructions|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>军南门</notr>|<notr>Jūnnánmén</notr>|Southern Military Gate|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>阁道</notr>|<notr>Gédào</notr>|Flying Corridor|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>附路</notr>|<notr>Fùlù</notr>|Auxiliary Road|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>王良</notr>|<notr>Wángliáng</notr>|Wang Liang|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>策</notr>|<notr>Cè</notr>|Whip|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|Bond Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|Bond|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>左更</notr>|<notr>Zuǒgēng</notr>|Official in Charge of the Forest|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>右更</notr>|<notr>Yòugēng</notr>|Official in Charge of Pasturing|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天仓 </notr>|<notr>Tiāncāng</notr>|Square Celestial Granary|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>天庾</notr>|<notr>Tiānyǔ</notr>|Ricks of Grain|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天大将军</notr>|<notr>Tiāndàjiāngjūn</notr>|Great General of Heaven|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>17</notr>|
    |<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|Stomach Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|Stomach|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天廪</notr>|<notr>Tiānlǐn</notr>|Celestial Foodstuff|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天囷</notr>|<notr>Tiānqūn</notr>|Circular Celestial Granary|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>大陵</notr>|<notr>Dàlíng</notr>|Mausoleum|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>天船</notr>|<notr>Tiānchuán</notr>|Celestial Boat|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>JīShī</notr>|Heap of Corpses|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>积水</notr>|<notr>Jīshuǐ</notr>|Stored Water|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|Hairy Head Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|Hairy Head|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>天阿</notr>|<notr>Tiān'ē</notr>|Celestial Concave|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>月</notr>|<notr>Yuè</notr>|Lunar Star|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天阴</notr>|<notr>Tiānyīn</notr>|Celestial Yin Force|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>刍藁</notr>|<notr>Chúgǎo</notr>|Hay|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天苑</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuàn</notr>|Celestial Meadows|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>卷舌</notr>|<notr>Juǎnshé</notr>|Rolled Tongue|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天谗</notr>|<notr>Tiānchán</notr>|Celestial Slander|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>砺石</notr>|<notr>Lìshí</notr>|Whetstone|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Net Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Net|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>附耳(附毕宿)</notr>|<notr>Fù'ěr</notr>|Whisper (Vassal of Net)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天街</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiē</notr>|Celestial Street|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天节</notr>|<notr>Tiānjié</notr>|Celestial Tally|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>诸王</notr>|<notr>Zhūwáng</notr>|Feudal Kings|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天高</notr>|<notr>Tiāngāo</notr>|Celestial High Terrace|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>九州殊口</notr>|<notr>Jiǔzhōushūkǒu</notr>|Interpreters of Nine Dialects|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>五车</notr>|<notr>Wǔchē</notr>|Five Chariots|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>柱</notr>|<notr>Zhù</notr>|Pillars|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天潢</notr>|<notr>Tiānhuáng</notr>|Celestial Pier|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>咸池</notr>|<notr>Xiánchí</notr>|Pool of Harmony|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天关</notr>|<notr>Tiānguān</notr>|Celestial Pass|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>参旗</notr>|<notr>Shēnqí</notr>|Banner of Three Stars|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>九斿</notr>|<notr>Jiǔyóu</notr>|Imperial Military Flag|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天园</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuán</notr>|Celestial Orchard|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|Turtle Beak Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|Turtle Beak|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司怪</notr>|<notr>Sīguài</notr>|Deity in Charge of Monsters|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>座旗</notr>|<notr>Zuòqí</notr>|Seat Flags|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>参宿</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|Three Stars Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>参宿</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|Three Stars|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>39</notr>|
    |<notr>伐(附参宿)</notr>|<notr>Fá</notr>|Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>玉井</notr>|<notr>Yùjǐng</notr>|Jade Well|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>屏</notr>|<notr>Píng</notr>|Screen|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>军井</notr>|<notr>Jūnjǐng</notr>|Military well|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>厕</notr>|<notr>Cè</notr>|Toilet|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>屎</notr>|<notr>Shǐ</notr>|Excrement|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|Well Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|Well|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>钺(附井宿)</notr>|<notr>Yuè</notr>|Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>南河</notr>|<notr>Nánhé</notr>|South River|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>北河</notr>|<notr>Běihé</notr>|North River|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天樽</notr>|<notr>Tiānzūn</notr>|Celestial Wine Cup|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>五诸侯</notr>|<notr>Wǔzhūhóu</notr>|Five Feudal Kings|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>积水</notr>|<notr>Jīshuǐ</notr>|Accumulated Water|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>积薪</notr>|<notr>Jīxīn</notr>|Pile of Firewood|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>水府</notr>|<notr>Shuǐfǔ</notr>|Official for Irrigation|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>水位</notr>|<notr>Shuǐwèi</notr>|Water Level|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>四渎</notr>|<notr>Sìdú</notr>|Four Channels|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>军市</notr>|<notr>Jūnshì</notr>|Market for Soldiers|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>野鸡</notr>|<notr>Yějī</notr>|Wild Cockerel|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>丈人</notr>|<notr>Zhàngrén</notr>|Grandfather|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>子</notr>|<notr>Zǐ</notr>|Son|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>孙</notr>|<notr>Sūn</notr>|Grandson|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>阙丘</notr>|<notr>Quèqiū</notr>|Palace Gate|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天狼</notr>|<notr>Tiānláng</notr>|Celestial Wolf|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>弧矢</notr>|<notr>Húshǐ</notr>|Bow and Arrow|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>32</notr>|
    |<notr>老人</notr>|<notr>Lǎorén</notr>|Old Man|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|Ghosts Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|Ghosts|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>Jīshī</notr>|Cumulative Corpses|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>爟</notr>|<notr>Guàn</notr>|Beacon Fire|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>天狗</notr>|<notr>Tiāngǒu</notr>|Celestial Dog|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>外厨</notr>|<notr>Wàichú</notr>|Outer Kitchen|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>17</notr>|
    |<notr>天社</notr>|<notr>Tiānshè</notr>|Celestial Earth God's Temple|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天记</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|Willow Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|Willow|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>酒旗</notr>|<notr>Jiǔqí</notr>|Banner of Wine Shop|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|Star Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|Star Mansion|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>天相</notr>|<notr>Tiānxiàng</notr>|Celestial Premier|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>天稷*</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Celestial Cereals|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>轩辕</notr>|<notr>Xuānyuán</notr>|Xuanyuan|<notr>17</notr>|<notr>59</notr>|
    |<notr>内平</notr>|<notr>Nèipíng</notr>|High Judge|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|Extended Net Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|Extended Net|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天庙*</notr>|<notr>Tiānmiào</notr>|Celestial Temple|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|Wings Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|Wings|<notr>22</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>东瓯*</notr>|<notr>Dōngōu</notr>|Dongou|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>轸宿</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|Chariot Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>轸宿</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|Chariot|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>长沙(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Chángshā</notr>|Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>左辖(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Zuǒxiá</notr>|Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>右辖(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Yoùxiá</notr>|Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>青丘</notr>|<notr>Qīngqiū</notr>|Green Hill|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>军门*</notr>|<notr>Jūnmén</notr>|Military Gate|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>土司空*</notr>|<notr>Tǔsīkōng</notr>|Master of Constructions|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>器府*</notr>|<notr>Qìfǔ</notr>|House for Musical Instruments|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>近南极星区</notr>|<notr>JìnnánJí Xīngqū</notr>|The Southern Sky|   |   |
    |<notr>海山</notr>|<notr>Hǎishān</notr>|Sea and Mountain|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>十字架</notr>|<notr>Shízìjià</notr>|Cross|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>马尾</notr>|<notr>Mǎwěi</notr>|Horse's Tail|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>马腹</notr>|<notr>Mǎfù</notr>|Horse's Abdomen|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蜜蜂</notr>|<notr>Mìfēng</notr>|Bee|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>三角形</notr>|<notr>Sānjiǎoxíng</notr>|Triangle|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>异雀</notr>|<notr>Yìquè</notr>|Exotic Bird|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>孔雀</notr>|<notr>Kǒngquè</notr>|Peafowl|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>波斯</notr>|<notr>Bōsī</notr>|Persia|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇尾</notr>|<notr>Shéwěi</notr>|Snake's Tail|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇腹</notr>|<notr>Shéfù</notr>|Snake's Abdomen|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇首</notr>|<notr>Shéshǒu</notr>|Snake's Head|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>鸟喙</notr>|<notr>Niǎohuì</notr>|Bird's Beak|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>鹤 </notr>|<notr>Hè</notr>|Crane|<notr>12</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>火鸟</notr>|<notr>Huǒniǎo</notr>|Firebird|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>水委</notr>|<notr>Shuǐweǐ</notr>|Crooked Running Water|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>附白</notr>|<notr>Fùbái</notr>|White Patched Nearby|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>夹白</notr>|<notr>Jiābái</notr>|White Patches Attached|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>金鱼</notr>|<notr>Jīnyú</notr>|Goldfish|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>海石</notr>|<notr>Hǎishí</notr>|Sea Rock|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>飞鱼</notr>|<notr>Fēiyú</notr>|Flying Fish|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>南船</notr>|<notr>Nánchuán</notr>|Southern Boat|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>小斗</notr>|<notr>Xiǎodǒu</notr>|Little Dipper|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    
    note 1: The Xingguans with "*", Was officially deleted in 1752.
    
    note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the parent Xingguan.
    
    ### Deep Space Objects
    
    Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were also included in the Xingguans.
    
    Include the following:
    
    |General name|Chinese Name|Pinyin|Translation|Nick name|
    |------------|------------|------|-----------|---------|
    |<notr>NGC 6231</notr>|<notr>神宫</notr>|<notr>shéngōng</notr>|God's Palace|Northern Jewel Box Cluster|
    |<notr>NGC 6475/M 7</notr>|<notr>鱼</notr>|<notr>Yú</notr>|Fish|Ptolemy Cluster|
    |<notr>NGC 2632/M 44</notr>|<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>JīShī</notr>|Cumulative Corpses|Beehive Cluster|
    |<notr>NGC 5139</notr>|<notr>库楼增一</notr>|<notr>Kùlóu Zēng I</notr>|Arsenal Added I|Omega Centauri|
    |<notr>NGC 224/M 31</notr>|<notr>奎宿增廿一</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù Zēng XXI</notr>|Legs Mansion XXI|Andromeda Galaxy|
    |<notr>NGC 3372 </notr>|<notr>海山二</notr>|<notr>Hǎishān II</notr>|Sea and Mountain II|Homunculus Nebula, Eta Carinae|
    
    ### Notes
    
    This Sky Culture is Based on the information inside *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)* (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and *Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成).
    
    Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)*. He produced *Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium* (Chinese: Stellarium 中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important reference.
    
    Some stars have been added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China* (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史).
    
    For the translation of constellations, we use the *English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names* (Chinese: 中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a small portion of the translation is changed, for example, when the translations of the two different Xingguans are the same.
    
    There are seven stars with Chinese star names without corresponding HIP numbers, so they cannot be displayed in Stellarium. They are Sea and Mountain II (η Car), Five Chariots Added XVIII (12 Aur), Recommending Virtuous Man Added VI (39 Vir) , Great Horn Added II (CN Boo), Hairy Head Added X (24 Tau), Heart Added VII (18 Oph), South River Added XI (GC 10303).
    
    The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are controversial. these are only possible translations. Chinese characters are ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is provided only to make star names readable.
hr: Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 Chinese star names from *Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). *Complete Studies of Astronomical* is an imperial record of astronomy finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial Astronomical Observatory made a revision to it and published *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical*, which is the major reference to the traditional Chinese Xingguans and star names used today. Yi Shitong has conducted textual research and summary of these records in his book*Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo).
    
    Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* and *Complete Studies of Astronomical*.
    
    In addition, some stars have been added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China* (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ) by Pan Nai, if these stars are not certified in *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue1950.0(Star Catalogue)*.
    
    Ukoliko nakon naziva zvijezde stoji "*", radi se o zvijezdi dodanoj prema *Povijesti zvjezdanih promatranja u Kini*.
    
    Ukoliko nakon naziva zvijezde stoji "?", radi se o zvijezdi dodanoj prema *Povijesti zvjezdanih promatranja u Kini*, no to ne može biti zasigurno potvrđeno.
    
    ### Sunce, Mjesec i planeti
    
    The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element concepts. Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, Mars is named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth Star.
    
    In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix "great" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: 太阳; pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). Their other name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, Chinese: 日) And Yue (Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name for the moon is Yueliang (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng).
    
    The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: 七曜; pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and Yang.
    
    ### Xingguan
    
    Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere into asterisms or constellations, known as "Xingguan". Modern constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries between Xingguans.
    
    Naziv i raspored Xingguan-a je vrlo društven tako da kraljevstva, planine, robe, vrste industrija sve zajedno putuju nebom kao što se to događa na Zemlji.
    
    The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic tradition. A Xingguan contain more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿；pinyin: Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to the influence of precession, six Xingguans near the southern horizon are getting more and more south. They were no longer easy to be observed by astronomers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded in *Complete Studies of Astronomical*.
    
    Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; pinyin: JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming Dynasty based on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 Xingguans. The Southern Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system.
    
    Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to almost every Xingguan, called "added stars" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: zēngxīng). The original stars are called "primary stars" (Chinese: 正星; pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has a number. The name of the stars in *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few Xingguans, each star has a special name.
    
    In this way, *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* has 300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total.
    
    Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than Western names.
    
    ![](illustrations/yxkcxt.png)
    
    *Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)*
    
    ### Tri Okruženja
    
    Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: 太微垣; pinyin: Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán).
    
    Svako Okruženje sadrži dva zida, lijevi i desni zid koji predstavljaju glavne Xingguan-e. Zidovi su okruženi mnogim Xingguan-ima. Također postoje Xingguan-i u blizini zidova koji pripadaju Okruženjima.
    
    Ljubičasto Zabranjeno Okruženje je unutarnja carska palača te pokriva najsjeverniji dio noćnog neba. Iz perspektive drevnih Kineza, Ljubičasto Zabranjeno Okruženje leži u središtu neba oko kojeg kruže sve ostale zvijezde. U modernoj astronomiji riječ je o području u kojem se nalaze zviježđa Mali Medvjed, Zmaj, Žirafa, Kefej, Kasiopeja, Kočijaš, Volar i dijelovi Velikog Medvjeda, Lovačkih Pasa, Malog Lava te Herkula. Ljubičasto Zabranjeno okruženje sadrži 37 Xingguan-a.
    
     - [Ljubičasto Zabranjeno Okruženje (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure)
    
    Vrhovna Palača Okruženje je mjesto gdje car i njegovi savjetnici rješavaju političke poslove. Vrhovna Palača Okruženje sadrži različite službenike i vladine ustanove. Pokriva moderna zviježđa Djevice, Berenikine Kose i Lava te dijelove Lovačkih Pasa, Velikog Medvjeda i Malog Lava. Vrhovna Palača Okruženje sadrži 20 Xingguan-a
    
     - [Vrhovna Palača Okruženje (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure)
    
    Nebeska Tržnica Okruženje je tržnica na nebu, mjesto gdje žive obični ljudi. Nebeska Tržnica Okruženje pokriva moderna zviježđa Zmije, Zmijonosca, Orla i Sjeverne Krune te dio Herkula. Nebeska Tržnica Okruženje sadrži 19 Xingguan-a koji su nazvani po sudionicima i sadržajima tržnice.
    
     - [Nebeska Tržnica Okruženje (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure)
    
    ### Dvadeset osam Kuća
    
    The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) also known as 28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the ecliptic and the sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 regions according to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion (Chinese: 宿; pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion every day to rest.
    
    Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion.
    
    Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: 宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion.
    
    Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also changed in history.
    
    On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies.
    
    If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; pinyin: rùxiùdù).
    
    Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), which is the angular distance between the star and the north celestial pole, we can determine the position of a star on the celestial sphere. Mansion distance degrees and polar distance degrees together constitute the two components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system.
    
    The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west.
    
    ### Popis Dvadeset i osam Kuća (J2000)
    
    |Sedam Svijetla|   |Drvo|Metal|Zemlja|Sunce|Mjesec|Vatra|Voda|
    |--------------|---|----|-----|------|-----|------|-----|----|
    |Kineski naziv|东方苍龙|角宿|亢宿|氐宿|房宿|心宿|尾宿|箕宿|
    |Pinyin|Dōngfāng Cānglóng|Jiǎoxiù|Kàngxiù|Dīxiù|Fángxiù|Xīnxiù|Wěixiù|Jīxiù|
    |Translation|Azurni zmaj Istoka|Kuća Roga|Kuća Vrata|Kuća Korijena|Kuća Odaje|Kuća Srca|Kuća Repa|Kuća Pletene Košare|
    |Number of xingguans|46|11|7|11|7|2|5|3|
    |Odredišna Zvijezda|   |α Vir|κ Vir|α2 Lib|π Sco|σ Sco|μ1 Sco|γ Sgr|
    |RA Odredišne zvijezde|   |13h25m11.6s|14h12m53.8s|14h50m52.8s|15h58m51.1s|16h21m11.3s|16h51m52.2s|18h05m48.5s|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |47m42s|37m59s|1h07m58s|22m20s|30m41s|1h13m57s|39m51s|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |12.10°|9.63°|17.24°|5.67°|7.78°|18.76°|10.11°|
    |Kineski naziv|北方玄武|斗宿|牛宿|女宿|虚宿|危宿|室宿|壁宿|
    |Pinyin|Běifāng Xuánwǔ|Dǒuxiù|Niúxiù|Nǚxiù|Xūxiù|Wēixiù|Shìxiù|Bìxiù|
    |Translation|Crna Kornjača Sjevera|Kuća Kola|Kuća Vola|Kuća Djevojke|Kuća Ispraznosti|Kuća Krovišta|Kuća Tabora|Kuća Zida|
    |Number of xingguans|65|10|11|8|10|10|10|6|
    |Odredišna Zvijezda|   |μ Sgr|β Cap|ε Aqr|β Aqr|α Aqr|α Peg|γ Peg|
    |RA Odredišne zvijezde|   |18h45m39.4s|20h21m0.7s|20h47m40.6s|21h31m33.5s|22h05m47.0s|23h04m45.7s|00h13m14.2s|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |1h35m21s|26m40s|43m53s|34m13s|58m59s|1h08s29s|43m58s|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |24.19°|6.76°|11.13°|8.68°|14.96°|17.37°|11.15°|
    |Kineski naziv|西方白虎|奎宿|娄宿|胃宿|昴宿|毕宿|觜宿|参宿|
    |Pinyin|Xīfāng Báihǔ|Kuíxiù|Loúxiù|Wèixiù|Mǎoxiù|Bìxiù|Zīxiù|Shēnxiù|
    |Translation|Bijeli Tigar Zapada|Kuća Nogu|Kuća Povezanosti|Kuća Trbuha|Kuća Dlakave Glave|Kuća Mreže|Kuća Kljuna Kornjače|Kuća Tri Zvijezde|
    |Number of xingguans|54|9|6|7|9|14|3|6|
    |Odredišna Zvijezda|   |η And|β Ari|35 Ari|17 Tau|ε Tau|λ Ori|ζ Ori|
    |RA Odredišne zvijezde|   |00h57m12.3s|01h54m38.4s|02h43m27.1s|03h44m52.5s|04h28m37.0s|5h35m8.3s|05h40m45.5s|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |57m26s|48m49s|1h01m26s|43m44s|1h06m31s|5m32s|42m12s|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |14.57°|12.38°|15.58°|11.09°|16.87°|1.40°|10.70°|
    |Kineski naziv|南方朱雀|井宿|鬼宿|柳宿|星宿|张宿|翼宿|轸宿|
    |Pinyin|Nánfāng Zhūquè|Jǐngxiù|Guǐxiù|Liǔxiù|Xīngxiù|Zhāngxiù|Yìxiù|Zhěnxiù|
    |Translation|Crveni Feniks Juga|Kuća Izvora|Kuća Duhova|Kuća Vrbe|Kuća Zvijezde|Kuća Raširene Mreže|Kuća Krila|Kuća Kočije|
    |Number of xingguans|42|19|7|2|5|2|2|5|
    |Odredišna Zvijezda|   |μ Gem|θ Cnc|δ Hya|α Hya|υ1 Hya|α Crt|γ Crv|
    |RA Odredišne zvijezde|   |6h22m57.6s|8h31m35.7s|8h37m39.4s|09h27m35.2s|09h51m28.7s|10h59m45.9s|12h15m48.4s|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |2h08m38s|6m3s|49m58s|23m54s|1h08m17s|1h16m02s|1h09m23s|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |32.63°|1.54°|12.67°|6.06°|17.32°|19.29°|17.60°|
    
    note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system.
    
    note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees.
    
     - [Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Eight_Mansions)
    
    ### The Southern Sky
    
    The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi (Chinese: 徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans based on the European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated into the traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually variations of Western constellations, and they are mostly named after animals.
    
    ### Popis Xinnguan-a
    
    |Kineski naziv|Pinyin|Translation|Number of Primary Stars|Broj Dodanih zvijezda|
    |-------------|------|-----------|-----------------------|---------------------|
    |紫微垣|Zǐwēiyuán|Ljubičasto Zabranjeno Okruženje|   |   |
    |北极|Běijí|Sjeverni Pol|5|3|
    |四辅|Sìfǔ|Četiri Savjetnika|4|1|
    |天乙|Tiānyǐ|Nebeski Velikan|1|0|
    |太乙|Tàiyǐ|Prvi Velikan|1|0|
    |紫微左垣|Zǐwēizuǒyuán|Ljubičasti Zabranjeni Lijevi Zid|8|12|
    |紫微右垣|Zǐwēiyòuyuán|Ljubičasti Zabranjeni Desni Zid|7|12|
    |阴德|Yīndé|Skrivena Vrlina|2|1|
    |尚书|Shàngshū|Kraljevski Tajnik|5|2|
    |女史|Nǚshǐ|Ženski pravilnik|1|1|
    |柱史|Zhùshǐ|Službenik Carske Arhive|1|2|
    |御女|Yùnǚ|Sluškinje-u čekanju|4|1|
    |天柱|Tiānzhù|Nebeski Stup|5|6|
    |大理|Dàlǐ|Glavni Sudac|2|1|
    |勾陈|Gōuchén|Zakrivljeni Niz|6|10|
    |六甲|Liùjiǎ|Šest Jia|6|1|
    |天皇大帝|Tiānhuángdàdì|Veliki Nebeski Car|1|0|
    |五帝内座|WǔdìnèiZuò|Unutarnja sjedišta Pet Careva|5|3|
    |华盖|Huágài|Carski Baldahin|7|0|
    |杠(附华盖)|Gàng|Održavanje Baldahina (Vazal Carskog Baldahina)|9|1|
    |传舍|Chuánshè|Kuća Gosta|9|4|
    |内阶|Nèijiē|Unutarnje Stube|6|10|
    |天厨|Tiānchú|Nebeska Kuhinja|6|2|
    |八谷|Bāgǔ|Osam Vrsta Usjeva|8|34|
    |天棓|Tiānbàng|Nebeska Mlatilica|5|10|
    |内厨|Nèichú|Unutarnja Kuhinja|2|2|
    |文昌|Wénchāng|Administrativno središte|6|8|
    |三师|Sānshī|Tri Vrhunska Instruktora|3|1|
    |三公|Sāngōng|Tri Ekselencije|3|0|
    |天床|Tiānchuáng|Nebeska postelja|6|2|
    |太尊|Tàizūn|Kraljevski članovi|1|0|
    |天牢|Tiānláo|Nebeski zatvor|6|2|
    |太阳守|Tàiyángshǒu|Čuvar Sunca|1|1|
    |势|Shì|Eunuh|4|19|
    |相|Xiàng|Premijer|1|3|
    |玄戈|Xuángē|Tamno Koplje|1|2|
    |天理|Tiānlǐ|Sudac za plemstvo|4|1|
    |北斗|Běidǒu|Sjeverna Kola|7|16|
    |辅(附北斗)|Fǔ|Pomoćnik (Vazal Sjevernih Kola)|1|3|
    |天枪|Tiānqiāng|Nebesko koplje|3|4|
    |太微垣|Tàiwēiyuán|Vrhovna Palača Okruženje|   |   |
    |太微左垣|Tàiwēizuǒyuán|Lijevi Zid Vrhovne Palače|5|9|
    |太微右垣|Tàiwēiyòuyuán|Desni Zid Vrhovne Palače|5|5|
    |谒者|Yèzhě|Vratar Suda|1|2|
    |三公|Sāngōng|Tri Ekselencije|3|0|
    |九卿|Jiǔqīng|Devet Viših Časnika|3|9|
    |五诸侯|Wǔzhūhóu|Pet Gospodara|5|7|
    |内屏|Nèipíng|Unutarnji Zastor|4|6|
    |五帝座|Wǔdìzuò|Sjedišta Pet Careva|5|4|
    |幸臣|Xìngchén|Časnik od Časti|1|0|
    |太子|Tàizǐ|Prijestolonasljednik|1|0|
    |从官|Cóngguān|Retinue|1|0|
    |郎将|Lángjiàng|Kapetan tjelohranitelja|1|2|
    |虎贲|Hǔbēn|Carski Tjelohranitelj|1|0|
    |常陈|Chángchén|Kraljevski stražari|7|7|
    |郎位|Lángwèi|Časnik Carske Garde|15|3|
    |明堂|Míngtáng|Dvorana Slave|3|7|
    |灵台|Língtaí|Astronomski Opservatorij|3|8|
    |少微|Shàowēi|Niži Časnici|4|9|
    |长垣|Chángyuán|Dugi Zid|4|9|
    |三台|Sāntái|Tri Stube|6|13|
    |天市垣|Tiānshìyuán|Nebeska Tržnica Okruženje|   |   |
    |天市左垣|Tiānshìzuǒyuán|Lijevi Zid Nebeske Tržnice|11|48|
    |天市右垣|Tiānshìyòuyuán|Desni Zid Nebeske Tržnice|11|32|
    |市楼|Shìlóu|Općinski Ured|6|1|
    |车肆|Chēsì|Robna Tržnica|2|2|
    |宗正|Zōngzhèng|Službenik Kraljevskog Klana|2|3|
    |宗人|Zōngrén|Službenik Vjerskih Obreda|4|4|
    |宗|Zōng|Patrijarhalni Klan|2|0|
    |帛度|Bódù|Krojački Metar|2|3|
    |屠肆|Túsì|Mesnice|2|3|
    |候|Hòu|Astrolog|1|6|
    |帝座|Dìzuò|Carsko Sjedište|1|0|
    |宦者|Huànzhě|Službenih Eunuha|2|5|
    |列肆|Lièsì|Tržnica Dragulja|2|4|
    |斗|Dǒu|Kola za Tekućine|5|11|
    |斛|Hú|Kola za Krutine|4|7|
    |贯索|Guànsuǒ|Namotani Remen|9|13|
    |七公|Qīgōng|Sedam Ekscelencija|7|16|
    |天纪|Tiānjì|Nebeska Disciplina|9|15|
    |女床|Nǚchuáng|Ženski Krevet|3|0|
    |角宿|Jiǎoxiù|Kuća Roga|   |   |
    |角宿|Jiǎoxiù|Rog|2|16|
    |平道|Píngdào|Ravna Cesta|2|0|
    |天田|Tiāntián|Nebeska Farma|2|7|
    |进贤|Jìnxián|Moralni ljudi za preporuku|1|9|
    |周鼎|Zhōudǐng|Zhouov Tronožac|3|0|
    |天门|Tiānmén|Nebeska Vrata|2|11|
    |平|Píng|Pravda|2|4|
    |库楼|Kùlóu|Arsenal|10|1|
    |柱|Zhù|Stupovi|11|0|
    |衡|Héng|Ograde|4|0|
    |南门|Nánmén|Južna Vrata|2|2|
    |亢宿|Kàngxiù|Kuća Vrata|   |   |
    |亢宿|Kàngxiù|Vrat|4|12|
    |大角|Dàjiǎo|Veliki Rog|1|2|
    |左摄提|Zuǒshètí|Lijevi Ravnatelj|3|4|
    |右摄提|Yòushètí|Desni Ravnatelj|3|6|
    |顿顽|Dùnwán|Suđenja|2|1|
    |阳门|Yángmén|Vrata Yanga|2|0|
    |折威|Zhéwēi|Smaknuća|7|7|
    |氐宿|Dīxiù|Kuća Korijena|   |   |
    |氐宿|Dīxiù|Korijen|4|30|
    |天乳|Tiānrǔ|Nebesko mlijeko|1|4|
    |招摇|Zhāoyáo|Treptajući Indikator|1|0|
    |梗河|Gěnghé|Nebeske Osti|3|5|
    |帝席|Dìxí|Carski Madrac|3|1|
    |亢池|Kàngchí|Brodovi i Jezero|4|0|
    |阵车|Zhènchē|Borbene kočije|3|2|
    |骑官|Qíguān|Carska Straža|10|0|
    |车骑|Chēqí|Kočije i Konjaništvo|3|0|
    |天辐|Tiānfú|Nebeske Prečke|2|1|
    |骑阵将军|Qízhènjiāngjūn|General Kočija i Konjaništva|1|0|
    |房宿|Fángxiù|Kuća Odaje|   |   |
    |房宿|Fángxiù|Soba|4|6|
    |钩钤(附房宿)|Gōuqián|Brava (Vazal Sobe)|2|0|
    |键闭|Jiànbì|Klin Vrata|1|0|
    |罚|Fá|Kazna|3|3|
    |东咸|Dōngxián|Istočna vrata|4|2|
    |西咸|Xīxián|Zapadna Vrata|4|2|
    |日|Rì|Sunčeva zvijezda|1|1|
    |从官|Cóngguān|Retinue|2|1|
    |心宿|Xīnxiù|Kuća Srca|   |   |
    |心宿|Xīnxiù|Srce|3|9|
    |积卒|Jīzú|Grupa Vojnika|2|2|
    |尾宿|Wěixiù|Kuća Repa|   |   |
    |尾宿|Wěixiù|Rep|9|4|
    |神宫(附尾宿)|shéngōng|Soba za Presvlačenje (Vazal Repa)|1|0|
    |龟|Guī|Kornjača|5|0|
    |天江|Tiānjiāng|Nebeska Rijeka|4|11|
    |傅说|Fùyuè|Fu Yue|1|0|
    |鱼|Yú|Riba|1|0|
    |箕宿|Jīxiù|Kuća Pletene Košare|   |   |
    |箕宿|Jīxiù|Pletena Košara|4|0|
    |糠|Kāng|Pljeva|1|1|
    |杵|Chǔ|Tučak|3|1|
    |斗宿|Dǒuxiù|Kuća Kola|   |   |
    |斗宿|Dǒuxiù|Kola|6|5|
    |建|Jiàn|Ustanova|6|10|
    |天籥|Tiānyuè|Nebeska ključanica|8|4|
    |天弁|Tiānbiàn|Službenik Tržnice|9|6|
    |鳖|Biē|Riječna Kornjača|11|0|
    |天鸡|Tiānjī|Nebeski Pijetao|2|3|
    |狗国|Gǒuguó|Područje Psa|4|3|
    |天渊|Tiānyuān|Nebesko proljeće|3|3|
    |狗|Gǒu|Pas|2|7|
    |农丈人|Nóngzhàngrén|Seljak|1|0|
    |牛宿|Niúxiù|Kuća Vola|   |   |
    |牛宿|Niúxiù|Vol|6|14|
    |天田|Tiāntián|Nebeska Farma|4|0|
    |九坎|Jiǔkǎn|Izvor Devet Voda|4|0|
    |河鼓|Hégǔ|Bubnjevi na Rijeci|3|9|
    |织女|Zhinǚ|Djevojka koja Plete|3|4|
    |左旗|Zuǒqí|Lijeva zastava|9|30|
    |右旗|Yòuqí|Desna Zastava|9|12|
    |天桴|Tiānfú|Nebeske udaraljke|4|2|
    |罗堰|Luóyàn|Mreža Nasipa|3|1|
    |渐台|Jiàntái|Terasa s Klepsidrom|4|7|
    |辇道|Niǎndào|Carski Prolaz|5|9|
    |女宿|Nǚxiù|Kuća Djevojke|   |   |
    |女宿|Nǚxiù|Djevojka|4|5|
    |十二国|Shí'èrguó|Dvanaest Država|16|2|
    |离珠|Lízhū|Biseri na Daminoj odjeći|4|1|
    |败瓜|Bàiguā|Pokvarena Tikva|5|3|
    |瓠瓜|Hùguā|Zrela Tikva|5|8|
    |天津|Tiānjīn|Nebeski Gaz|9|40|
    |奚仲|Xīzhòng|Xi Zhong|4|7|
    |扶筐|Fúkuāng|Košara za Lišće Murve|7|4|
    |虚宿|Xūxiù|Kuća Ispraznosti|   |   |
    |虚宿|Xūxiù|Ispraznost|2|8|
    |司命|Sīmìng|Božanstveni Sudac Života|2|0|
    |司禄|Sīlù|Božanstveni Sudac Položaja|2|0|
    |司危|Sīwēi|Božanstveni Sudac Nepogoda i Dobre Sreće|2|0|
    |司非|Sīfēi|Božanstveni Sudac Ispravnog i Neispravnog|2|3|
    |哭|Kū|Plač|2|4|
    |泣|Qì|Plač|2|2|
    |天垒城|Tiānlěichéng|Nebeski Bedemi|13|2|
    |败臼|Bàijiù|Oronula Žbuka|4|1|
    |离瑜|Líyú|Ukras od Žada na Odjeći Žene|3|3|
    |危宿|Wēixiù|Kuća Krovišta|   |   |
    |危宿|Wēixiù|Krovište|3|14|
    |坟墓(附危宿)|Fénmù|Grobnica (Vazal Krovišta)|4|4|
    |人|Rén|Ljudi|4|4|
    |杵|Chǔ|Tučak|3|2|
    |臼|Jiù|Žbuka|4|8|
    |车府|Chēfǔ|Veliko Dvorište za Kočije|7|20|
    |天钩|Tiāngōu|Nebeska Udica|9|18|
    |造父|Zàofù|Zaofu|5|5|
    |盖屋|Gàiwū|Krovopokrivanje|2|0|
    |虚梁|Xūliáng|Hram|4|0|
    |天钱|Tiānqián|Nebeski Novac|5|3|
    |室宿|Shìxiù|Kuća Tabora|   |   |
    |室宿|Shìxiù|Tabor|2|7|
    |离宫(附室宿)|Lígōng|Mjesto odmora (Vazal Tabora)|6|8|
    |雷电|Léidiàn|Munje i Gromovi|6|8|
    |垒壁阵|Lěibìzhèn|Linija Bedema|12|8|
    |羽林军|Yǔlínjūn|Garda Palače|45|0|
    |𫓧钺|Fūyuè|Sjekira|3|3|
    |北落师门|Běiluòshīmén|Sjeverna Vrata Vojnog Tabora|1|0|
    |八魁|Bākuí|Mreža za Hvatanje Ptica|6|0|
    |天纲|Tiāngāng|Materijali za Izradu Šatora|1|0|
    |土公吏|Tǔgōnglì|Službenik Nabave Materijala|2|0|
    |螣蛇|Téngshé|Leteća Zmija|22|19|
    |壁宿|Bìxiù|Kuća Zida|   |   |
    |壁宿|Bìxiù|Zid|2|23|
    |霹雳|Pīlì|Munja|5|9|
    |云雨|Yúnyǔ|Oblak i Kiša|4|10|
    |天厩|Tiānjiù|Nebeska Štala|3|1|
    |𫓧锧|Fūzhì|Srp|5|0|
    |土公|Tǔgōng|Službenik za Zemljane radove i Zgrade|2|11|
    |奎宿|Kuíxiù|Kuća Nogu|   |   |
    |奎宿|Kuíxiù|Noge|16|23|
    |外屏|Wàipíng|Vanjska Ograda|7|15|
    |天溷|Tiānhùn|Nebeski Svinjac|4|6|
    |土司空|Tǔsīkōng|Majstor Gradnje|1|0|
    |军南门|Jūnnánmén|Južna Vojna Vrata|1|0|
    |阁道|Gédào|Zračni Koridor|6|5|
    |附路|Fùlù|Pomoćna Cesta|1|0|
    |王良|Wángliáng|Wang Liang|5|14|
    |策|Cè|Bič|1|0|
    |娄宿|Loúxiù|Kuća Povezanosti|   |   |
    |娄宿|Loúxiù|Veza|3|15|
    |左更|Zuǒgēng|Službenik Zadužen za Šume|5|8|
    |右更|Yòugēng|Službenik Zadužen za Pašnjake|5|5|
    |天仓 |Tiāncāng|Kvadratna Nebeska Žitnica|6|21|
    |天庾|Tiānyǔ|Stogovi Žita|3|3|
    |天大将军|Tiāndàjiāngjūn|Veliki Nebeski General|11|17|
    |胃宿|Wèixiù|Kuća Trbuha|   |   |
    |胃宿|Wèixiù|Stomak|3|5|
    |天廪|Tiānlǐn|Nebeske Namirnice|4|3|
    |天囷|Tiānqūn|Kružna Nebeska Žitnica|13|21|
    |大陵|Dàlíng|Mauzolej|8|21|
    |天船|Tiānchuán|Nebeski brod|9|10|
    |积尸|JīShī|Hrpa Leševa|1|0|
    |积水|Jīshuǐ|Spremište Vode|1|1|
    |昴宿|Mǎoxiù|Kuća Dlakave Glave|   |   |
    |昴宿|Mǎoxiù|Dlakava Glava|7|13|
    |天阿|Tiān'ē|Nebeska Košara|1|0|
    |月|Yuè|Lunarna Zvijezda|1|1|
    |天阴|Tiānyīn|Nebeska Yin Sila|5|6|
    |刍藁|Chúgǎo|Sijeno|6|5|
    |天苑|Tiānyuàn|Nebeska Livada|16|18|
    |卷舌|Juǎnshé|Zavrnuti Jezik|6|7|
    |天谗|Tiānchán|Nebeska Kleveta|1|0|
    |砺石|Lìshí|Brusni Kamen|4|0|
    |毕宿|Bìxiù|Kuća Mreže|   |   |
    |毕宿|Bìxiù|Mreža|8|18|
    |附耳(附毕宿)|Fù'ěr|Šapat (Vazal Mreže)|1|4|
    |天街|Tiānjiē|Nebeska Ulica|2|4|
    |天节|Tiānjié|Nebeski Registar|8|0|
    |诸王|Zhūwáng|Feudalni Kraljevi|6|4|
    |天高|Tiāngāo|Nebeska Visoka Terasa|4|4|
    |九州殊口|Jiǔzhōushūkǒu|Tumači Devet Dijalekata|6|11|
    |五车|Wǔchē|Pet Kočija|5|19|
    |柱|Zhù|Stupovi|9|0|
    |天潢|Tiānhuáng|Nebesko pristanište|5|2|
    |咸池|Xiánchí|Bazen Harmonije|3|0|
    |天关|Tiānguān|Nebeski prolaz|1|6|
    |参旗|Shēnqí|Zastava Tri Zvjiezde|9|12|
    |九斿|Jiǔyóu|Carska Vojna Zastava|9|7|
    |天园|Tiānyuán|Nebeski voćnjak|13|6|
    |觜宿|Zīxiù|Kuća Kljuna Kornjače|   |   |
    |觜宿|Zīxiù|Kornjačin Kljun|3|0|
    |司怪|Sīguài|Božanstvo zaduženo za Čudovišta|4|6|
    |座旗|Zuòqí|Zastave Sjedišta|9|11|
    |参宿|Shēnxiù|Kuća Tri Zvijezde|   |   |
    |参宿|Shēnxiù|Tri Zvijezde|7|39|
    |伐(附参宿)|Fá|Otpremanje Oružanih Snaga na Suzbijanje (Vazal Tri Zvijezde)|3|2|
    |玉井|Yùjǐng|Izvor Žada|4|3|
    |屏|Píng|Zastor|2|0|
    |军井|Jūnjǐng|Vojni Izvor|4|2|
    |厕|Cè|Toalet|4|8|
    |屎|Shǐ|Izmet|1|0|
    |井宿|Jǐngxiù|Kuća Izvora|   |   |
    |井宿|Jǐngxiù|Izvor|8|19|
    |钺(附井宿)|Yuè|Ratna Sjekira (Vazal Izvora)|1|1|
    |南河|Nánhé|Južna Rijeka|3|11|
    |北河|Běihé|Sjeverna Rijeka|3|4|
    |天樽|Tiānzūn|Nebeska Vinska Čaša|3|9|
    |五诸侯|Wǔzhūhóu|Pet Feudalnih Kraljeva|5|4|
    |积水|Jīshuǐ|Akumulacija Vode|1|0|
    |积薪|Jīxīn|Hrpa Drva za Ogrjev|1|3|
    |水府|Shuǐfǔ|Službenik za Ispitivanje|4|8|
    |水位|Shuǐwèi|Razina Vode|4|12|
    |四渎|Sìdú|Četiri Kanala|4|8|
    |军市|Jūnshì|Vojna Tržnica|6|7|
    |野鸡|Yějī|Divlji Pjetlić|1|0|
    |丈人|Zhàngrén|Djed|2|0|
    |子|Zǐ|Sin|2|1|
    |孙|Sūn|Unuk|2|4|
    |阙丘|Quèqiū|Vrata Palače|2|7|
    |天狼|Tiānláng|Nebeski Vuk|1|6|
    |弧矢|Húshǐ|Luk i Strijela|9|32|
    |老人|Lǎorén|Starac|1|4|
    |鬼宿|Guǐxiù|Kuća Duhova|   |   |
    |鬼宿|Guǐxiù|Duhovi|4|19|
    |积尸|Jīshī|Nagomilani Leševi|1|3|
    |爟|Guàn|Signalna Vatra|4|11|
    |天狗|Tiāngǒu|Nebeski Pas|7|0|
    |外厨|Wàichú|Vanjska Kuhinja|6|17|
    |天社|Tiānshè|Božja Palača Nebeske Zemlje|6|5|
    |天记|Tiānjì|Sudac za Određivanje Starosti Životinja|1|2|
    |柳宿|Liǔxiù|Kuća Vrbe|   |   |
    |柳宿|Liǔxiù|Vrba|8|13|
    |酒旗|Jiǔqí|Zastava Vinoteke|3|5|
    |星宿|Xīngxiù|Kuća Zvijezde|   |   |
    |星宿|Xīngxiù|Kuća Zvijezde|7|15|
    |天相|Tiānxiàng|Nebeski Premijer|3|11|
    |天稷*|Tiānjì|Nebeske žitarice|/|/|
    |轩辕|Xuānyuán|Xuanyuan|17|59|
    |内平|Nèipíng|Visoki Sudac|4|11|
    |张宿|Zhāngxiù|Kuća Raširene Mreže|   |   |
    |张宿|Zhāngxiù|Raširena Mreža|6|5|
    |天庙*|Tiānmiào|Nebeski Hram|/|/|
    |翼宿|Yìxiù|Kuća Krila|   |   |
    |翼宿|Yìxiù|Krila|22|7|
    |东瓯*|Dōngōu|Dongou|/|/|
    |轸宿|Zhěnxiù|Kuća Kočije|   |   |
    |轸宿|Zhěnxiù|Kočija|4|5|
    |长沙(附轸宿)|Chángshā|Changsha (Vazal Kočije)|1|0|
    |左辖(附轸宿)|Zuǒxiá|Lijevi Klin (Vazal Kočije)|1|0|
    |右辖(附轸宿)|Yoùxiá|Desni Klin (Vazal Kočije)|1|0|
    |青丘|Qīngqiū|Zeleno Brdo|7|3|
    |军门*|Jūnmén|Vojna Vrata|/|/|
    |土司空*|Tǔsīkōng|Majstor Gradnje|/|/|
    |器府*|Qìfǔ|Kuća Glazbenih Instrumenata|/|/|
    |近南极星区|JìnnánJí Xīngqū|The Southern Sky|   |   |
    |海山|Hǎishān|More i Planina|4|2|
    |十字架|Shízìjià|Križ|4|0|
    |马尾|Mǎwěi|Konjski Rep|3|0|
    |马腹|Mǎfù|Konjski Trbuh|3|0|
    |蜜蜂|Mìfēng|Pčela|4|0|
    |三角形|Sānjiǎoxíng|Trokut|3|4|
    |异雀|Yìquè|Egzotična Ptica|9|0|
    |孔雀|Kǒngquè|Peafowl|11|4|
    |波斯|Bōsī|Perzija|11|0|
    |蛇尾|Shéwěi|Zmijski Rep|4|0|
    |蛇腹|Shéfù|Zmijski Trbuh|4|0|
    |蛇首|Shéshǒu|Zmijska Glava|2|0|
    |鸟喙|Niǎohuì|Ptičji Kljun|7|1|
    |鹤 |Hè|Ždral|12|2|
    |火鸟|Huǒniǎo|Vatrena Ptica|10|1|
    |水委|Shuǐweǐ|Vijugava Voda koja Teče|3|0|
    |附白|Fùbái|Bijela Zakrpa u Blizini|2|0|
    |夹白|Jiābái|Bijele Pričvršćene Zakrpe|2|0|
    |金鱼|Jīnyú|Zlatna Ribica|5|1|
    |海石|Hǎishí|Morski Kamen|5|3|
    |飞鱼|Fēiyú|Leteća Riba|6|0|
    |南船|Nánchuán|Južni Brod|5|1|
    |小斗|Xiǎodǒu|Mala kola|9|1|
    
    note 1: The Xingguans with "*", Was officially deleted in 1752.
    
    note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the parent Xingguan.
    
    ### Objekti dubokog svemira
    
    Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were also included in the Xingguans.
    
    Uključi slijedeće:
    
    |Opći naziv|Kineski naziv|Pinyin|Translation|Nadimak|
    |----------|-------------|------|-----------|-------|
    |NGC 6231|神宫|shéngōng|Božja Palača|Sjeverna Kutija za Dragulje Skup|
    |NGC 6475/M 7|鱼|Yú|Riba|Ptolomejev skup|
    |NGC 2632/M 44|积尸|JīShī|Nagomilani Leševi|skup Košnica|
    |NGC 5139|库楼增一|Kùlóu Zēng I|Arsenal dodano I|Omega Centauri|
    |NGC 224/M 31|奎宿增廿一|Kuíxiù Zēng XXI|Kuća Nogu XXI|Galaksija Andromeda|
    |NGC 3372 |海山二|Hǎishān II|More i Planina II|Homunculus Nebula, Eta Carinae|
    
    ### Napomene
    
    This Sky Culture is Based on the information inside *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)* (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and *Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成).
    
    Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)*. He produced *Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium* (Chinese: Stellarium 中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important reference.
    
    Some stars have been added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China* (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史).
    
    For the translation of constellations, we use the *English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names* (Chinese: 中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a small portion of the translation is changed, for example, when the translations of the two different Xingguans are the same.
    
    There are seven stars with Chinese star names without corresponding HIP numbers, so they cannot be displayed in Stellarium. They are Sea and Mountain II (η Car), Five Chariots Added XVIII (12 Aur), Recommending Virtuous Man Added VI (39 Vir) , Great Horn Added II (CN Boo), Hairy Head Added X (24 Tau), Heart Added VII (18 Oph), South River Added XI (GC 10303).
    
    The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are controversial. these are only possible translations. Chinese characters are ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is provided only to make star names readable.

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: This sky culture is based on the observation data of Huangyou four years (1052 AD), and presents the medieval Chinese sky map as faithfully as possible. This sky culture includes 283 Xingguans (星官, Chinese Constellations) and 1464 stars (including clusters M7, M44) of the *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map*. And the determinative star is marked for each Xingguan that can determine the determinative star. The boundaries of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions are based on 1052 AD.
hr: Kultura zviježđa temelji se na podacima četverogodišnjeg promatranja Huangyoua (1052. g.) i prikazuje vjernu srednjovjekovnu kinesku zvjezdanu kartu . Uključuje 283 Xingguansa (星官, kineskih zviježđa) i 1464 zvijezda (uključujući skupove M7, M44) *Xinyixiangfayao zvjezdane karte*. Također su označene određujuće zvijezde svakog Xingguan koje su mogle biti određene. Granice 28 Mjesečevih Kuća temeljene su prema 1052. godini.

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Medieval Xingguans
    
    From the Three Kingdoms Period to the Ming Dynasty, covering the whole of the Middle Ages, China's star map is similar.
    
    The Xingguans originated in ancient times. Wuxian (巫咸) of Shang Dynasty(16th century BC-1046 BC), Gan De (甘德) and Shi Shen (石申) of The Warring States Period (475–221 BC), created their own Xingguan system respectively. During the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), Chen Zhuo (陈卓) summarized the Xingguans system of Gan De, Shi Shen and Wuxian, including 283 Xingguans and 1464 stars. Since then, Xingguan system has been basically defined, and after a thousand years, there has not been much change. Since the 17th century, Western astronomy has had an impact on Chinese astronomy, and the shape and number of Xingguans have changed significantly. Only about half of the constellations maintained the medieval style.
    
    Determinative star is an important concept. In the Middle Ages, Chinese astronomers did not name all stars, and each Xingguans was chosen as a major star called determinative star. In ancient China, astronomical measurements measured its coordinate position, and other stars in the Xingguan were rarely mentioned. However, some important constellations will be selected more stars for observation and recording. In ancient China, astronomers used mansion distance degrees (determinative star distance) and polar distance degrees to record the position of stars. **In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system**.
    
    The *Song of the Sky Pacers* (步天歌) is an early Chinese star catalogue in the form of poem in heptasyllabic verse, enumerating the names of stars.
    
    Below is *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map* from Su Song(苏颂, 1020-1101 AD).
    
    ![](illustrations/xyxfy.png)
    
    *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map(1088 AD)*
    
    ### Restore Sky Map
    
    The sky map of the Song dynasty is typical of the Chinese medieval sky map. In 1052 AD, the Song Dynasty official conducted accurate stellar measurements, leaving a lot of data.
    
    Pan Nai(潘鼐) collated these astronomical observations data and based on the *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map*, he restored most of the Song Dynasty's Xingguan in his masterpiece *The History of Stellar Observation in China*, which is the most important reference book. Qi Rui (齐锐) and Wan Haoyi (万昊宜) also restored the Xingguans of the Song Dynasty in the book *Roving China Heavens*, which is also an important reference book.
    
    Due to the limitation of observation conditions in Song Dynasty, combined with instruments, circulated errors and other reasons, different scholars restored the sky map is somewhat different.
    
    Based on these books, Stellarium can almost truly present the Chinese medieval sky map of Huangyou four years (1052 AD).
    
    ### Planets
    
    Taiyang (太阳), Sun. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of yang,
    
    Taiyin (太阴), Moon. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of Yin,
    
    Chen Star (辰星), Mercury. Chen is an angle unit, which refers to about 30 degrees. Mercury is always within 30 degrees of the sun.
    
    Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai means big and white.
    
    Yinghuo (荧惑), Mars. The colors of Mars are like fire, and movement is confusing.
    
    Sui Star (岁星), Jupiter. It means the old star. Jupiter travels around the celestial sphere for a week every 12 years. The ancients took Jupiter's position as the standard of the chronology.
    
    Zhen Star (填星), Saturn. Zhen, means passing Lunar Mansions. Saturn travels around the celestial sphere about every 28 years. Saturn will pass through a Lunar Mansion every year.
hr: ### Srednjovjekovni Xingguani
    
    Kineska zvjezdana karta ostala je gotovo nepromijenjena od perioda Tri Kraljevstva do Dinastije Ming, što pokriva cijeli srednji vijek.
    
    Xingguani potječu iz drevnih dana. Wuxian (巫咸) iz Dinastije Shang (16 stoljeće pr. Kr -1046 god. pr.Kr.), Gan De (甘德) i Shi Shen (石申) iz perioda Zaraćenih država (475. - 221. god. pr.Kr.), izradili su svoje vlastite Xingguan sustave. Tijekom razdoblja Tri kraljevstva (220–280.), Chen Zhuo (陈卓) je sažeo Gan De, Shi Shen i Wuxian Xingguan sustave, uključujući 283 Xingguana i 1464 zvijezda. Otada je sustav Xingguana u osnovi definiran, a nakon tisuću godina nije se puno promijenilo. Od 17. stoljeća zapadna astronomija imala je utjecaj na kinesku astronomiju, a oblik i broj Xingguana znatno su se promijenili. Samo oko polovica zviježđa ostala je u svom srednjovjekovnom obliku.
    
    Determinative star is an important concept. In the Middle Ages, Chinese astronomers did not name all stars, and each Xingguans was chosen as a major star called determinative star. In ancient China, astronomical measurements measured its coordinate position, and other stars in the Xingguan were rarely mentioned. However, some important constellations will be selected more stars for observation and recording. In ancient China, astronomers used mansion distance degrees (determinative star distance) and polar distance degrees to record the position of stars. **In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system**.
    
    *Pjesma Nebeskih Hodača* (步天歌) je rani kineski katalog zvijezda u u formi pjesama u sedmercu, u kojima se nabrajaju nazivi zvijezda.
    
    Niže se nalazi *Xinyixiangfayao zvjezdana karta* Su Songa (苏颂, 1020-1101).
    
    ![](illustrations/xyxfy.png)
    
    *Xinyixiangfayao zvjezdana karta (1088)*
    
    ### Obnova zvjezdane karte
    
    Zvjezdana karta dinastije song tipična je kineska srednjovjekovna zvjezdana karta. Dinastija Song je 1052. godine službeno je provela točna zvjezdana mjerenja i tako ostavila veliku količinu podataka za sobom.
    
    Pan Nai(潘鼐) sakupio je ove podatke s astronomskih opažanja, te je na temelju *Xinyixiangfayao zvjezdane karte*, restaurirao većinu Xingguana dinastije Song u svom remekdjelu *Povijest opažanja zvijezda u Kini*, koja je postala najvažnija referentna knjiga. Qi Rui (齐锐) i Wan Haoyi (万昊宜) također su restaurirali Xingguane dinastije Song u knjizi *Putovanje kineskim nebom*, koja također služi kao važna referentna knjiga.
    
    Zbog ograničenih uvjeta opažanja tijekom dinastije Song, uključujući i instrumente, pogreške i druge razloge, različiti naučnici su zvjezdane karte restaurirali s određenim razlikama.
    
    Na temelju ovih knjiga, Stellarium gotovo vjerno predstavlja kinesku srednjovjekovnu zvjezdanu kartu Huangyou-a (1052. godina)
    
    ### Planeti
    
    Taiyang (太阳), Sunce. Naziv dolazi iz koncepta yin i yang, a znači puno Yang-a,
    
    Taiyin (太阴), Mjesec. Naziv dolazi iz koncepta yin i yang, a znači puno Yin-a,
    
    Zvijezda Chen (辰星), Merkur. Chen je kutna mjera od otprilike 30 stupnjeva. Proizlazi iz toga što je Merkur uvijek unutar 30 stupnjeva od Sunca.
    
    Taibai (太白), Venera. Taibai označava veliko i bijelo.
    
    Yinghuo (荧惑), Mars. Boja Marsa je ona slična vatri a kretanje je zbunjujuće.
    
    Zvijezda Sui (岁星), Jupiter. Znači stara zvijezda. Jupiter putuje po nebeskoj sferi tjedan dana svakih 12 godina. Drevni su uzimali položaj Jupitera kao standard u kronologiji.
    
    Zvijezda Zhen (填星), Saturn. Zhen znači prolazak Mjesečeve stanice. Saturn putuje po nebeskoj sferi svakih 28 godina što bi značilo da prođe jednu Mjesečevu stanicu svake godine.

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Pan Nai. The History of Stellar Observation in China
     - [#2]: Qi Rui and Wan Haoyi. Roving China Heavens
     - [#3]: Su Song. *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map*
     - [#4]: *Records of the Grand Historian*
     - [#5]: *Book of Sui*
     - [#6]: *History of Song*
    
    ### External links
    
     - [wikipedia - Su Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song)
     - [History of Song](http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html)
     - [Records of the Grand Historian](http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html)
     - [(Chinese) Song of the Sky Pacers](https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm)
     - [wikipedia - Song of the Sky Pacers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers)
     - [(Chinese) Chinese Heaven in WWT Community Beijing](http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm)
hr:  - [#1]: Pan Nai. The History of Stellar Observation in China
     - [#2]: Qi Rui and Wan Haoyi. Roving China Heavens
     - [#3]: Su Song. *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map*
     - [#4]: *Records of the Grand Historian*
     - [#5]: *Book of Sui*
     - [#6]: *History of Song*
    
    ### Vanjske poveznice
    
     - [wikipedia - Su Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song)
     - [Povijest dinastije Song](http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html)
     - [Zapisi Velikog Povjesničara](http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html)
     - [(kineski) Pjesma Nebeskih Hodača](https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm)
     - [wikipedia - Pjesma Nebeskih Hodača](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers)
     - [(Chinese) Chinese Heaven in WWT Community Beijing](http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm)

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Sun Shuwei* (孙殳玮) . [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com)
hr: Kulturu zviježđa u Stellarium je pridonio korisnik *Sun Shuwei*(孙殳玮) . [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com).

note: Egyptian sky culture name
en: Egyptian
hr: Egipatska

note: Egyptian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point.
hr: Kasna egipatska astronomija/astrologija slijedi grčko/rimsku kulturu. Čini se da vjerovanje kako zvijezde mogu utjecati na ljudsku sudbinu nije stiglo do Egipta sve do Ptolomejevog doba. Hram u Denderi posvećen božici Hatori datira iz Ptolomejevog doba, najvjerojatnije iz prvog stoljeća pr.Kr., te sadrži prekrasne ilustracije neba koje ukazuju na takvu pretpostavku.

note: Egyptian sky culture description section in markdown format
en: However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales (which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [#1].
    
    Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [#2], although the constellations did change significantly over time [#3].
    
    The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the "stars that knew no rest". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet now known as Jupiter was called "Horus Who Limits the Two Lands"; Mars was "Horus of the Horizon"; Mercury was "Sebegu", associated with Set; Saturn was "Horus the Bull of the Sky"; and Venus was "the God of the Morning" [#7].
hr: Međutim postojale su razlike u nazivima. Primjerice, Rak je predstavljen kao Skarabej kukac a zviježđe Kentaur u blizini Vage predstavljeno je kao Lav (nije se odnosilo na današnji zodijački Lav) [#1].
    
    Ranija zviježđa bila su više problematična, no postoje indikacije da su neki moderni znakovi zodijaka zaista drevni [#2], iako su se sama zviježđa značajno promijenila kroz vrijeme [#3].
    
    Egipćani su poznavali pet planeta i nazivali ih "zvijezdama koje ne znaju za odmor". Njihovo nebesko kretanje podsjećalo ih je na pet bogova koji jedre preko neba u svojoj Sunčevoj barci (brodu). Planet danas poznat kao Jupiter nazivao se "Horus koji dijeli Dvije Zemlje"; Mars "Horus Horizonta"; Merkur je bio "Sebegu", povezan sa Setom; Saturn "Horus Nebeski Bik"; i Venera kao "Jutarnja Božica"[#7].

note: Egyptian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 17: *Mithraic uranography*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-17.html).
     - [#2]: [Three archaic Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?](http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm)
     - [#3]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 15: *Farnese celestial globe*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-15.html).
     - [#4]: [http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html](http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm](http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm)
     - [#6]: [http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html](http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html)
     - [#7]: <notr>Pat Remler: Egyptian mythology A to Z / 3rd ed., 2010, Chelsea House, ISBN 978-1-60413-926-6</notr>
hr:  - [#1]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 17: *Mithraic uranography*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-17.html).
     - [#2]: [Three archaic Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?](http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm)
     - [#3]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 15: *Farnese celestial globe*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-15.html).
     - [#4]: [http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html](http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm](http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm)
     - [#6]: [http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html](http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html)
     - [#7]: Pat Remler: Egyptian mythology A to Z / 3rd ed., 2010, Chelsea House, ISBN 978-1-60413-926-6

note: Egyptian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper "A Map of the Ancient Egyptian Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte.
    
    This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)
hr: Doprinos ove kulture zviježđa ide *Karrie Berglund* iz Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. i temelji se na radu "A Map of the Ancient Egyptian Firmament” Juan Antonio Belmontea.
    
    Ažuriranje kulture zviježđa (imena planeta) izvršeno je od strane misibacsi-ja.

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p>This ancient Greek sky culture is compiled in a book that is today known by its Arabic title "Almagest".
    This book was written in Roman time (under the reign of Roman emperor Hadrian) at Alexandria (Africa) in
    Greek language, with dates given in Egyptian month names and years counted after a Babylonian king,
    so it is clearly a multi-cultural compendium of knowledge. It is a compilation of
    astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from
    observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius
    Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written
    in Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main
    astronomical work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written
    with the title <i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek.
    The name <i>Almagest</i>, meaning &ldquo;The Largest [Book]&rdquo;, was
    developed from Arabian translations. To create this sky culture we used
    the English translation by Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details
    (e.g. using more literal translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that
    are common today) and we made use of computer readable tables prepared
    by Ernie Wright.</p>
hr: <p>This ancient Greek sky culture is compiled in a book that is today known by
    its Arabic title "Almagest".  This book was written in Roman time (under the
    reign of Roman emperor Hadrian) at Alexandria (Africa) in Greek language,
    with dates given in Egyptian month names and years counted after a
    Babylonian king, so it is clearly a multi-cultural compendium of
    knowledge. It is a compilation of astronomical knowledge of former
    astronomers including results from observations and mathematical
    astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius Ptolemy, using older, as well as his
    own, observations, it was written in Greek, published in the Second Century
    and remained the main astronomical work for the following 1500 years. It was
    originally written with the title <i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient
    Greek.  The name <i>Almagest</i>, meaning &ldquo;The Largest [Book]&rdquo;,
    was developed from Arabian translations. To create this sky culture we used
    the English translation by Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details
    (e.g. using more literal translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that
    are common today) and we made use of computer readable tables prepared by
    Ernie Wright.</p>

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com
    
    Written in English: the authors
hr: Kulturu zviježđa su sastavile i dodale u Stellarium Alina Schmidt, Lea
    Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern i Susanne M. Hoffmann:
    service@uhura-uraniae.com
    
    Written in English: the authors

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture name
en: Hawaiian Starlines
hr: Havajske linije zvijezda

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: These are the star lines developed by Nainoa Thompson and used by the Polynesian Voyaging Society to navigate Polynesian sailing canoes using traditional techniques of non instrument navigation across thousands of miles of open ocean. For years, Hawaiian navigators have memorized the position of stars as they rise and set in order to know oneʻs bearing.   Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson developed a system of organization to help memorize the position of stars throughout the celestial sphere by dividing the sky into four evenly sized star lines.
hr: Nainoa Thompson razvio je ove zvjezdane linije a Polinezijsko društvoza plovidbu koristilo ih je za navigaciju polinezijskih jedrilica koristeći tradicionalne tehnike plovidbe kroz tisuće kilometara otvorenog oceana bez korištenja instrumenata. Godinama su havajski mornari pamtili položaj zvijezda prilikom izlaska i zalaska kako bi utvrđivali svoj smjer . Nainoa Thompson razvio je sustav organizacije koji bi pomagao pri pamćenju položaja zvijezda na nebeskoj sferi podijelivši nebo na četiri zvjezdane linije jednakih veličina.

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Polynesian Voyaging Society](http://hokulea.com)
     - [#2]: [Hawaiian Voyaging Society](http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html)
     - [#3]: [Imiloa](http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths)
     - [#4]: [Hawaiian Star Lines and Names for Stars](http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html)
    
     The Hawaiian Star Compass landscape which should be used with this skyculture is available at the [Stellarium Landscapes](https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html) collection.
hr:  - [#1]: [Polinezijsko društvo za plovidbu](http://hokulea.com)
     - [#2]: [Havajsko društvo za plovidbu](http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html)
     - [#3]: [Imiloa](http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths)
     - [#4]: [Havajske zvjezdane linije i nazivi zvijezda](http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html)
    
     Krajolik havajskog zvjezdanog kompasa koji se preporuča za korištenje s ovom kulturom zviježda dostupan je u kolekciji [Stellarium Landscapes](https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html).

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture authors section in markdown format
en:  The *master navigator* behind this sky culture was Mau Piailug of Satawal, who taught the Polynesian art of celestial navigation to Nainoa Thompson, who developed this version of the sky culture that was used from 2013-17 by Hawaiians to sail around the world during the Malama Honua Voyage of Hokule’a, the Polynesian voyaging canoe. Stellarium has been used as a tool by the navigators of Hokule’a and this sky culture serves as a tool for practicing Polynesian navigation.
    
    The technical implementation of the sky culture included here was contributed in 2017 by teachers Darren Kamalu and Christopher Blake, Students Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila and the Celestial Navigation class at Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai’i. Artwork by Kealoha Kaneakua.
hr:  *Iskusni navigator* u pozadini ove kulture zviježda je Mau Piailug iz Satawala, koji je prenio svoje znanje o zvjezdanoj navigaciji Nainoa Thompsonu, koji je razvio ovu kulturu zviježđa. U periodu 2013-17. koristili su je Havajci kako bi oplovili svijet tijekom Malama Honua Voyage of Hokule’a, u polinezijskom kanuu. Stellarium je bio korišten kao alat Hokule’a a i danas služi kao alat prilikom uvježbavanja polinezijske navigacije.
    
    Tehničku implementaciju kulture zviježđa odradili su 2017. godine učitelji Darren Kamalu i Christopher Blake, studenti Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila i razred zvjezdane navigacije u Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Havaji.

note: Indian Vedic sky culture name
en: Indian Vedic
hr: Indijsko Vedska

note: Indian Vedic sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to Nakṣatra-s.
hr: Vedska kultura zviježđa s nekim od poznatijih zviježđa povezanih s Nakṣatrama.

note: Inuit sky culture name
en: Inuit
hr: Inuiti

note: Inuit sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Inuit sky culture files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of John MacDonald's research in his book [#1]. While placements and specifics of Inuit constellations might differ from tribe to tribe, the information in Stellarium presents the constellations and general themes of the arctic universe.
hr: Podaci Inuitske kulture zviježđa dostupni na Stellariumu-u adaptacija su istraživanja John MacDonalda navedenih u njegovoj knjizi **Arktičko nebo: Astronomija, zvjezdoznanstvo i legende Inuita**[#1]. Iako se smještaj i specifičnosti inuitskih zviježđa mogu razlikovati od plemena do plemena, informacije u Stellariumu prikazuju zviježđa i općenite teme arktičkog svijeta.

note: Inuit sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book [#1].
    
    Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris.
hr: Kulturu zviježđa razvila je *Karrie Berglund* iz Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. primarno temeljeći na knjizi **Arktičko nebo: Astronomija, zvjezdoznanstvo i legende Inuita**[#1] autora John MacDonalda.
    
    Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris.

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Most astronomical observation in the Japan until the Meiji Restoration was closely tied to astrological purposes. For ancient Chinese and later Korean and Japanese cartographers four seasons and four cardinal directions is marked as four talismanic animals - the Azure Dragon of the East (Spring), the Red Bird of the South (Summer), the White Tiger of the West (Fall), and the "Genbu" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter). Corresponding to each of the talismanic animals the celestial "palaces" were seven *sei shuku* or what are sometimes called "lunar lodges". The moon "stations" or "lodges" probably may be used to determine position of sun and planets as well as the moon, and their number may or may not have been related to the period of the moon's orbit. Origins of these associations are obscure and even controversial.
hr: Većina astronomskih promatranja u Japanu do Meijeve revolucije bila je usko vezana za astrološke svrhe. Za drevne kineske a kasnije korejske i japanske kartografe četiri su doba i strane svijeta označene kao četiri talismanske životinje - Azurni zmaj Istoka (proljeće), Crvena ptica Juga (ljeto), Bijeli tigar Zapada (Jesen ), i "Genbu" (crna kornjača) sjevera (zima). U skladu s svakom od talismanskih životinja, nebeske su „palače“ bile sedam *sei shuku* ili kako su se ponekad nazivale - "lunarne kuće". Moguće je da su seMjesečeve "stanice" ili "kuće" koristile prilikom određivanja položaja Sunca i planeta kao i Mjeseca, a njihov broj može ili ne mora biti povezan s razdobljem mjesečeve orbite. Podrijetlo ovih poveznica je nejasno, pa čak i kontroverzno.

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Determination of the talismanic animals and associated star "palaces" together with the associated 28 *sei shuku* or lunar lodges represent some of the most complex aspects of Asian "astronomy". An apparent anomaly is the fact that the actual positional path of the sun seems to move in a direction opposite the seasonal associations of Spring and Fall. Some scientists argues that this is due to the animals and sei shuku being created some 17 to 18 millennia ago (precession creating the anomaly), but it does not really explain the apparent "backward" motion of the sun through seasons.
    
    According to some scientists, the talismanic animals with their associated sei shuku were probably used in conjunction with the direction to which the handle of the big dipper (often called the "North Seven Stars" in China, Korea, and Japan) pointed at the equinoxes and solstices. Before the Christian Era, when the sei shuku were created, the big dipper did not appear to set, because they had a relatively "higher" position than now.
    
    Like myths and traditions in Western cultures, these views still wield influence in the daily life of people in China, Korea, and Japan (this despite quite prominent scientific literacy). However, it should be pointed out that astrological divination in China, Korea and Japan was and is rather complex.
    
    The lore related to moon stations is one of the most interesting aspects of Asian Ethnoastronomy. Japanese interpretations of these associations tended to revolve around agricultural needs and animistic views of nature. Unlike many Western myths and traditions, japanese gods in the similitude of the talismanic animals can be seen as manifestations of nature.
    
    Below is an example of a star chart from Edo Era Japan.
    
    ![](illustrations/chart.png)
    
    *Close-Up of Yasui's Map Showing the First 15 Moon Stations*
    
    ### The Azure Dragon of the East (Spring)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "East" or "Blue Dragon".
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>1</notr>|![](illustrations/mn01.png)|Horn(s), perhaps Angle, Corner|<notr>&alpha; Vir</notr>|<notr>SuBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>2</notr>|![](illustrations/mn02.png)|Neck, Throat|<notr>&kappa; Vir</notr>|<notr>AmiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>3</notr>|![](illustrations/mn03.png)|Root, perhaps Shoulder or Base|<notr>&iota; Lib; </notr>sometimes<notr> &alpha; Lib</notr>|<notr>TomoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>4</notr>|![](illustrations/mn04.png)|Chamber, perhaps Breasts|<notr>&delta; Sco; </notr>sometimes<notr> &pi; Sco</notr>|<notr>SoiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>5</notr>|![](illustrations/mn05.png)|Heart|<notr>&sigma; Sco</notr>|<notr>NakagoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>6</notr>|![](illustrations/mn06.png)|Tail|<notr>&mu; Sco</notr>|<notr>AshitareBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>7</notr>|![](illustrations/mn07.png)|Basket|<notr>&gamma; Sgr; </notr>sometimes<notr> &eta; Sgr</notr>|<notr>MiBoshi</notr>|
    
    ### The "Genbu" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "North" (Genbu) or "Black Tortoise of Winter" (also "Somber" or "Black" Warrior).
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>8</notr>|![](illustrations/mn08.png)|Dipper; Measure|<notr>&phi; Sgr</notr>|<notr>HikitsuBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>9</notr>|![](illustrations/mn09.png)|Cow|<notr>&beta; Cap</notr>|<notr>InamiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>10</notr>|![](illustrations/mn10.png)|Woman; perhaps Waiting Maid|<notr>&epsilon; Aqr</notr>|<notr>UrukiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>11</notr>|![](illustrations/mn11.png)|Emptiness|<notr>&beta; Aqr</notr>|<notr>TomiteBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>12</notr>|![](illustrations/mn12.png)|Roof Top, perhaps Danger, Steep|<notr>&alpha; Aqr</notr>|<notr>UmiyameBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>13</notr>|![](illustrations/mn13.png)|Room, perhaps Encampment|<notr>&alpha; Peg</notr>|<notr>HatsuiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>14</notr>|![](illustrations/mn14.png)|Wall|<notr>&gamma; Peg</notr>|<notr>NamameBoshi</notr>|
    
    ### The White Tiger of the West (Fall)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "West" or "White Tiger".
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>15</notr>|![](illustrations/mn15.png)|Stride, Foot|<notr>&delta; And</notr>|<notr>TokakiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>16</notr>|![](illustrations/mn16.png)|Hill, Lasso; perhaps Bellows|<notr>&beta; Ari</notr>|<notr>TataraBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>17</notr>|![](illustrations/mn17.png)|Stomach|<notr>35 Ari</notr>|<notr>EkieBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>18</notr>|![](illustrations/mn18.png)|Stopping Place, United; perhaps "Getting Together"|<notr>17 Tau; </notr>sometimes<notr> 16 Tau</notr>|<notr>SubaruBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>19</notr>|![](illustrations/mn19.png)|Net; perhaps related to Rain|<notr>&epsilon; Tau</notr>|<notr>AmefuriBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>20</notr>|![](illustrations/mn20.png)|Turtle Snout, perhaps Tuft on Owl's Head|   |<notr>TorokiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>21</notr>|![](illustrations/mn21.png)|Investigator, Three|<notr>&delta; Ori; </notr>sometimes<notr> &beta; Ori</notr>|<notr>KagasukiBoshi</notr>|
    
    ### The Red Bird of the South (Summer)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "South" or "Red Bird".
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>22</notr>|![](illustrations/mn22.png)|Well|<notr>&mu; Gem</notr>|<notr>ChichiriBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>23</notr>|![](illustrations/mn23.png)|Ogre, Devil, perhaps Ghost|<notr>&delta; Cnc; </notr>sometimes<notr> &theta; Cnc</notr>|<notr>TamahomeBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>24</notr>|![](illustrations/mn24.png)|Willow|<notr>&delta; Hya</notr>|<notr>NurikoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>25</notr>|![](illustrations/mn25.png)|Stars|<notr>&alpha; Hya</notr>|<notr>HotohoriBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>26</notr>|![](illustrations/mn26.png)|Stretched Net|<notr>&nu; Hya</notr>|<notr>ChirikoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>27</notr>|![](illustrations/mn27.png)|Wings|<notr>&alpha; Crt</notr>|<notr>TasukiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>28</notr>|![](illustrations/mn28.png)|Chariot Cross-Board, perhaps strings of Koto|<notr>&gamma; Crv</notr>|<notr>MitsukakeBoshi</notr>|
hr: Određivanje talismanskih životinja i pripadajućih zvijezda "palača" zajedno s pripadajućim 28 *sei shuku*ili lunarnim kućama predstavljaju neke od najsloženijih aspekata azijske "astronomije". Očigledna anomalija je činjenica da se stvarni položaj Sunca kreće u smjeru suprotnom od godišnjih doba koja se odnose na proljeće i jesen. Neki znanstvenici tvrde da je to zbog toga što su životinje i sei shuku stvoreni prije otprilike 17 do 18 tisućljeća (precesija stvara anomaliju), ali to zapravo ne objašnjava prividno kretanje Sunca „unatrag“ kroz godišnja doba.
    
    Prema nekim znanstvenicima, talismanske životinje s njihovim povezanim sei shukuom vjerojatno su korištene u kombinaciji s pravcem u kojem je ručka Velikih Kola (koja se u Kini, Koreji i Japanu često naziva "sedam sjevernih zvijezda") usmjerena na ekvinocije i solsticije. Prije kršćanske ere, kada je stvoren sei shuku, čini se da Velika Kola nisu zalazila, jer su imala relativno "viši" položaj nego danas.
    
    Poput mitova i tradicija u zapadnim kulturama, i ova gledišta još uvijek imaju utjecaj u svakodnevnom životu ljudi u Kini, Koreji i Japanu (bez obzira na prilično visoku znanstvenu pismenost). Međutim, treba istaknuti da su astrološka vjerovanja u Kini, Koreji i Japanu bila, i još uvijek jesu, prilično komplicirana.
    
    Zanimljivosti vezane uz mjesečeve stanice jedan su od najzanimljivijih aspekata azijske etnoastronomije. Japanske interpretacije ovih udruženja uglavnom su se vrtjele oko poljoprivrednih potreba i animističkih pogleda na prirodu. Za razliku od mnogih zapadnih mitova i tradicija, japanski bogovi u sličnosti talismanskih životinja mogu se promatrati kao manifestacije prirode.
    
    Ispod su primjeri zvjezdanih karata iz Japana u Edo razdoblju.
    
    ![](illustrations/chart.png)
    
    *Uvećana Yasui karta koja prikazuje prvih 15 Mjesečevih stanica*
    
    ### Azurni zmaj Istoka (Proljeće)
    
    7 Mjesečevih stanica "Istoka" ili "Plavog Zmaja".
    
    |#|Kineski znak|Značenje|Ključna zvijezda|Japanski naziv|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|--------|----------------|--------------|
    |1|![](illustrations/mn01.png)|Rog(ovi), možda Kut ili Ugao|&alpha; Vir|SuBoshi|
    |2|![](illustrations/mn02.png)|Vrat, Grlo|&kappa; Vir|AmiBoshi|
    |3|![](illustrations/mn03.png)|Korijen, moguće Rame ili Temelj|&iota; Lib; sometimes &alpha; Lib|TomoBoshi|
    |4|![](illustrations/mn04.png)|Odaja, možda Grudi|&delta; Sco; sometimes &pi; Sco|SoiBoshi|
    |5|![](illustrations/mn05.png)|Srce|&sigma; Sco|NakagoBoshi|
    |6|![](illustrations/mn06.png)|Rep|&mu; Sco|AshitareBoshi|
    |7|![](illustrations/mn07.png)|Košara|&gamma; Sgr; sometimes &eta; Sgr|MiBoshi|
    
    ### "Genbu" (Crna Kornjača) Sjevera (Zima)
    
    7 Mjesečevih stanica "Sjevera" (Genbu) ili "Crne Kornjače Zime" (također "Mračni" ili "Crni" Ratnik).
    
    |#|Kineski znak|Značenje|Ključna zvijezda|Japanski naziv|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|--------|----------------|--------------|
    |8|![](illustrations/mn08.png)|Kola, Mjerica|&phi; Sgr|HikitsuBoshi|
    |9|![](illustrations/mn09.png)|Krava|&beta; Cap|InamiBoshi|
    |10|![](illustrations/mn10.png)|Žena; možda Sluškinja koja čeka|&epsilon; Aqr|UrukiBoshi|
    |11|![](illustrations/mn11.png)|Ispraznost|&beta; Aqr|TomiteBoshi|
    |12|![](illustrations/mn12.png)|Krov, možda Opasnost, Strmina|&alpha; Aqr|UmiyameBoshi|
    |13|![](illustrations/mn13.png)|Soba, možda Logor|&alpha; Peg|HatsuiBoshi|
    |14|![](illustrations/mn14.png)|Zid|&gamma; Peg|NamameBoshi|
    
    ### Bijeli Tigar Zapada (Jesen)
    
    7 Mjesečevih stanica "Zapada" ili "Bijelog Tigra".
    
    |#|Kineski znak|Značenje|Ključna zvijezda|Japanski naziv|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|--------|----------------|--------------|
    |15|![](illustrations/mn15.png)|Korak, Stopalo|&delta; And|TokakiBoshi|
    |16|![](illustrations/mn16.png)|Brdo, Laso; možda Mijeh|&beta; Ari|TataraBoshi|
    |17|![](illustrations/mn17.png)|Stomak|35 Ari|EkieBoshi|
    |18|![](illustrations/mn18.png)|Mjesto za zaustavljanje, Ujedinjeni; možda "Susret"|17 Tau; sometimes 16 Tau|SubaruBoshi|
    |19|![](illustrations/mn19.png)|Mreža; možda vezano za Kišu|&epsilon; Tau|AmefuriBoshi|
    |20|![](illustrations/mn20.png)|Kornjačin kljun, možda Čuperak na glavi Sove|   |TorokiBoshi|
    |21|![](illustrations/mn21.png)|Istražitelj, Tri|&delta; Ori; sometimes &beta; Ori|KagasukiBoshi|
    
    ### Crvena Ptica Juga (Ljeto)
    
    7 Mjesečevih stanica "Juga" ili "Crvene Ptice".
    
    |#|Kineski znak|Značenje|Ključna zvijezda|Japanski naziv|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|------------|--------|----------------|--------------|
    |22|![](illustrations/mn22.png)|Izvor|&mu; Gem|ChichiriBoshi|
    |23|![](illustrations/mn23.png)|Ljudožder, Vrag, možda Duh|&delta; Cnc; sometimes &theta; Cnc|TamahomeBoshi|
    |24|![](illustrations/mn24.png)|Vrba|&delta; Hya|NurikoBoshi|
    |25|![](illustrations/mn25.png)|Zvijezde|&alpha; Hya|HotohoriBoshi|
    |26|![](illustrations/mn26.png)|Raširena Mreža|&nu; Hya|ChirikoBoshi|
    |27|![](illustrations/mn27.png)|Krila|&alpha; Crt|TasukiBoshi|
    |28|![](illustrations/mn28.png)|Podvozje Kočije, možda žice Koto instrumenta|&gamma; Crv|MitsukakeBoshi|

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: <notr>[A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan](http://www.academia.edu/5293593/A_Cultural_History_of_Astronomy_in_Japan)</notr> by Steve Renshaw
hr:  - [#1]: [A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan](http://www.academia.edu/5293593/A_Cultural_History_of_Astronomy_in_Japan) by Steve Renshaw

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Kamilaroi (also known as Gomeroi) and Euahlayi peoples are Australian Aboriginal cultural groups located in the northern part of New South Wales. They have survived European invasion and loss of much of their country. Their culture and connection to country remains strong, including an extensive cultural astronomy first recorded in the 1860s.
hr: Kamilaroi (također poznati kao Gomeroi) i Euahlayi narodi su Australske aboridžinske kulturne skupine smještene u sjevernom dijelu New South Walesa. Preživjeli su europsku invaziju i gubitak velikog dijela svoje zemlje. Njihova kultura i povezanost sa državom i dalje su snažni, uključujući opsežnu kulturnu astronomiju koja je prvi put zabilježena 1860-ih.

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Background
    
    This Stellarium Skyculture is the result of a Higher Degree Research project by Robert Fuller at Macquarie University, Sydney, finishing in 2014. Stellarium was chosen as a part of the project for Giving Back of the collected knowledge to the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi communities in the form of a documentary video (Star Stories of the Dreaming) and a student's Study Guide. Clips from the Stellarium were used in the documentary to illustrate certain sky objects.
hr: ### Pozadina
    
    Ova kultura zviježđa rezultat je projekta pod nazivom Higher Degree Research, Roberta Fullera s Macquarie University-a u Sydneyu, završenog 2014. godine. Stellarium je odabran kao dio navedenog projekta u svrhu vraćanja znanja o Kamilaroi i Euahlayi zajednicama u obliku dokumentarnog filma (Star Stories of the Dreaming) i vodiča za studente. Video segmenti iz Stellarium-a korišteni su u dokumentarcu kako bi se ilustrirali određeni nebeski objekti.

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture references section in markdown format
en: More detailed information on the astronomy of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi peoples can be found at [https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller](https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller).
hr: Više detalja o astronomiji Kamilaroi i Euahlayi naroda možete pronaći na [https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller](https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller).

note: Korean sky culture name
en: Korean
hr: Korejska

note: Korean sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C.
hr: Kineska, korejska i japanska zviježđa imaju isto podrijetlo i imaju vrlo slične oblike. Svako od zviježđa predstavljeno je na zvjezdanim kartama, i to po redu, na karti Dun Huanga iz 8. stoljeća, na karti Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do i na karti Kitora naslikane u .7~8. stoljeću. Njihovi su položaji i imena slični u kineskoj abecedi. Naziv zviježđa prvi se put pojavljuje u zapisima Velikog povjesničara (史記) u dinastiji Han koji opisuju dinastiju Xia oko 2000. godine prije Krista.

note: Korean sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Origin
    
    The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about 190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of the map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the southern limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with respect to the position, the position and the size of the constellations were somewhat altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that there should be no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. The work of the author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at a later time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation are like.
hr: ### Porijeklo
    
    272 zviježđa prikazana u ovoj Stellarium kulturi zviježđa temelje se na korejskoj zvjezdanoj kartai zviježđa Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, koja je uklesana na kamenu 1395. godine, ali porijeklo vuče s druge karte neba koja je postojala prije otprilike 2000 godina. Ova karta predstavlja 1467 zvijezda u oko 190 zviježđa čiji se oblici u manjoj mjeri razlikuju od kineskih. Tumačenje karte nije lako: karta je toliko stara da se samo oko 300 zvijezda podudara sa stvarnim zvijezdama. Sve zvijezde karte crtane su u krugu, pa se čini da je ekvator manji od južne granice. Kako se gustoća zviježđa ne mijenja s obzirom na položaj, položaj i veličina zviježđa donekle su izmijenjeni na što nije bilo poznato autoru. Pretpostavlja se da ne bi trebale postojati sjajne zvijezde koje ne pripadaju nijednom zviježđu. Djelo autora podložno je tumačenju i moglo bi ga se naknadno mijenjati. Međutim, otprilike prikazuje kakva su korejska zviježđa.

note: Korean sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *[Jeong, Tae-Min](http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/)*
hr: Kulturu zviježđa u Stellarium je pridonio korisnik *[Jeong, Tae-Min](http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/)*

note: Lokono sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <img src="illustrations/lokono_map_1.png" width="277" height="375" align="left"/>The *Lokono*, also known as *Arawak*, are an indigenous people of the Guianas, whose territory stretches along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, from northwestern Guyana, through Suriname, to northwestern French Guiana (see map).[#1] The Lokono speak a language that belongs to the Arawakan language family&mdash;one of the largest linguistic groupings on the continent. Like many of their linguistic relatives, the Lokono are agriculturalists specializing in the farming of manioc (*Manihot esculenta*), who also practice fishing, hunting, and gathering of wild plant. However, as one of the first indigenous groups that was encountered by the Europeans at the time of conquest, the Lokono have been in contact with non-indigenous populations for over 500 years.[#2] This contact has intensified in the last century, leading to a substantial loss of the Lokono language, traditional material and immaterial culture, changes in subsistence practices, and in particular to the disappearance of *medicine-men*&mdash;the traditional carriers of spiritual knowledge, most likely including ethnoastronomical knowledge. As a consequence, the modern knowledge about celestial bodies appears to be but a fraction of what the Lokono knew about stars in the past. Several constellations mentioned in older sources are forgotten or are only known from their names, while the combinations of stars they represent and the oral traditions explaining their origin and significance have been forgotten. The Skyculture presented here includes only identified constellations but the following description provides a more comprehensive account of Lokono astronomical knowledge including information extracted from historical sources about all the celestial objects named in the table below.
hr: <img src="illustrations/lokono_map_1.png" width="277" height="375" align="left"/> *Lokono*, također poznati kao narod *Arawak*, starosjedioci su Gvajane, a njihov teritorij proteže se uz obalu Atlantskog oceana, od sjeverozapadne Gvajane, preko Surinama, do sjeverozapadne Francuske Gvajane (vidi kartu).[#1]Govore jezik koji pripada porodici jezika Arawak, jednoj od najvećih jezičnih skupina na kontinentu. Kao i mnogi drugi narodi s kojima dijele sličan jezik, Lokono su poljoprivrednici specijalizirani za uzgoj manioka (*Manihot esculenta*), a također se bave ribolovom, lovom i sakupljanjem divljih biljaka. Međutim, kao jedna od prvih starosjedilačkih skupina s kojom su se Europljani susreli u trenutku osvajanja, Lokono narod je u kontaktu s ne-domorodačkim stanovništvom više od 500 godina .[#2] Taj se kontakt intenzivirao u prošlom stoljeću, što je dovelo do znatnog gubitka jezika Lokono, tradicionalne materijalne i nematerijalne kulture, promjena u načinu preživljavanja, posebno do nestanka*vračara*&mdash; tradicionalnih nosiocioca duhovnog znanja, najvjerojatnije uključujući i etnoastronomsko znanje. Kao posljedica toga, čini se da je moderno znanje o nebeskim tijelima samo djelić onoga što su Lokono znali o zvijezdama u prošlim vremenima. Nekoliko zviježđa navedenih u starijim izvorima zaboravljeno je ili je poznato samo po njihovim imenima, dok su kombinacije zvijezda koje predstavljaju i usmene predaje koje objašnjavaju njihovo podrijetlo i značaj zaboravljene. Ovdje prikazana kultura uključuje samo identificirana zviježđa, ali dani opis pruža sveobuhvatniji prikaz lokonskog astronomskog znanja, uključujući podatke iz povijesnih izvora o svim nebeskim objektima navedenim u donjoj tablici.

note: Lokono sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Rybka, Konrad. 2015. [“State-of-the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”](https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635) Language Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13.
     - [#2]: Rybka, Konrad. 2017. [“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”](https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml) In Boundaries and Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp 257-281.
     - [#3]: Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia Nacional de la Historia.
     - [#4]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#5]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales d’ethnographie. 44.
     - [#6]: Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor.
     - [#7]: Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 55 (1): 453–529.
     - [#8]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te Amsterdam.
     - [#9]: Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner.
     - [#10]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#11]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76.
     - [#12]: Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: K. Paul, Trench & Company.
     - [#13]: Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios.
     - [#14]: Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy.
     - [#15]: Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
     - [#16]: Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, Guyana.
     - [#17]: Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde.
     - [#18]: Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32.
     - [#19]: Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology.
     - [#20]: Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen.
     - [#21]: Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165. Paris: Maisonneuve.
     - [#22]: Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: Magoria Books.
     - [#23]: Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript number:[ Mss.498.3.Sch8. ](https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml)Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American Philosophical Society.
hr:  - [#1]: Rybka, Konrad. 2015. [“State-of-the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”](https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635) Language Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13.
     - [#2]: Rybka, Konrad. 2017. [“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”](https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml ) In Boundaries and Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp 257-281.
     - [#3]: Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia Nacional de la Historia.
     - [#4]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#5]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales d’ethnographie. 44.
     - [#6]: Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor.
     - [#7]: Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 55 (1): 453–529.
     - [#8]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te Amsterdam.
     - [#9]: Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner.
     - [#10]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#11]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76.
     - [#12]: Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: K. Paul, Trench & Company.
     - [#13]: Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios.
     - [#14]: Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy.
     - [#15]: Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
     - [#16]: Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, Guyana.
     - [#17]: Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde.
     - [#18]: Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32.
     - [#19]: Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology.
     - [#20]: Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen.
     - [#21]: Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165. Paris: Maisonneuve.
     - [#22]: Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: Magoria Books.
     - [#23]: Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript number:[ Mss.498.3.Sch8. ](https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml)Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American Philosophical Society.

note: Macedonian sky culture name
en: Macedonian
hr: Makedonska

note: Macedonian sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: ##### Mother Hen (Kvachka) *[Quatʃka]*
    
    is the best-known constellation, which is recognized by all elderly people in Macedonian villages, without any exception. This name people use for the star cluster Pleiades
    
    ##### Rooster (Petal) *[Petel]*
    
    This is the name of the star Alnath (or Elnath) from the constellation Taurus.
    
    ##### Hawk (Јastreb) *[Yastreb]*
    
    Hawk, as one of the most famous enemies of the Mother Hen and the Rooster, is right above them in an attacking position. Bright star Capella (Kapela) from the constellation Auriga is actually known among people as Hawk.
    
    ##### Fox (Lisica) *[Lysitsa]*
    
     Fox is the second by importance natural enemy of the Mother Hen and the Rooster so it is obvious why people also “see” it on the sky. The red color of the bright star Aldebaran from the constellation of the Bull is the reason why people perceive it as a Fox ready to attack the Mother Hen and the Rooster.
    
    ##### Pigs (Svinji) *[Sviƞi]*
    
    Near to the Mother Hen, people on the sky noticed the star cluster Hyades. Scattered appearance of the stars of this cluster associated people to the image of pigs in a village yard, and so it’s called Pigs.
    
    ##### Yoke (Jarem) *[Yarem]*
    
    People under this name recognize group of stars in the constellation Perseus. Yokes for the oxen usually is found in village yards so that is why, like the previous constellation, is evidence of the general image of people and purpose given to this part of the sky.
    
    ##### Ploughman (Orach) *[Oratʃ]*
    
    The Ploughman is one of the three main characters in the sky. It is the name people gave to the bright star Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion. Besides Betelgeuse, in building the image of this folk constellation, some weaker and less bright stars from the surrounding are also taken into account, because people say that the Ploughman is an image of a person with a goad as he returns home.
    
    ##### Plough with Oxen (Ralo so Volovi) *[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]*
    
    The constellation Orion with its numerous bright stars and distinctive pattern dominates the winter sky and can be easily found. People from Macedonian villages usually point at the region around Orion’s belt saying that three bright stars and surrounding less bright stars create an image of a wooden Plough with two yoked oxen.
    
    ##### Wolves (Volci) *[Voltsi]*
    
     Near to the plough with oxen, which is left on a field, people see two wolves as well. They are the bright stars Sirius in the constellation Canis Major and Procyon in Canis Minor.
    
    ##### Priest’s Straw (Popova Slama) *[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]*
    
     Our galaxy (Milky Way) by its appearance is dominant on the summer sky
    
    ##### Threshing floor (Gumno) *[Goumno]*
    
     Circular and foggy appearance of the Andromeda galaxy (М31) evoked people to see the threshing floor with straw from where the Priest was stealing from his Godson.
    
    ##### Cross (Krst) *[Krst]*
    
    Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s might he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to the Priest’s Straw there is the Cross.
    
    ##### Ears (Ushi) *[Uʃi]*
    
    By this common word used as a jargon, Macedonian villagers mark the part of the wooden plough that goes into the soil, used for plowing.
    
    ##### Trivet (Pirustija) *[Pirustiya]*
    
    The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food.
    
    ##### Tongs (Mashi) *[Maʃy]*
    
    The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet.
    
    ##### Low round wooden dining table (Sofra) *[Sofra]*
    
    The typical semi-circular shape of the constellation Corona Borealis evoked the image of a wooden round table called sofra.
    
    ##### Auger (Svrdel) *[Svrdǝl]*
    
    People say that this is a very big drill used for construction of houses and is found inside the Priest’s Straw
    
    ##### Thieves (Aramii) *[Arami:]*
    
    The famous constellation Ursa Major among the people is described as a group of thieves. The seven bright stars of Ursa Major are said to be thieves „because during the entire night they circle on the sky same as thieves that circle around houses“
hr: ##### Kvočka (Kvočka) *[Kvočka]*
    
    je najpoznatije zviježđe, i bez iznimke je prepoznato od svih starijih ljudi u makedonskim selima. Ovaj naziv ljudi koriste za zvjezdani skup Plejada
    
    ##### Pijetao (Petal) *[Petel]*
    
    Ovo je naziv zvijezde Ainath (ili Einath) iz zviježđa Bika.
    
    ##### Jastreb (Јastreb) *[Jastreb]*
    
    Jastreb je jedan od najpoznatijih neprijatelja Kvočke i Pijetla, nalazi se točno iznad u napadačkom položaju. Sjajna zvijezda Capella (Kapela) u zviježđu Kočijaša zapravo je narodu poznata kao Jastreb.
    
    ##### Lisica (Lisica) *[Lisica]*
    
     Lisica je drugi po važnosti prirodni neprijatelj Kvočke i Pijetla, tako da je očigledno zašto je ljudi također "vide" na nebu. Crvena boja zvijezde Aldebaran u zviježđu Bika je razlog zašto ju ljudi doživljavaju kao Lisicu spremnu za napad na Kvočku i Pijetla.
    
    ##### Svinje (Svinji) *[Sviƞi]*
    
    U blizini Kvočke, ljudi su primjetili zvjezdani skup Hijada. Raspršeni izgled zvijezda u skupu ljudi su povezali s slikom svinja u seoskom dvorištu, tako da je skup nazvan Svinje.
    
    ##### Jaram (Jarem) *[Jarem]*
    
    Ljudi s pod ovim imenom prepoznali grupu zvijezda u zviježđu Perzeja. Jaram za volove se obično nalazio u seoskim dvorištima te je to, kao i kod prethodnog zviježđa, dokaz opće slike ljudi i svrhe dodijeljene ovom dijelu neba.
    
    ##### Orač (Orač) *[Orač]*
    
    Orač je jedan od tri glavna lika na nebu. To je naziv koji je dan sjajnoj zvijezdi Betelgeuse u zviježđu Oriona. Osim Betelgeusea, pri stvaranju slike ovog narodnog zviježđa uzimaju se u obzir i neke slabije i manje sjajne zvijezde iz okoline, jer ljudi kažu da je Orač predstavljen kao osoba s štapom koja se vraća kući.
    
    ##### Plug s Volovima (Ralo so Volovi) *[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]*
    
    Zviježđe Oriona sa svojim brojnim sjajnim zvijezdama i prepoznatljivim uzorkom dominira zimskim nebom te je lako za pronaći. Ljudi iz makedonskih sela obično za područje oko Orionovog Pojasa kažu da tri sjajne zvijezde i manje sjajne zvijezde koje ih okružuju tvore sliku drvenog pluga sa dva vola u jarmu.
    
    ##### Vukovi (Volci) *[Volci]*
    
     U blizini volova s plugom, lijevo na polju, ljudi također vide dva vuka. Riječ je dvije sjajne zvijezde, Siriusu u Velikom Psu i Procyonu u Malom Psu.
    
    ##### Popova Slama (Popova Slama) *[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]*
    
     Naša galaksija (Mliječna Staza) sa svojom je pojavom dominantna na ljetnom nebu.
    
    ##### Gumno (Gumno) *[Gumno]*
    
     Kružna i maglovita pojava Andromedine galaksije (M31) pobudilo je u ljudima da vide gumno sa slamom gdje je Svećenik krao od svog Kumčeta.
    
    ##### Križ (Krst) *[Krst]*
    
    Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s might he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to the Priest’s Straw there is the Cross.
    
    ##### Uši (Uši) *[Uši]*
    
    Ovim čestim izrazom koji se koristi u žargonu, makedonski seljaci označavaju dio drvenog pluga koji ulazi u zemlju i kojim se ore.
    
    ##### Trivet (Pirustija) *[Pirustiya]*
    
    The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food.
    
    ##### Tongs (Mashi) *[Maʃy]*
    
    The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet.
    
    ##### Niski okrugli drveni stol za objed (Sofra) *[Sofra]*
    
    Tipični polukružni oblik zviježđa Sjeverne Krune pobudio je sliku drvenog okruglog stola zvanog sofra.
    
    ##### Auger (Svrdel) *[Svrdǝl]*
    
    Ljudi kažu da se radi o vrlo velikoj bušilici koja se koristila prilikom izgradnje kuća te se nalazi unutar Kumove Slame
    
    ##### Lopovi (Aramii) *[Arami:]*
    
    Poznato zviježđe Velikog Medvjeda među narodom je bilo opisano kao grupa lopova. Za sedam sjajnih zvijezda Velikog Medvjedamje bilo rečeno dasu lopovi "zato što tijekom cijele noći kruže po nebu jednako kao što lopovi kruže oko kuće"

note: Macedonian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Macedonian Research Society](http://mid.org.mk/ethnoastronomy/)
     - [#2]: [Cenev, Gjore (1985). *The astronomical knowledge of the south-west Macedonia's people.* "Publications of the Astronomical Society of "Rudjer Bošković", No. 4, p. 139 - 146". Belgrade, Yugoslavia](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PASRB...4..139C)
     - [#3]: Cenev, Gjore (2004). *Sky Map of Macedonian People.* Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar.
     - [#4]: Cenev, Gjore (2004). *Neboto nad Makedonija [Sky over Macedonia].* Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar.
     - [#5]: [Cenev, Gjore (2008). *Macedonian Folk Constellations.* Publications of the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, vol. 85, p. 97-109. Belgrade, Serbia.](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...97C)
     - [#6]: [Cenev, Gjore (2014). *The Ancient Sky Map Of The Macedonian People.* Cosmos – The Journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society, volume 30, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.](http://www.academia.edu/18707131/The_Ancient_Sky_Map_Of_The_Macedonian_People)
hr:  - [#1]: [Makedonsko društvo za istraživanje](http://mid.org.mk/ethnoastronomy/)
     - [#2]: [Cenev, Gjore (1985). *Astronomsko znanje jugozapadnih Makedonaca* "Izdanje astronomskog društva "Ruđer Bošković", Br. 4, s. 139 - 146". Beograd, Jugoslavija](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PASRB...4..139C)
     - [#3]: Cenev, Gjore (2004). *Zvjezdana karta naroda Makedonije.* Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar.
     - [#4]: Cenev, Gjore (2004). *Neboto nad Makedonija [Nebo iznad Makedonije].* Skopje, Mladinski kulturen centar.
     - [#5]: [Cenev, Gjore (2008). *Makedonska pučka zviježđa.* Publikacija astronomskog društva Beograd, izd. 85, s. 97-109. Beograd, Srbija.](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008POBeo..85...97C)
     - [#6]: [Cenev, Gjore (2014). *Drevne zvjezdane karte naroda Makedonije* Cosmos – The Journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society, volume 30, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.](http://www.academia.edu/18707131/The_Ancient_Sky_Map_Of_The_Macedonian_People)

note: Macedonian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Vancho Stojkoski* and *Gjore Cenev* from Macedonian Research Society based primarily on the book **Sky over Macedonia** by Cenev G, 2004.
hr: Kulturu doprinjeli *Vancho Stojkoski* i *Gjore Cenev* iz Makedonskog istraživačkog društva primarno temeljeno na knjizi **Nebo iznad Makedonije** autora Cenev G, 2004.

note: Maori sky culture name
en: Maori
hr: Maorska

note: Maori sky culture authors section in markdown format Tongan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com
hr: Ovu kulturu zviježđa za Stellarium uredio je korisnik *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com

note: Maya sky culture name
en: Maya
hr: Maje

note: Modern sky culture name
en: Modern
hr: Moderna

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Modern (Chinese) Skyculture is a combination of Chinese traditions and Western constellations. The Chinese use combinations of modern constellations and Chinese star names in astronomy. This is the skyculture that the Chinese actually use now, with a great practical value.
hr: Kineska suvremena kultura zviježđa spoj je kineske tradicije i zapadnih zviježđa. Kinezi u astronomiji koriste kombinacije zapadnih zviježđa i imena kineskih zvijezda. Ovo je kultura zviježđa koju Kinezi zapravo sada koriste, s velikom praktičnom vrijednošću.

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Constellations
    
    The modern Chinese use the constellations of the International Astronomical Union. The traditional Chinese constellations have no specific boundaries between them. They only represent the corresponding set of bright stars, and do not have the role of dividing the celestial sphere into different areas, so they are no longer applicable in astronomy.
    
    ### Star names
    
    The Chinese now use traditional star names instead of Western star names. More than 3,000 stars have traditional Chinese star names. When a foreign astronomical book is translated into Chinese, the star names will also be translated into traditional Chinese star names. There are some special stars that use the names of Western stars, such as Proxima, Van Maanen's star, which can usually only be seen with a telescope, but with special astronomical significance.
    
    For a detailed introduction to traditional Chinese constellations and traditional Chinese names, see *Chinese traditional Skyculture for Stellarium*.
    
    ### External links
    
     - [Chinese constellations ](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations) Wikipedia
     - [traditional Chinese star names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names) Wikipedia
     - [constellations](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) Wikipedia
     - [Constellation image library](http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/) of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings.
hr: ### Zviježđa
    
    Suvremeni Kinezi koriste zviježđa Međunarodne astronomske unije. Tradicionalna kineska zviježđa nemaju određene granice. Zviježđa samo predstavljaju odgovarajući skup svijetlih zvijezda i nemaju ulogu dijeljenja nebeske sfere na različita područja, tako da više nisu primjenjive u astronomiji.
    
    ### Nazivi zvijezda
    
    Kinezi sada koriste tradicionalna imena zvijezda umjesto imena zapadnih zvijezda. Više od 3000 zvijezda ima tradicionalna kineska imena zvijezda. Kada se strana astronomska knjiga prevede na kineski, i imena zvijezda prevest će se u tradicionalna kineska imena. Postoje neke posebne zvijezde koje koriste imena zapadnih zvijezda, poput Proxime, Van Maanenove zvijezde, koje se obično mogu vidjeti samo teleskopom, a koje su od posebnog astronomskog značaja.
    
    Detaljan uvod u tradicionalna kineska zviježđa i tradicionalna kineska imena pogledajte *Kinesku tradicionalnu kulturu zviježđa za Stellarium*.
    
    ### Vanjske poveznice
    
     - [Kineska zviježđa ](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations) Wikipedia
     - [tradicionalni kineski nazivi zvijezda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names) Wikipedia
     - [zviježđa](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) Wikipedia
     - [Galerija fotografija zviježđa](http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/) U.S. Pomorskog Opservatorija i Instituta Space Telescope Science . Gravure Johannes Hevelius-a.

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This skyculture was contributed by Stellarium user *Sun Shuwei* [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com).
    
    Constellation art，Constellation lines based on *Modern Skyculture for Stellarium*.
    
    Asterism lines and traditional Chinese star names based on *Chinese Traditional Skyculture for Stellarium*.
hr: Kulturu zviježđa u Stellarium je pridonio korisnik *Sun Shuwei* [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com).
    
    Umjetnički prikazi i linije zviježđa su temeljeni na *Zapadnoj kulturi zviježđa za Stellarium*.
    
    Linije asterizama i tradicionalna kineska imena zvijezda temeljni su na *Kineskoj tradicionalnoj kulturi zviježđa za Stellarium*.

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Modern sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic astronomy. The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & Telescope magazine.
hr: Western sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic astronomy. The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & Telescope magazine.

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: The modern culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various sizes called *constellations*, each with precise boundary, issued by the International Astronomical Union. These constellations have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines for Microscopium or Mensa.
    
    ### Star names
    
    The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in the included *SnT_star_names.docx* file.
hr: Zapadna kultura dijeli nebesku sferu na 88 područja različitih veličina nazvanih *zviježđa*, svako sa svojim preciznim granicama, određenih od strane Međunarodne Astrononomske Unije. Ta su zviježđa postala standarni način opisivanja neba i na dnevnoj bazi, zamjenila slične podjele u ostalim kulturama.
    
    Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines for Microscopium or Mensa.
    
    ### Nazivi zvijezda
    
    The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in the included *SnT_star_names.docx* file.

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Sky & Telescope](https://www.skyandtelescope.com) homepage
     - [#2]: [Constellation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) article at Wikipedia
     - [#3]: [Star Catalogue](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue) article at Wikipedia
     - [#4]: [Official IAU constellation information](http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/)
hr:  - [#1]: [Sky & Telescope](https://www.skyandtelescope.com) početna stranica
     - [#2]: [Zviježđa](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) članak na Wikipediji
     - [#3]: [Zvjezdani katalog](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue) članak na Wikipediji
     - [#4]: [Službene IAU informacije o zviježđima](http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/)

note: Mongolian sky culture name
en: Mongolian
hr: Mongolska

note: Navajo sky culture name
en: Navajo
hr: Navaho

note: Navajo sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and northwestern New Mexico.
hr: Navaho je najveće pleme američkih starosjedioca u SAD-u; narod Navaho proteže se preko sjeveroistočne Arizone, jugoistočnog Utaha i sjeverozapadnog New Mexica.

note: Navajo sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [The Navajo Nation](http://www.navajo.org) official website
     - [#2]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html)
     - [#3]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html)
     - [#4]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html](http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html)
hr:  - [#1]: [The Navajo Nation](http://www.navajo.org) službena stranica
     - [#2]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/dilyehe.html)
     - [#3]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/rabbit.html)
     - [#4]: [http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html](http://www.clarkfoundation.org/astro-utah/vondel/laws.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html](http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/northamerican_culture.html)

note: Norse sky culture name
en: Norse
hr: Nordijska

note: Norse sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Norse Constellations](http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html)
hr:  - [#1]: [Nordijska zviježđa](http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html)

note: Northern Andes sky culture name
en: Northern Andes
hr: Sjeverno Andska

note: Romanian sky culture name
en: Romanian
hr: Rumunjska

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Milky Way
    
    The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., *Goose Road*) and the name of a later period (*Mamay Road*). The names of the later period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the Mongol-Tatar invasion to Russia.
    
    ### Pleiades
    
    The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a bird's nest. Among these names *Duck Nest* is the most common.
    
    ### Ursa Major
    
    In Siberia often used name for this constellation is *Elk* (although in Eastern Siberia the name "Bear" is used more frequently).
    
    ### Orion
    
    In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of his belt, who called *Kichigi* (the Threshers) - is typical for north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major constellation.
hr: ### Mlječna staza
    
    Nazivi Mliječne Staze prilično su brojni, ali mogu se razlikovati dvije skupine - nazivi koji potječu iz prošlosti (npr. *Guščja Staza*) te nazivi iz kasnijeg razdoblja(*Mamay Cesta*). Nazivi kasnijeg razdoblja očito su povezani s mongolsko-tatarskom invazijom na Rusiju.
    
    ### Plejade
    
    The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a bird's nest. Among these names *Duck Nest* is the most common.
    
    ### Ursa Major
    
    Često korišteni naziv za ovo zviježđe u Sibiru je *Los* (iako se u istočnom Sibiru češće koristi naziv "Medvjed").
    
    ### Orion
    
    U Sibiru, tri zvijezde Orionovog pojasa predstavljaju *Kichigi* (Seljake u vršenju žita) kako stoje u redu - tipični prikaz takve radnje za sjeveroistočnu Rusiju. U europskom dijelu Rusije, Kichigi se obično skrivaju u zviježđu Velikog Medvjeda.

note: Sami sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula). More information can be found at [#1] and [#2].
hr: Sami narod se smatra starosjedilačkim stanovništvom sjeverne Norveške, Švedske, Finske i Zapadne Rusije (poluotok Kola). Više informacija možete pronaći [#1] i u [#2].

note: Sami sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Sources
    
    Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark[#3], who based much of his work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi.
    
    This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami. Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may be small differences with some references.
    
    Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role for Sami peoples in years gone by.
    
    The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture was lost before it was recorded properly.
    
    ### Constellations and Stars
    
    The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is complete. The constellations and stars included here are all connected to the dominant constellation, *Sarva* &mdash; the elk. Sarva is the Sami name for elk, an alternative name is *Sarvvis* &mdash; Bull elk. The origin of this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture before reindeer were domesticated.
    
    *Sarva* consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent hunters of the elk. *Favdna* (also transcribed as *Favtna*) is the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his bow and arrow (*Fauna davgge* &mdash; the Big Dipper). Favdna must aim well, for if he hits the Sky Support *Boahjenaste* (the star Polaris), legend has it that the world will come to an end.
    
    Favdna has a number of helpers: *Galla* (Procyon<sup>[1](#note1)</sup>) and his sons *Gallabarneck* (Orion's belt), the "Ski Runners", *Cuoigahægjek* (Castor and Pollux) and "The Runner" (Vega). The Pleiades are called *Rougot* (dog pack) or *Miese-cora* (calfpack).
    
    The Milky Way is called *Lodde-raiddaras* (lit. bird path) or *Jakke-mærka* (lit. year mark). The name used depends on the season. In the sky chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star *Guovso-naste*, morning star, that can be identified as Venus, but this is not certain as it can also be identified as Altair, a star showing the morning is approaching (similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture).
    
    The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami people's range. Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is frequently bright enough to obscure many stars.
    
    ### Notes
    
     1. <a name="note1"/>The exact star which represents *Galla* is uncertain. it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the latitude where the Sami live.
hr: ### Izvori
    
    Stellarium Sami kultura zviježđa temeljena je na radu Bo Lundmarka [#3], koji je velik dio svog rada temeljio na spisima Sami umjetnika i autora Johana Turija.
    
    Ova je kultura skup najmanje tri donekle različite kulture južnih, sjevernih i ruskih Samija. Svaka od ovih skupina ima malo drugačije jezike i kao takve mogu se pojaviti male razlike s nekim referencama.
    
    Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role for Sami peoples in years gone by.
    
    Sami kultura zviježđa sadrži mnogo poveznica s ostalim arktičkim i sub-arktičkim kulturama Euroazije. Jedna nesretna sličnost je i i da je mnogo kulture izgubljeno prije nego što je pravilno zabilježena.
    
    ### Zviježđa i zvijezde
    
    Sami zviježđa su vjerovatno jako stara no bivaju pismeno zabilježena tijekom 19. stoljeća. Nije jasno jesu li pismeni zapisi kompletni. Sva zviježđa i zvijezde ovdje uključene povezane su s dominantnim zviježđem, *Sarva* &mdash; Losom. Sarva je Sami naziv za losa, te postoji i alternativni naziv *Sarvvis* &mdash; mužjak losa. Porijeklo ovog zviježđa vjerovatno datira u vrijeme lovačke kulture prije doba pripitomljavanja sobova.
    
    *Sarva* se sastoji od današnjih zviježđa Kasiopeje, Perzeja i dijelova Kočijaša. Zviježđa i zvijezde koje okružuje Sarva zviježđe predstavljaju lovce na losove. *Favdna* (također pisano kao *Favtna*) je zvijezda Arcturus, te predstavlja Lovca koji svojim lukom i strijelom (*Fauna davgge* &mdash; Velika Kola) cija Losa. Favdna mora oprezno ciljati, jer ako pogodi Nebeski Oslonac *Boahjenaste* (zvijezdu Polaris), legenda kaže da svijetu dolazi kraj.
    
    Favdna ima mnogo pomagača: *Galla* (Procyon<sup>[1](#note1)</sup>) i njegove sinove *Gallabarneck* (Orionov Pojas), "Trkače na Skijama", *Cuoigahægjek* (Castor i Pollux) te "Trkača" (Vegu). Plejade se nazivaju*Rougot* (čopor vukova) ili *Miese-cora* (stado teladi).
    
    Mliječna staza se naziva *Lodde-raiddaras* (dosl. ptičja staza) ili *Jakke-mærka* (dosl. godišnja oznaka). Korišteni naziv ovisi o godišnjem dobu. Na zvjezdanoj karti Johan Turi-ja, može se zamijetiti zvijezda *Guovso-naste*, jutarnja zvijeda, koja može biti identificirana kao Venera, no to nije sigurno budući da se može identificirati i s Altairom, zvijezdom koja također ukazuje na dolazak jutra (slično kao Arcturus u nordijskoj kulturi).
    
    Sami kultura zviježđa ne sadrži veliki broj zviježđa. Vjeruje se da je razlog tome sjeverna geografska širina na kojoj je prebivao Sami narod. Tome pridonose dva čimbenika: južno nebo u velikoj mjeri ostaje ispod horizonta te je Aurora Borealis često dovoljno sjajna da zasjenjuje mnoge zvijezde.
    
    ### Napomene
    
     1. <a name="note1"/>The exact star which represents *Galla* is uncertain. it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the latitude where the Sami live.

note: Sardinian sky culture name
en: Sardinian
hr: Sardinijska

note: Sardinian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Stars and constellations in sardinian language](https://web.archive.org/web/20201029082540/http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php)
     - [#2]: [Stellarium Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts)
     - [#3]: [Stellarium Wiki](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian)
hr:  - [#1]: [Stars and constellations in sardinian language](https://web.archive.org/web/20201029082540/http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php)
     - [#2]: [Stellarium skripta: Vodič kroz Sardinijska zviježđa](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts)
     - [#3]: [Stellarium Wiki](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian)

note: Sardinian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user *Giuseppe Putzolu*, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com
    
    ### Credits
    
    The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu
hr: Ova su zviježđa stvorena od strane Stellarium korisnika *Giuseppe Putzolu*, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com
    
    ### Zasluge
    
    Zviježđa su rezultat istraživanja koja su obavili Tonino Bussu i Marco Puddu

note: Tongan sky culture name
en: Tongan
hr: Tonganska

note: Tongan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: In some circumstances separation of individual star names from &quot;star path&quot; names cannot be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on which Tongan island group it originates from. The nomenclature of stars is approximated based on the limited resources available.
    
    Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: &alpha; UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This is surprising since the vast majority of star lore &ndash; globally and Polynesian &ndash; has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two anomalies.]
    
    Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian.
    
    ### Nomenclature
    
    |Tongan term|Designation|
    |-----------|-----------|
    |Humu|Coal sack|
    |Kaniva|Milky Way|
    |Ma'afulele|Large Magellan cloud|
    |Ma'afutoka|Small Magellan cloud|
    |'otu Ma'afu|Magellanic clouds (both)|
    |Ha'amonga|Ecliptic|
    |Mahina|Moon|
    |La'a|Sun|
    |Fetu'u|Star (in general)|
    |Fetu'ufuka|Comet|
    |'Umata|Rainbow|
    |Fetu'u'Esiafi|Falling star|
    |tapukitea|Venus|
    |Matamemea|Mars|
    |Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)|Canopus|
    |Ma'afulele (same as LMC)|Sirius|
    |Velitoa hififo|Rigel|
    |Velitoa hahake|Betelgeuse|
    |Hikule'o|Arcturus|
    |Monuafe|Meissa|
    |Motuliki|Pleiades|
    |Tu'ulalupe|Hyades|
    |Toloatonga|Southern Cross|
    |Toloalahi|False Cross|
    
    **Tongan constellations**
    
    |Tongan name|Designation or notes|
    |-----------|--------------------|
    |Tuinga ika|Part of Orion, belt and sword|
    |Ae e'Uvea|Corona Borealis (*Speculative*)|
    |Fatanalua|Coma Berenices (*Speculative*)|
    |Kapakau'o'tafahi|Cassiopeia (*Speculative*)|
    |Toloa|Belt of Orion|
    |Lua tangata|Castor and/or Pollux|
    |Fungasia|Toliman and/or Agena|
    |Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)|&mdash;|
hr: In some circumstances separation of individual star names from &quot;star path&quot; names cannot be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on which Tongan island group it originates from. The nomenclature of stars is approximated based on the limited resources available.
    
    Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: &alpha; UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This is surprising since the vast majority of star lore &ndash; globally and Polynesian &ndash; has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two anomalies.]
    
    Zajedničko porijeklo polinezijskih zvjezdoznanstva očito je u sličnostima u označavanju zvijezda. Na primjer, Plejade se nazivaju Mataliki u Tonganu, Matariki u Maori i Makali`i u havajskoj kulturi.
    
    ### Nomenklatura
    
    |Tonganski izraz|Oznaka|
    |---------------|------|
    |Humu|Vreća ugljena|
    |Kaniva|Mlječna staza|
    |Ma'afulele|Veliki Magellanov oblak|
    |Ma'afutoka|Mali Magellanov oblak|
    |'otu Ma'afu|Magellanovi oblaci (oba)|
    |Ha'amonga|Ekliptika|
    |Mahina|Mjesec|
    |La'a|Sunce|
    |Fetu'u|Zvijezda (općenito)|
    |Fetu'ufuka|Komet|
    |'Umata|Duga|
    |Fetu'u'Esiafi|Zvijezda padalica|
    |tapukitea|Venera|
    |Matamemea|Mars|
    |Ma'afutoka (jednako Malom Magellanovom oblaku)|Canopus|
    |Ma'afulele (jednako Velikom Magellanovom oblaku)|Sirius|
    |Velitoa hififo|Rigel|
    |Velitoa hahake|Betelgeuse|
    |Hikule'o|Arcturus|
    |Monuafe|Meissa|
    |Motuliki|Plejade|
    |Tu'ulalupe|Hijade|
    |Toloatonga|Južni Križ|
    |Toloalahi|Lažni Križ|
    
    **Tonganska zviježđa**
    
    |Tonganski naziv|Oznaka ili napomena|
    |---------------|-------------------|
    |Tuinga ika|Dio Oriona, pojas i mač|
    |Ae e'Uvea|Sjeverna Kruna (*Pretpostavka*)|
    |Fatanalua|Berenikina Kosa (*Pretpostavka*)|
    |Kapakau'o'tafahi|Kasiopeja (*Pretpostavka*)|
    |Toloa|Orionov Pojas|
    |Lua tangata|Castor i/ili Pollux|
    |Fungasia|Toliman i/ili Agena|
    |Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)|&mdash;|

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries.
hr: Tupi-Guarani je naziv skupine jezika kojim govore domorodački narodi Brazila i drugih južnoameričkih država.

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Paulo Marcelo Pontes*.
hr: Ovu kulturu zviježđa za Stellarium uredio je korisnik *Paulo Marcelo Pontes*.

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Solar system
    
    <ul> <li>Sun: Met</li> <li>Moon: Mawuk</li>
    
     - Waxing crescent: Mawuk wi - 'new Moon'
     - First quarter: Nail ratuatu - 'it stays straight', meaning that in the sky the Moon appears straight in the zenith in the evening
     - Full Moon: Mawuk ramépép malwia - 'the Moon is like the fish épép malwia' (Platax orbicularis); also Nati tawar - means that when the sun is setting, the Moon just appears above the mountains
     - Last quarter: Numanmel
     - Waning crescent: Numanmel
     - Lunar eclipse: Mawuk ramemes - 'dead Moon'
    
     <li>Venus:</li>
    
     - Morning star: Fétukai
     - Evening star: Kéwita
    
     <li>Jupiter: Karatéi</li> <li>Mahau ramiwuk: 'jumping star', bad omen foretelling someone's death</li> </ul>
    
    ### Stars
    
     - In general: Mahau
     - Aldebaran: Kapaumeta
    
    ### Constellations and deep-sky objects
    
    Note: the English names preceding the local names are here only to help the reader locate the particular constellation in the frame of the Western sky. The actual translations of the local names follow them.
    
     - LMC and SMC: Nowanuman - 'earth oven'
     - Milky Way: Nemrau - 'ash'; also Nuafuganan - less common term of unknown meaning
     - Orion's Belt: Kasulia apam - 'long yoke'
     - Orion's Sword: Kasulia rerparep - 'short yoke'
     - Taurus' Head: Kou - 'pincers used for taking hot stones out of the fire'
     - Scorpion's Dart: Kahaur rul - 'rat', seen in the evening in zenith when it is time to prepare gardens
     - Orion's Body: Kilil - 'traditional fan' made from palm leaves
     - Southern Cross: Suatu kywer - 'four customary ways' connecting four villages with a nakamal; it rises in the evening in March and symbolizes the time when in the nakamal people do temahwa for good harvest
     - Pleiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - 'young boys of Lapnuman'; also Neperawen Lapnuman - 'young girls of Lapnuman'
    
    ### Names of objects with unknown position
    
     - Mowaimawuk - name of an unidentified star, said to be close to the Moon or to rise close to it
     - Iaiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Altair), which sets in the morning in time of preparation of gardens (July)
     - Koraiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Rigel), found in September in the morning near zenith
     - Kwankaio - name of an unidentified star (possibly Procyon), rising in February in the morning
hr: ### Sunčev sustav
    
    <ul> <li>Sunce: Met</li> <li>Mjesec: Mawuk</li>
    
     - Rastući srpasti polumjesec: Mawuk wi - 'novi Mjesec'
     - Prva četvrt: Nail ratuatu - 'ostaje ravan', što znači da se na nebu Mjesec uvečer pojavljuje ravno u zenitu
     - Pun Mjesec: Mawuk ramépép malwia - 'Mjesec je poput ribe épép malwia' (Platax orbicularis); također Nati tawar - znači da se, kada Sunce zalazi, Mjesec upravo pojavljuje iznad planina
     - Zadnja četvrt: Numanmel
     - Opadajući srpasti polumjesec: Numanmel
     - Pomrčina Mjeseca: Mawuk ramemes - 'mrtvi Mjesec'
    
     <li>Venera:</li>
    
     - Jutarnja zvijezda: Fétukai
     - Večernja zvijezda: Kéwita
    
     <li>Jupiter: Karatéi</li> <li>Mahau ramiwuk: 'skakajuća zvijezda', loš predznak koji predviđa nečiju smrt</li> </ul>
    
    ### Zvijezde
    
     - Općenito: Mahau
     - Aldebaran: Kapaumeta
    
    ### Zviježđa i objekti dubokog svemira
    
    Napomena: Nazivi koji prethode lokalnim nazivima ovdje su samo kako bi se čitatelju pomoglo da pronađe određeno zviježđe u okviru neba zapadne kulture. Slijede ih stvarni prijevodi lokalnih naziva.
    
     - LMC i SMC: Nowanuman - 'zemljina peć'
     - Mliječna Staza: Nemrau - 'ash'; također Nuafuganan - manje uobičajen termin nepoznatog značenja
     - Orionov Pojas: Kasulia apam - 'dugi jaram'
     - Orionov Mač: Kasulia rerparep - 'kratki jaram'
     - Glava Bika: Kou - 'kliješta koja se koriste za vađenje vrućeg kamenja iz vatre'
     - Škorpionov žalac: Kahaur rul - 'rat', vidljiv navečer blizu zenita u vrijeme uređivanja vrtova
     - Orionovo tijelo: Kilil - 'tradicionalna lepeza' napravljena od palminog lišća
     - Južni Križ: Suatu kywer - 'četiri uobičajena smjera' povezujr četiri sela s nakamalom; izlazi uvečer u ožujku i simbolizira vrijeme kada ljudi u nakamalima čine temahwu za dobru žetvu
     - Plejade: Nowaswas Lapnuman - 'mladi momci Lapnumana'; također Neperawen Lapnuman - 'mlade djevojke Lapnumana
    
    ### Nazivi objekata s nepoznatom definicijom
    
     - Mowaimawuk - naziv neodređene zvijezde za koju se kaže da se nalazi u blizini Mjeseca ili izlazi u njegovoj blizini
     - Iaiapom - naziv neodređene zvijezde (moguće Altair), koja zalazi ujutro tijekom uređivanja vrtova (srpanj)
     - Koraiapom - naziv neodređene zvijezde (moguće Rigel), koja se može pronaći ujutro blizu zenita tijekom rujna.
     - Kwankaio - naziv neodređene zvijezde (mogućeProcyon), koja izlazi ujutro tijekom veljače

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Project [Vanuatu Sky](http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/) including Netwar data alongside other languages of Vanuatu
     - [#2]: [Netwar language on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language)
hr:  - [#1]: Projekt [Vanuatu Sky](http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/) uključujući i podatke o Netwar jeziku, uz ostale jezike Vanuatua
     - [#2]: [Netwar jezik na Wikipediji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language)

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Dominik M. Ramík*. Web: [dominicweb.eu](http://dominicweb.eu), e-mail: [dominik.ramik@seznam.cz](mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz).
    
    Elders from local communities on Tanna, who contributed with their ancestral knowledge to this project: Jimmy Napip from Ikumhala, Lomai Tain from Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu from Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen from Lowkweria, Kasékasé from Imapul, Nausien from Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru from Lowanatom, Joe Natuman from Lowkweria.
hr: Kultura zviježđa izrađena od strane *Dominik M. Ramík*. Web: [dominicweb.eu](http://dominicweb.eu), e-mail: [dominik.ramik@seznam.cz](mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz).
    
    Elders from local communities on Tanna, who contributed with their ancestral knowledge to this project: Jimmy Napip from Ikumhala, Lomai Tain from Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu from Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen from Lowkweria, Kasékasé from Imapul, Nausien from Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru from Lowanatom, Joe Natuman from Lowkweria.
