en to gl translation catalogue (226 entries)

note: Anutan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Anuta is a tiny volcanic island which, though located within the Solomon Islands of Melanesia, is populated by Polynesians. Stars provide the Anutans' most important tool for long range navigation. Major guiding stars and constellations are known as 'kaavenga'. Star paths that are followed from one island to the next (even if they have not risen, or already set) are called 'kau panogna porau'. Unnamed stars which are not used as major navigational aids are called 'petuu vare' (foolish, common, or undistinguished).
gl: Anuta é unha pequena illa volcánica que, aínda que se atopa dentro das Illas Salomón de Melanesia, está poboada por polinesios. As estrelas son a ferramenta máis importante para os navegantes de longo alcance. As principais estrelas e constelacións guía son coñecidas como 'kaavenga'. Os camiños das estrelas que se seguen dunha illa á outra (aínda que non saísen ou xa estean fóra) chámanse "kau panogna porau". As estrelas sen nome que non se usan como auxiliares de navegación chámanse "petuu vare" (parvo, común ou sen distinguir).

note: Anutan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Nomenclature
    
    |Anutan name|English translation|Western skylore|
    |-----------|-------------------|---------------|
    |Te Tino A Manu|The Bird's Body|Sirius|
    |Te Kapakau Tonga|The East Wing|Canopus|
    |Te Kapakau Pakatokerau|The North Wing|Procyon|
    |Te Kaokao O Manu|The Bird's Armpit|Group of four small stars just east of Manu's Body|
    |Te Kope|The Bamboo|Grus|
    |Ara Toru|Path of Three|Orion's belt|
    |Te Angaanga|The Tongs|Taurus's forehead|
    |Matariki|Small Face, or Small Eyes|Pleiades|
    |Kaavei|Octopus Tentacle|Aries|
    |Taki Roto|Middle Precursor|Corner of Great Square (one large star)|
    |Taki Mua|Forward Precursor|Pegasus's front legs and Shoulder|
    |Toki|Adze|Delphinus|
    |Te Aamonga|The Carrying Stick|Three stars in Aquila in a straight line|
    |Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu|Sammara Squirrelfish|Four large stars in Sagittarius|
    |Te Rua Tangata|Double Man|Alpha and Beta Centauri|
    |Te Rakau Tapu|The Net, or The Sacred Timber|Southern Cross|
    |Taro|Taro plant|Scorpius, Antares is Te Kau (the stem). Five star around Antares is Ona Rau (its leaves)|
    |Te Tukaniva|&mdash;|Milky way|
    |Te Ao Rere|The Running Cloud|Large Magellanic Cloud|
    |Te Ao Toka|The Restrained Cloud (?)|Small Magellanic Cloud|
    |Te Petuu Ao|The Morning Star|Venus|
    |Tiuriuri|The Morning Star(?)|Venus(?)|
gl: ### Nomenclatura
    
    |Nome anutano|Tradución ó inglés|Cultura do ceo do oeste|
    |------------|------------------|-----------------------|
    |Te Tino A Manu|The Bird's Body|Sirio|
    |Te Kapakau Tonga|A á do leste|Canopus|
    |Te Kapakau Pakatokerau|The North Wing|Proción|
    |Te Kaokao O Manu|A Axila do Paxaro|Grupo de catro pequenas estrelas ó leste do Corpo de Manu|
    |Te Kope|The Bamboo|Grou|
    |Ara Toru|Camiño dos Tres|Cinturón de Orión|
    |Te Angaanga|As pinzas|Fronte de Tauro|
    |Matariki|Cara Pequena ou Ollos Pequenos|Pleiades|
    |Kaavei|Tentáculo de polbo|Aries|
    |Taki Roto|Middle Precursor|Recanto do Gran Cadrado (unha estrela grande)|
    |Taki Mua|Precursor de diante|Patas dianteiras e ombreiro de Pegaso|
    |Toki|Fouciño|Delphinus|
    |Te Aamonga|A vara de transporte|Tres estrelas en Aquila en liña recta|
    |Te Paka Poi Ika Tapu|Sammara Squirrelfish|Catro estrelas grandes en Sagittarius|
    |Te Rua Tangata|Double Man|Alpha e Beta Centauri|
    |Te Rakau Tapu|A Rede, ou A Madeira Sagrada|Cruz do Sur|
    |Taro|Planta de Taro|Scorpio, Antares é Te Kau (o talo). As cinco estrelas en torno a Antares son Ona Rau (as súas follas)|
    |Te Tukaniva|&mdash;|Vía Láctea|
    |Te Ao Rere|A nube que corre|Gran Nube de Magallanes|
    |Te Ao Toka|A Nube Restrinxida (?)|Pequena Nube de Magallanes|
    |Te Petuu Ao|A Estrela da Mañá|Venus|
    |Tiuriuri|A Estrela da Mañá(?)|Venus(?)|

note: Anutan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com
gl: A esta cultura do ceo de Stellarium contribuíu *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Al-Sufi)
gl: Árabe (Al-Sufi)

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Book of Fixed Stars was written shortly before 964 AD. Dr. Paul Kunitzsch described it as "the most outstanding among the works of the prominent astronomer Abu 'l-Ḥusayn 'Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (born in Rayy, 903; died 986), referred to as al-Sufi. In it, al-Şūfī treats the 48 classical constellations, which were established and transmitted in Ptolemy's Almagest. The description of each constellation comprises the following four sections: first, a general discussion of the constellation and its individual stars; this section also includes alŞūfi's criticism of the Ptolemaic tradition and notices of his own observations. Second, a record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under that constellation, and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic stars. Third, two drawings of the constellation, one as it is seen on a celestial globe, and the other one as it is seen in the sky. Fourth, a table of the stars making up that constellation, giving a verbal description of each star's location and its longitude, latitude, and magnitude. This table closely follows the arrangement of Ptolemy's star catalogue in the Almagest." [#1]. In addition to the four sections of each constellation mentioned by dr. Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi would identify stars within the 6 magnitudes that were neglected by Ptolemy, but he did not catalogue them and was faithful to Ptolemy star catalog.
gl: O Libro das estrelas fixas foi escrito pouco antes do 964 d.C. O doutor Paul
    Kunitzsch describiuno como "o máis destacado entre os traballos do ilustre
    astrónomo Abu 'l-Ḥusayn' Abd al-Raḥmān ibn 'Umar al-Şūfi (nado en Rayy, 903;
    morto en 986), coñecido como al-Sufi. Nel, al-Şūfī trata as 48 constelacións
    clásicas, que foron establecidas e transmitidas no Almagest de Ptolomeo. A
    descrición de cada constelación comprende as seguintes catro seccións:
    primeiro, unha discusión xeral sobre a constelación e as súas estrelas
    individuais; esta sección tamén inclúe a crítica de alŞūfi á tradición
    ptolemaica e notas das súas propias observacións. En segundo lugar, un
    rexistro dos nomes de estrelas árabes que están nesa constelación e a
    identificación exacta das estrelas respectivas coas correspondentes estrelas
    ptolemaicas. En terceiro lugar, dous debuxos da constelación, un como se ve
    nun globo celeste e a outra como se ve no ceo. En cuarto lugar, unha táboa
    das estrelas que compoñen esa constelación, dando unha descrición verbal da
    situación de cada estrela e a súa lonxitude, latitude e magnitude. Esta
    táboa segue de preto a disposición do catálogo de estrelas de Ptolomeo no
    Almagest." [#1]. Ademais das catro
    seccións de cada constelación mencionadas polo doutor Kunitzsch, Al-Sufi
    identificaría estrelas dentro das 6 magnitudes que foron desatendidas por
    Ptolomeo, pero non as catalogou e foi fiel ao catálogo de estrelas de
    Ptolomeo.

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: An important aspect of the general discussion section is Al-Sufi method of facilitating the star identification. He describes each individual star in more than way: By the star position related to the constellation figure, by its magnitude, by the asterism it forms with other stars like triangle or arc shapes, sometimes by the star position related to the Milky way, and by the angular distance from a close by star. I have counted more than 700 angular distances measured by al-Sufi in his book. The units he uses for angular distances are cubits, spear length, man-height, span, and finger. Al-Sufi explicitly said in his book that a cubit is equal to two degrees and 20 minutes [#2]. For the other units, Schjellerup concluded some values, but tracking the 700 measurements, I came up with different values. The following table summarizes the units and relationship to the cubit value from Schjellerup[#3] and from my research.
    
    ### Angular distance units used by Al-Sufi
    
    <table>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>&nbsp;</notr></td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Schjellerup</b></td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Khalid</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><b>unit</b></td>
    	<td><b>cubits</b></td>
    	<td><b>Angular Value</b></td>
    	<td><b>cubits</b></td>
    	<td><b>Angular Value</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>spear</td>
    	<td>6 cubits</td>
    	<td><notr>14°</notr></td>
    	<td>6 cubits</td>
    	<td><notr>14°</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>Man-Height</td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>3 cubits</td>
    	<td><notr>7°</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>cubit</td>
    	<td>1 cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>2°20'</notr></td>
    	<td>1 cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>2°20'</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>span</td>
    	<td>1/3 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>47'</notr></td>
    	<td>1/2 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>1°10'</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>finger</td>
    	<td>1/32 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>4.4'</notr></td>
    	<td>1/16 of a cubit</td>
    	<td><notr>8.75'</notr></td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    Another important aspect of Al-Sufi book is his record of the indigenous Arabic star names falling under each constellation, and the exact identification of the respective stars with the corresponding Ptolemaic stars. This means that we are looking at two layers of stars knowledge at the same time: the Ptolemaic one and the indigenous Arab one.
    
    ### The Sky Culture
    
    This sky culture is a result of a research done on several manuscripts of the book, oldest of which is the [#8].
    
    First, the manuscripts of the Book of Fixed Stars were critically edited, and the text was produced. Second, each member star of the 48 constellations was identified according to Al-Sufi description, and new tables were built including modern star designations from the Hipparcos, Bright stars, and Bayer catalogues. Third, Arab indigenous star names were collected and identified as mapped by Al-Sufi to the Ptolemaic ones. All the previous steps were included in a book published digitally of the Book of Fixed Stars plus explanations and commentary by Khalid Al-Ajaji[#4].
    
    The sky culture stick figures of the constellations are the images in the Ulugh Beg manuscript of the Book of Fixed Stars, extracted, and adapted for Stellarium by Mr. Kutaibaa Akraa [#5]. The star names file includes the star number in the constellation as the primary star name and the description of the star in the tables as a secondary name. For example, Polaris primary name that is displayed with the star is: UMi1, UMi being Ursa Minor and 1 is the first star of this constellation. If the star is selected other secondary names are displayed, which will display "The star on the end of the tail" on the top of the screen. The constellation lines are constructed according to the constellation shapes with an attempt to include most of the member stars. For indigenous Arab star knowledge, individual star names were added to the star file as secondary names, while names of group of stars were defined through asterism names and asterism lines files.
    
    The translation of star descriptions from Arabic into English was extracted from Ernie Wright website[#6] which was transcribed from Toomer's translation of the Almagest[#7]. The translation was modified in a few places to agree with Al-Sufi wording.
    
    The single source of the sky culture is the Book of Fixed Stars and the objective is to give a faithful representation of the book content.
gl: Un aspecto importante da sección de discusión xeral é o método de Al-Sufi
    para facilitar a identificación das estrelas. Describe cada estrela
    individual de varias maneiras: pola posición da estrela en relación coa
    figura da constelación, pola súa magnitude, polo asterismo que forma con
    outras estrelas como triángulos ou arcos, ás veces pola posición da estrela
    relacionada coa Vía Láctea e pola distancia angular dunha estrela
    próxima. Contei máis de 700 distancias angulares medidas por al-Sufi no seu
    libro. As unidades que usa para distancias angulares son cóbados, lonxitude
    da lanza, altura do home, envergadura e dedo. Al-Sufi di explicitamente no
    seu libro que un cóbado é igual a dous graos e 20 minutos [#2]. Para as outras unidades, Schjellerup
    concluíu algúns valores, pero seguindo as 700 medidas, atopei diferentes
    valores. A seguinte táboa resume as unidades e a relación co valor de
    cóbados de Schjellerup[#3] e da miña
    investigación.
    
    ### Unidades de distancia angular usadas por Al-Sufi
    
    <table>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>&nbsp;</td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Schjellerup</b></td>
    	<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Khalid</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><b>unidade</b></td>
    	<td><b>cóbados</b></td>
    	<td><b>Valor Angular</b></td>
    	<td><b>cóbados</b></td>
    	<td><b>Valor Angular</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>lanza</td>
    	<td>6 cóbados</td>
    	<td>14°</td>
    	<td>6 cóbados</td>
    	<td>14°</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>Altura dun home</td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>3 cóbados</td>
    	<td>7°</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>cóbado</td>
    	<td>1 cóbado</td>
    	<td>2°20'</td>
    	<td>1 cóbado</td>
    	<td>2°20'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>medida</td>
    	<td>1/3 de cóbado</td>
    	<td>47'</td>
    	<td>1/2 de cóbado</td>
    	<td>1°10'</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td>dedo</td>
    	<td>1/32 de cóbado</td>
    	<td>4.4'</td>
    	<td>1/16 de cóbado</td>
    	<td>8.75'</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    Outro aspecto importante do libro de Al-Sufi é o seu rexistro dos nomes de
    estrelas árabes indíxenas que están en cada constelación e a identificación
    exacta das estrelas respectivas coas correspondentes estrelas
    ptolemaicas. Isto significa que estamos a ver dúas tradicións de coñecemento
    de estrelas asemade: a ptolemaica e a árabe indíxena.
    
    ### A Cultura do Ceo
    
    Esta cultura do ceo é o resultado da investigación en moitos manuscritos do
    libro, sendo o máis antigo o [#8].
    
    En primeiro lugar, editáronse criticamente os manuscritos do Libro das
    estrelas fixas e produciuse o texto. En segundo lugar, cada estrela
    pertencente ás 48 constelacións identificouse segundo a descrición de
    Al-Sufi e construíronse novas táboas que inclúen as designacións modernas de
    estrelas dos catálogos Hipparcos, Bright stars e Bayer. En terceiro lugar,
    os nomes de estrelas indíxenas árabes foron recollidos e identificados como
    equiparados por Al-Sufi ós ptolemaicos. Todos os pasos anteriores
    incluíronse nun libro publicado dixitalmente no Libro das estrelas fixas
    máis explicacións e comentarios de Khalid Al-Ajaji[#4].
    
    As figuras das constelacións da cultura do ceo son as imaxes do manuscrito
    Ulugh Beg do Libro das estrelas fixas, extraídas e adaptadas para Stellarium
    polo señor Kutaibaa Akraa [#5]. O
    ficheiro de nomes de estrelas inclúe o número de estrela na constelación
    como nome de estrela principal e a descrición da estrela nas táboas como
    nome secundario. Por exemplo, o nome principal de Polaris que se amosa coa
    estrela é: UMi1, sendo UMi Ursa Minor e 1 é a primeira estrela desta
    constelación. Se se selecciona a estrela, amosaranse outros nomes
    secundarios, que amosarán "A estrela no extremo da cola" na parte superior
    da pantalla. As liñas de constelación constrúense segundo as formas da
    constelación co intento de incluír a maioría das estrelas que forman parte
    dela. Para o coñecemento das estrelas árabes indíxenas, os nomes de estrelas
    individuais engadíronse ó ficheiro de estrelas como nomes secundarios,
    mentres que os nomes de grupos de estrelas definíronse mediante ficheiros de
    nomes de asterismo e liñas de asterismo.
    
    A tradución das descricións de estrelas dende o árabe ó Inglés foi tirada do
    sitio web de Ernie Wright [#6] que as
    transcribiu a partir da tradución de Toomer do Almagest[#7]. A tradución modificouse nalgúns lugares
    para concordar coa redacción de Al-Sufi.
    
    A única fonte da cultura do ceo é o Libro das estrelas fixas e o obxectivo é
    dar unha representación fiel do contido do libro.

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Khalid Al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com
gl: A cultura do ceo do Libro das estrelas fixas foi compilada e engadida a
    Stellarium por Khalid Al-Ajaji: turath.alfalak@gmail.com

note: Arabic (Al-Sufi) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: Variorum Reprints, 1989.
     - [#2]: See Al-Sufi description in his book of the 14th star in Auriga.
     - [#3]: DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27.
     - [#4]: [Book of Fixed Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing).
     - [#5]: [Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN).
     - [#6]: [Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization of the Almagest Catalog](http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat).
     - [#7]: Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1998.
     - [#8]: [Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh 144 dated 1009 AD](https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535)
gl:  - [#1]: The Arabs and the Stars, Paul Kunitzsch,The Astronomer Abu'L-Husayn Al-Sufi And His Book On The Constellations, XI, pg 57. Northampton [England]: Variorum Reprints, 1989.
     - [#2]: Ver descrición de Al-Sufi no seu libro da estrela 14ª en Auriga.
     - [#3]: DESCRIPTIONS DES ETOILES FIXES, traduction littérale avec des notes par H C F C Schjellerup, St Petersbourg, 1874, pg 26-27.
     - [#4]: [Book of Fixed Stars: Critical edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing).
     - [#5]: [Oulough Beg copy of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿUmar al-Ṣūfī. Kitāb ṣuwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita, Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France Ms. Arabe 5036](https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60006156.r=.langEN).
     - [#6]: [Seeing Ancient Stars, Visualization of the Almagest Catalog](http://www.etwright.org/astro/almagest.html#cat).
     - [#7]: Ptolemy’s ALMAGEST, G. J. Toomer, Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1998.
     - [#8]: [Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. Marsh 144 datado en 1009 AD](https://iiif.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/iiif/viewer/c1caa84c-f6d2-483f-9eb4-2439cccdc801#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=25&r=0&xywh=-4815%2C-378%2C14782%2C7535)

note: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula)
gl: Árabe (Península Arábiga)

note: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The oral folk tradition of star names and asterisms in the Arabian Peninsula, mostly scattered in poetry and proverbs.
gl: A tradición popular oral de nomes de estrelas e asterismos na Península
    arábiga, maioritariamente difundida en poesía e proverbios.

note: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: <p>
    The Arabian Peninsula is a region covering the south western corner of Asia, bordered by Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea on the south, Gulf of Oman and Persian Gulf on the East, The Red Sea on the west. The northern border is not well defined but according to ancient geographers, it is bordered by rivers, meaning The Euphrates river [#16] [#17]. This region is inhabited by Arabs and covers Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, and parts of Syria and Iraq.
    <p><img width="300" src="illustrations/arabian_peninsula.jpg" /></p>
    </p>
    
    The Bedouins and farmers in the Arabian Peninsula relied heavily on stars for timing their nomadic trips, animal care, weather forecast and agricultural activities. We find frequent mention of stars in their proverbs and poetry. Fortunately, the oral poetry and proverbs have been documented and preserved in collections by different scholars. Surveying these collections along with oral traditions reveals the star knowledge of the people of this region.
    
    The stars used for timing are the same as that of ancient Arabs, but the system is simplified by beginning the year cycle with the heliacal rising of al-Thurayyā, the Pleiades, in the beginning of summer, and then counting 13 days for each lunar station, except for al-Ǧabhah that has 14 days. This will have 27 lunar stations x 13 days + 14 days (al-Ǧabhah) = 365-day cycle. Other methods of timing were used like the monthly Pleiades-Moon conjunction or using other stars like the stars of the Big Dipper.
    
    The sources show that star names and asterisms are few compared to that of ancient Arabs. Only the bright stars and prominent asterism were named and used. An important source of star knowledge that continued its influence up to the present is the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī, a poet who's time is not certain but estimated to be in the 17th century[#3]. Another important source is a poem by Moḥammad al-Qāḍī (~1809 -1886), where he described all the 28 lunar stations, citing them by the local names[#2].
    
    #### Sources of Star Names and Asterisms
    
    The source of this sky culture is a compilation of star names from oral traditions and the following books: [#2], [#3], [#5], [#6], [#8], [#11], [#12], [#13], [#14], [#15].
gl: <p>
    A Península arábiga é unha rexión que abrangue a esquina suroeste de Asia,
    limita co Golfo de Adén e o Mar arábigo ó sur, o Golfo de Omán e o Golfo
    Pérsico ó leste, o Mar Vermello ó oeste. A fronteira norte non está ben
    definida pero, segundo os xeógrafos antigos, está bordeada por ríos, é
    dicir, o río Éufrates [#16] [#17]. Esta rexión está habitada por árabes e
    abrangue Xordania, Arabia Saudita, Kuwait, Bahrein, Qatar, Emiratos Árabes
    Unidos, Omán, Iemen e partes de Siria e Iraq.
    <p><img width="300" src="illustrations/arabian_peninsula.jpg" /></p>
    </p>
    
    Os beduinos e os agricultores da Península Arábiga confiaban moito nas
    estrelas para programar as súas viaxes nómades, o coidado dos animais, as
    previsións meteorolóxicas e as actividades agrícolas. Atopamos mención
    frecuente das estrelas nos seus refráns e poesías. Por fortuna a poesía oral
    e os refráns foron documentados e conservados en coleccións de diferentes
    estudosos. O descubrimento destas coleccións xunto coas tradicións orais
    revela o coñecemento das estrelas da xente desta comarca.
    
    As estrelas utilizadas para medir o tempo son as mesmas que as dos antigos
    árabes, pero o sistema simplifícase comezando o ciclo do ano co ascenso
    heliacal de al-Thurayyā, as Pléiades, a principios do verán, e despois
    contando 13 días para cada  estación lunar, excepto para al-Ǧabhah que ten
    14 días. Este terá 27 estacións lunares x 13 días + 14 días (al-Ǧabhah) =
    ciclo de 365 días. Utilizáronse outros métodos de temporización como a
    conxunción mensual Pléiades-Lúa ou outras estrelas como as estrelas da Osa
    Maior.
    
    As fontes mostran que os nomes de estrelas e os asterismos son poucos en
    comparación cos dos antigos árabes. Só se nomearon e utilizaron as estrelas
    brillantes e o asterismo prominente. Unha importante fonte de coñecemento
    das estrelas que continuou a súa influencia ata a actualidade é a poesía de
    al-Ḫalāwī, un poeta cuxo época non está ben definida, pero que se estima que
    é do século XVII.[#3]. Outra fonte
    importante é un poema de Moḥammad al-Qāḍī (~1809 -1886), no que describe as
    28 estacións lunares, citándoas polos nomes locais.[#2].
    
    #### Fontes de nomes de estrelas e asterismos
    
    A fonte desta cultura do ceo é unha compilación de nomes de estrelas das
    tradicións orais e os seguintes libros: [#2], [#3], [#5], [#6], [#8], [#11], [#12], [#13], [#14], [#15].

note: Arabic (Arabian Peninsula) sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: <table>
    <tr><td>ID</td><td><b>Arabic</b></td><td><b>Transliteration</b></td><td><b>Translation</b></td><td><b>Comment</b></td><td><b>References</b></td></tr>
    <tr><td colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"><b>Constellations</b></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 100</notr></td><td><notr>الحويجزين</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ḥuwaiǧzain</notr></td><td>The Two Guards</td><td>The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi. They are used for directions. The Two Guards comes from the legend that al-Jady (Polaris) killed the father of the seven sisters who are carrying the bier of their father (The stars of the Big Dipper) and circling al-Jady, vowing that they will not burry their father until they get revenge. al-Jady asked these two for protection, and the name is The Two Guards.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 100</notr></td><td><notr>الدخيلين</notr></td><td><notr>al-Diḫīlain</notr></td><td>The Two Refugees</td><td>The other name of the two stars: β UMi and γ Umi, The Two Refugees, comes from another version of the legend that they are the ones who committed the killing and they fled towards al-Jady for protection.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 100</notr></td><td><notr>آل أبا بزي</notr></td><td><notr>Āl Aba Bzay</notr></td><td>The Family Of Aba Bzay</td><td>The two stars: β UMi and γ UMi</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 200</notr></td><td><notr>النعايم</notr></td><td><notr>al-Naʿāyem</notr></td><td>Al-Nayem</td><td>Meaning is not known for certain. It could mean the camels. composed of the seven stars of the Big Dipper.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 200</notr></td><td><notr>السبَّع</notr></td><td><notr>al-Sibbaʿ</notr></td><td>The Seven</td><td>The seven stars of the Big Dipper.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 200</notr></td><td><notr>بنات نعش</notr></td><td><notr>Banāt Naʿš</notr></td><td>Daughters Of Na'sh</td><td>The seven stars of the Big Dipper. Seven sisters carrying the bier of their father who was killed by al-Ǧady (Polaris).</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 300</notr></td><td><notr>الشداد</notr></td><td><notr>al-Šdād</notr></td><td>The Saddle Of The Camel</td><td>The 5 bright stars of Cassiopeia. This name is used in the western areas along the red sea of Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 400</notr></td><td><notr>المغزل</notr></td><td><notr>al-Miġzal</notr></td><td>The Wool Spindle</td><td>The Cross shaped stars of α Cyg (Deneb), ε Cyg (Gienah), γ Cyg (Sadr), δ Cyg, and β1+β2 Cyg (Albireo). The source is oral tradition from the town of Zulfi in central Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2502</notr></td><td><notr>المقدم</notr></td><td><notr>al-Muqaddam</notr></td><td>The Front</td><td>The front mouth of the bucket (24th mansion of the Moon)</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2504</notr></td><td><notr>المؤخر</notr></td><td><notr>al-Muḫḫar</notr></td><td>The Rear</td><td>The rear mouth of the bucket (25th mansion of the Moon)</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2550</notr></td><td><notr>الرشا</notr></td><td><notr>al-Rša</notr></td><td>The Bucket Rope</td><td>The rope used to pull the bucket from the well (26th mansion of the Moon)</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2602</notr></td><td><notr>الشرطين</notr></td><td><notr>al-Šarṭain</notr></td><td>The Two Marks</td><td>The two marks, stars (α Ari and β Ari) (27th mansion of the Moon)</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2603</notr></td><td><notr>البطين</notr></td><td><notr>al-Bṭain</notr></td><td>The Little Abdomen</td><td>The little abdomen of al-Ḥamal (28th mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2604</notr></td><td><notr>الثريا</notr></td><td><notr>al-Thrayyā</notr></td><td>Al-Thurayya</td><td>Al-Thurayya is a proper name of the Pleiades (first mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>3</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2801</notr></td><td><notr>الذراع</notr></td><td><notr>al-Dhraʿ</notr></td><td>The Arm</td><td>The two stars of Canis Minor, the arm of the lion (5th mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 4501</notr></td><td><notr>الكليبين</notr></td><td><notr>al-Klaibain</notr></td><td>The Two Little Dogs</td><td>An asterism of the two stars: δ CMa and ε CMa. Their heliacal rising is used for timing (same time as the 6th mansion of the Moon). The name is common in central Arabia.</td><td><notr>2,3</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2803</notr></td><td><notr>النثرة</notr></td><td><notr>al-Nathrah</notr></td><td>The Nostrils</td><td>M 44 and two adjacent stars representing the nose tip of the Arab lion (6th mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2804</notr></td><td><notr>الطرف</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ṭarf</notr></td><td>The Eyes</td><td>Eyes of the lion (7th mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2805</notr></td><td><notr>الجبهة</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ǧabhah</notr></td><td>The Forehead</td><td>Forehead of the lion (8th mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2806</notr></td><td><notr>الزبرة</notr></td><td><notr>al-Zubrah</notr></td><td>The Mane</td><td>Mane of the lion (9th mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2808</notr></td><td><notr>العوا</notr></td><td><notr>al-ʿAwwā</notr></td><td>The Bend</td><td>an arc of 5 stars. The arabic al-ʿAwwā could mean also the Howlers, dogs barking at the lion (11th mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2810</notr></td><td><notr>الغفر</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ġafr</notr></td><td>The Cover</td><td>Three star asterism (13th mansion of the Moon)</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2901</notr></td><td><notr>الزبانى</notr></td><td><notr>al-Zubānā</notr></td><td>Claws Of The Scorpion</td><td>The two bright stars of Libra (14th mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2902</notr></td><td><notr>الإكليل</notr></td><td><notr>al-Iklīl</notr></td><td>The Diadem</td><td>The arc of the three stars on the forehead of Scorpius (15th mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2906</notr></td><td><notr>الشولة</notr></td><td><notr>al-Šawlah</notr></td><td>Raised Tail Of The Scorpion</td><td>The sting of Scorpius (17th mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2999</notr></td><td><notr>العقرب</notr></td><td><notr>al-ʿAqrab</notr></td><td>The Scorpion</td><td>The scorpion image</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 3005</notr></td><td><notr>البلدة</notr></td><td><notr>al-Baldah</notr></td><td>The Empty Place</td><td>An area with no bright stars in Sagittarius (19th mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 3099</notr></td><td><notr>النعايم</notr></td><td><notr>al-Naʿāyem</notr></td><td>The Ostriches</td><td>Four stars in the milky way representing four ostriches drinking at the river and another four away from the milky way representing four ostriches returning from the river. A ninth star between and above the two groups is included. All the stars are in the Sagittarius constellation (18th mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 3199</notr></td><td><notr>سعد الذابح</notr></td><td><notr>Saʿd al-Dhabiḥ</notr></td><td>The Lucky Star Of The Slaughterer</td><td>Ancient Arab asterism representing a man slaughtering a sheep (20th mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 3299</notr></td><td><notr>سعد بلع</notr></td><td><notr>Saʿd bulaʿ</notr></td><td>The Lucky Star Of The Swallower</td><td>Ancient Arab asterism representing a man swallowing a bite (21th mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 3399</notr></td><td><notr>سعد السعود</notr></td><td><notr>Saʿd al-suʿūd</notr></td><td>The Luckiest Of The Lucky Stars</td><td>Ancient Arab asterism three stars that rises in the morning in the spring (22nd mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 3499</notr></td><td><notr>سعد الأخبية</notr></td><td><notr>Saʿd al-aḫbiyah</notr></td><td>The Lucky Star Of The Tents</td><td>Ancient Arab asterism of a triangle of three stars and a fourth star is inside the triangle, a man inside a tent (23rd mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 4201</notr></td><td><notr>الهقعة</notr></td><td><notr>al-Haqʿah</notr></td><td>The Circular Mark</td><td>Ancient Arab asterism of a small triangle of stars (head of Orion) representing a mark on the side of the horse (third mansion of the Moon).</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 4206</notr></td><td><notr>الهنعة</notr></td><td><notr>al-Hanʿah</notr></td><td>Stoopness</td><td>Ancient Arab asterism (4th mansion of the Moon)</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 4202</notr></td><td><notr>ظهر الجوزا</notr></td><td><notr>Ẓahr al-Ǧawzā</notr></td><td>Back Of Al-Jawza</td><td>The three stars at the belt of Orion. This name along with the star names of Northern Horn of al-Jawza and Southern Horn of al-Jawza comes from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport Umluj of Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 4213</notr></td><td><notr>زوابن الجوزا</notr></td><td><notr>Zawābin al-Ǧawzā</notr></td><td>Claws Of Al-Jawza</td><td>Names of the stars: α, γ, β, and κ Ori, orally communicated from the Qasseem region of Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 4213</notr></td><td><notr>الزبَّن</notr></td><td><notr>al-Zibban</notr></td><td>Claws Of Al-Jawza</td><td>Names of the stars: α, γ, β, and κ Ori, orally communicated from the Qasseem region of Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 2650</notr></td><td><notr>مسجد الثريا</notr></td><td><notr>Masǧid al-Thrayyā</notr></td><td>Mosque Of Al-Thurayya</td><td>A triangle of stars that rise before al-Thurayya (The Pleiades). It is composed of the three stars: α Ari, α Tri, and β Tri. The source of this name is oral tradition in the region of Wadi al-Dawasir in southwestern Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>CON 4299</notr></td><td><notr>الجوزا</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ǧawā</notr></td><td>Al-Jawza</td><td>Al-Jawza is a proper name for a woman. this constellation is a woman shape for the Orion stars. It is the same as that of ancient Arabs. Some oral traditions will give the name to only the three stars of Orion belt.</td><td><notr>2,3</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"><b>Planets</b></td></tr>
    <tr><td>Venus</td><td><notr>نجمة الصبح</notr></td><td><notr>Naǧmat al-ṣibḥ</notr></td><td>Morning Star</td><td>A name for Venus when it sets after the Sun.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td>Venus</td><td><notr>نجمة االعشا</notr></td><td><notr>Naǧmat al-ʿŠā</notr></td><td>Evening Star</td><td>A name for Venus when it rises before the Sun.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td>Venus</td><td><notr>الجغمة، الجغامة</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ǧuġmah, al-Ǧuġġāmah</notr></td><td>The Sip, The Sipper</td><td>Bedouins will tell the kids when they ask for milk to wait until Venus (The sip, the sipper) sets. Another version is that they encourage the children to drink their milk before Venus (The sipper) drinks it.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td>Venus</td><td><notr>نجمة الهودان</notr></td><td><notr>Naǧmat al-Hawdān</notr></td><td>The Star Of Al-Hawdan</td><td>Al-Hawdan is a tribe. Every evening they agree that when they see Venus in the morning, they will start their nomadic trip looking for pasture for their camels, but in they morning they decide to stay. Another version is that they will take their camels to the pasture early when Venus rises preceding others, and they will take back their camels late in the evening when Venus sets.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"><b>Stars</b></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 11767</notr></td><td><notr>الجدي</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ǧady</notr></td><td>The Kid</td><td>Same as the ancient Arab name.</td><td><notr>3</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 72607</notr></td><td><notr>الحويجزين 1</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 1</notr></td><td>The Two Guards 1</td><td>See CON100</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 75097</notr></td><td><notr>الحويجزين 2</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 2</notr></td><td>The Two Guards 2</td><td>See CON100</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 72607</notr></td><td><notr>الدخيلين 1</notr></td><td><notr>al-Diḫīlain 1</notr></td><td>The Two Refugees 1</td><td>See CON100</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 75097</notr></td><td><notr>الدخيلين 2</notr></td><td><notr>al-Diḫīlain 2</notr></td><td>The Two Refugees 2</td><td>See CON100</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 72607</notr></td><td><notr>آل أبا بزي 1</notr></td><td><notr>Āl Aba Bzay 1</notr></td><td>The Family Of Aba Bzay 1</td><td>See CON100</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 75097</notr></td><td><notr>آل أبا بزي 2</notr></td><td><notr>Āl Aba Bzay 2</notr></td><td>The Family Of Aba Bzay 2</td><td>See CON100</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 54061</notr></td><td><notr>الخلج 1</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ḫilj 1</notr></td><td>Al-Khilj 1</td><td>The first two stars of the Big Dipper to rise</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 53910</notr></td><td><notr>الخلج 2</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ḫilj 2</notr></td><td>Al-Khilj 2</td><td>The first two stars of the Big Dipper to rise</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 54061</notr></td><td><notr>الخلج الاولات 1</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 1</notr></td><td>The first Khilj 1</td><td>The first two stars of the Big Dipper to rise</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 53910</notr></td><td><notr>الخلج الاولات 2</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 2</notr></td><td>The first Khilj 2</td><td>The first two stars of the Big Dipper to rise</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 58001</notr></td><td><notr>الخلج التوالي 1</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 1</notr></td><td>The Latter Khilj 1</td><td>The second two stars of the Big Dipper to rise</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 59774</notr></td><td><notr>الخلج التوالي 2</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 2</notr></td><td>The Latter Khilj 2</td><td>The second two stars of the Big Dipper to rise</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 58001</notr></td><td><notr>الربّع 1</notr></td><td><notr>al-Rubbaʿ 1</notr></td><td>The fourth ones 1</td><td>The second two stars of the Big Dipper to rise</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 59774</notr></td><td><notr>الربّع 2</notr></td><td><notr>al-Rubbaʿ 2</notr></td><td>The fourth ones 2</td><td>The second two stars of the Big Dipper to rise</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 62956</notr></td><td><notr>الخامس</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ḫamis</notr></td><td>The Fifth</td><td>The star ε UMa, fifth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper.</td><td><notr>5</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 65378</notr></td><td><notr>السات</notr></td><td><notr>al-Satt</notr></td><td>The Sixth</td><td>The star ζ UMa, sixth to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper.</td><td><notr>5</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 67301</notr></td><td><notr>السويبع</notr></td><td><notr>al-Swaibiʿ</notr></td><td>The Seventh</td><td>The star η UMa, seventh to rise of the seven stars of the Big Dipper.</td><td><notr>7</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 69673</notr></td><td><notr>الرقيب</notr></td><td><notr>al-Reqīb</notr></td><td>The Watcher</td><td>The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the tradition of Ḥayel region.</td><td><notr>6</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 69673</notr></td><td><notr>الاحيمر</notr></td><td><notr>al-Iḥaimir</notr></td><td>The Reddish One</td><td>The star α Boo. The source of this name is in the traditions of seafarers and fishers of the west and east costs of the Arabian Peninsula.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 91262</notr></td><td><notr>النسر المكتف</notr></td><td><notr>al-Nasr al-Mkattaf</notr></td><td>The Closed Wings Eagle</td><td>The star α Lyr (Vega), named because the two stars: ζ Lyr and ε Lyr forms the closed wings. Source is Ḥayel region.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 24608</notr></td><td><notr>المباري</notr></td><td><notr>al-Mbarī</notr></td><td>The Parallel One</td><td>The star Capella, parallels al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)</td><td><notr>8</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 24608</notr></td><td><notr>الجنيب</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ǧinīb</notr></td><td>The Sided One</td><td>The star Capella, on the far side of al-Thurayya (The Pleiades)</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 97649</notr></td><td><notr>النسر الباسط</notr></td><td><notr>al-Nasr al-Basiṭ</notr></td><td>The Spread Wings Eagle</td><td>The star α Aql (Altair), named because the two stars: γ Aql and β Aql forms the spread wings. Source is Ḥayel region.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 97649</notr></td><td><notr>الكانون</notr></td><td><notr>al-Kanūn</notr></td><td>Al-Kanoon</td><td>Another name of The Spread wings Eagle mentioned in the poetry of al-Ḫalāwī.</td><td><notr>4</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 677</notr></td><td><notr>المؤخر 2</notr></td><td><notr>al-Mwaḫḫar 2</notr></td><td>The Rear Bucket Mouth 2</td><td>See CON2504</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 1067</notr></td><td><notr>المؤخر 1</notr></td><td><notr>al-Mwaḫḫar 1</notr></td><td>The Rear Bucket Mouth 1</td><td>See CON2504</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 113881</notr></td><td><notr>المقدم 2</notr></td><td><notr>al-Mqaddam 2</notr></td><td>The Front Bucket Mouth 2</td><td>See CON2502</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 113963</notr></td><td><notr>المقدم 1</notr></td><td><notr>al-Mqaddam 1</notr></td><td>The Front Bucket Mouth 1</td><td>See CON2502</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 21421</notr></td><td><notr>التويبع</notr></td><td><notr>al-Twaibiʿ</notr></td><td>The Follower</td><td>The star Aldebaran, (second mansion of the Moon)</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 21421</notr></td><td><notr>التويلي</notr></td><td><notr>al-Twailī</notr></td><td>The Latter</td><td>The star Aldebaran, (second mansion of the Moon)</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 21421</notr></td><td><notr>المجيدح</notr></td><td><notr>al-Mǧaidiḥ</notr></td><td>Al-Mjaidih</td><td>The star Aldebaran, (second mansion of the Moon), Name is used in al-Ṭayef region, western Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 36046</notr></td><td><notr>الاظفار 1</notr></td><td><notr>al-Aẓfār 1</notr></td><td>The Claws 1</td><td>Stars between α CMi (Procyon) and α Gem. The source is oral tradition of Najran, southwest of Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1, 9</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 36962</notr></td><td><notr>الاظفار 2</notr></td><td><notr>al-Aẓfār 2</notr></td><td>The Claws 2</td><td>Stars between α CMi (Procyon) and α Gem. The source is oral tradition of Najran, southwest of Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1, 9</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 37740</notr></td><td><notr>الاظفار 3</notr></td><td><notr>al-Aẓfār 3</notr></td><td>The Claws 3</td><td>Stars between α CMi (Procyon) and α Gem. The source is oral tradition of Najran, southwest of Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1, 9</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 35550</notr></td><td><notr>الاظفار 4</notr></td><td><notr>al-Aẓfār 4</notr></td><td>The Claws 4</td><td>Stars between α CMi (Procyon) and α Gem. The source is oral tradition of Najran, southwest of Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1, 9</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 34088</notr></td><td><notr>الاظفار 5</notr></td><td><notr>al-Aẓfār 5</notr></td><td>The Claws 5</td><td>Stars between α CMi (Procyon) and α Gem. The source is oral tradition of Najran, southwest of Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1, 9</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 35350</notr></td><td><notr>الاظفار 6</notr></td><td><notr>al-Aẓfār 6</notr></td><td>The Claws 6</td><td>Stars between α CMi (Procyon) and α Gem. The source is oral tradition of Najran, southwest of Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1, 9</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 57632</notr></td><td><notr>الصرفة</notr></td><td><notr>al-Ṣarfah</notr></td><td>Star Of Weather Change</td><td>(10th mansion of the Moon)</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 65474</notr></td><td><notr>السماك الأعزل</notr></td><td><notr>al-Smak al-ʿazal</notr></td><td>The High Unarmed One</td><td>(12th mansion of the Moon)</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 80763</notr></td><td><notr>القلب</notr></td><td><notr>al-Qalb</notr></td><td>The Heart</td><td>(16th mansion of the Moon)</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 85927</notr></td><td><notr>الشولة</notr></td><td><notr>al-Šawlah</notr></td><td>Raised Tail Of The Scorpion</td><td>(17th mansion of the Moon)</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 26366</notr></td><td><notr>الهقعة</notr></td><td><notr>al-Haqʿah</notr></td><td>The Circular Mark</td><td>(third mansion of the Moon)</td><td><notr>2</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 27989</notr></td><td><notr>قرن الجوزا الشمالي</notr></td><td><notr>Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī</notr></td><td>Northern Horn Of Al-Jawza</td><td>Name of the star: α Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport Umluj of Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 27989</notr></td><td><notr>زابن الجوزا الشمالي</notr></td><td><notr>Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī</notr></td><td>Northern Claw Of Al-Jawza</td><td>Name of the star: α Ori, this specific name "Northern Claw of al-Jawza" appeared in [#10], pg. 292.</td><td><notr>5</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 27366</notr></td><td><notr>رجل الجوزا</notr></td><td><notr>Riǧl al-Ǧawza</notr></td><td>Leg Of Al-Jawza</td><td>Name of the star: κ Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport Umluj of Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 24436</notr></td><td><notr>قرن الجوزا الجنوبي</notr></td><td><notr>Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī</notr></td><td>Southern Horn Of Al-Jawza</td><td>Name of the star: β Ori, from the western region of Saudi Arabia and used by the fishers of the red sea. The source is oral tradition from the seaport Umluj of Saudi Arabia.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 24436</notr></td><td><notr>زابن الجوزا الجنوبي</notr></td><td><notr>Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī</notr></td><td>Southern Claw Of Al-Jawza</td><td>Name of the star: β Ori, this name is infered from the name of "Northern Claw of al-Jawza" for α Ori.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 32349</notr></td><td><notr>المرزم</notr></td><td><notr>al-Mirzam</notr></td><td>Al-Mirzam</td><td>A common name of α CMa (Sirius) used to time the period of the 5th lunar mansion.</td><td><notr>2, 3</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 32349</notr></td><td><notr>الشعلى</notr></td><td><notr>al-Šiʿla</notr></td><td>Al-Shi'la</td><td>Another name of α CMa (Sirius) used in the northern parts of the Arabian Peninsula.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 30438</notr></td><td><notr>سهيل</notr></td><td><notr>Shail</notr></td><td>Suhayl</td><td>The star α Car (Canopus). The name is of ancient origin.</td><td><notr>2, 3</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 7588</notr></td><td><notr>محلف</notr></td><td><notr>Miḥlif</notr></td><td>The Oath Star</td><td>A name of α Eri. It is named as such because people would confuse it with Suhayl (Canopus), resulting in an argument with some one making an oath that it is or is not Suhayl.</td><td><notr>4</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 7588</notr></td><td><notr>أبا السهل</notr></td><td><notr>Aba al-sihil</notr></td><td>Aba Alsihil</td><td>Another name of α Eri.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 7588</notr></td><td><notr>المسهل</notr></td><td><notr>al-Mishil</notr></td><td>Al-Miss.hil</td><td>Another name of α Eri.</td><td><notr>1</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 7588</notr></td><td><notr>السهلي</notr></td><td><notr>al-Shali</notr> (S here is pronounced as in same, not as in share)</td><td>As-S.hali</td><td>Another name of α Eri.</td><td><notr>3</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 68702</notr></td><td><notr>النعايم 1</notr></td><td><notr>al-Naʿāyem 1</notr></td><td>al-Naayem 1</td><td>A name for the two bright stars: α and β Cen. This name is used by the tribes of al-Dawāsir and Yām in the southern regions of Saudi Arabia, and should not be confused with the same name for the stars of the Big Dipper used by the tribes of central and northern regions of Saudi Arabia, or the name of ancient Arabs for the 18th Lunar mansion.</td><td><notr>10</notr></td></tr>
    <tr><td><notr>HIP 71683</notr></td><td><notr>النعايم 2</notr></td><td><notr>al-Naʿāyem 2</notr></td><td>al-Naayem 2</td><td>A name for the two bright stars: α and β Cen. This name is used by the tribes of al-Dawāsir and Yām in the southern regions of Saudi Arabia, and should not be confused with the same name for the stars of the Big Dipper used by the tribes of central and northern regions of Saudi Arabia, or the name of ancient Arabs for the 18th Lunar mansion.</td><td><notr>10</notr></td></tr>
    </table>
gl: <table>
    <tr><td>ID</td><td><b>Árabe</b></td><td><b>Transcrición</b></td><td><b>Tradución</b></td><td><b>Comentario</b></td><td><b>Referencias</b></td></tr>
    <tr><td colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"><b>Constelacións</b></td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 100</td><td>الحويجزين</td><td>al-Ḥuwaiǧzain</td><td>As dúas gardas</td><td>As dúas estrelas: β UMi e γ UMi. Utilízanse para indicacións. As dúas gardas
    veñen da lenda de que al-Jady (Polar) matou o pai das sete irmás que levaban
    o féretro do seu pai (As estrelas da Osa Maior) e daban voltas arredor de
    al-Jady, prometendo que non enterrarán o seu pai ata que se
    vingasen. al-Jady pediulles protección a estes dous, e chámase As dúas
    gardas.</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 100</td><td>الدخيلين</td><td>al-Diḫīlain</td><td>Os dous refuxiados</td><td>O outro nome das dúas estrelas: β UMi e γ Umi, Os dous refuxiados, provén
    doutra versión da lenda de que son eles os que cometeron o asasinato e que
    fuxiron onda al-Jady en busca de protección.</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 100</td><td>آل أبا بزي</td><td>Āl Aba Bzay</td><td>A familia de Aba Bzay</td><td>As dúas estrelas: β UMi e γ UMi</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 200</td><td>النعايم</td><td>al-Naʿāyem</td><td>Al-Nayem</td><td>O significado non se coñece con certeza. Podería significar os camelos,
    composto polas sete estrelas da Osa Maior.</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 200</td><td>السبَّع</td><td>al-Sibbaʿ</td><td>As sete</td><td>As sete estrelas da Osa maior</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 200</td><td>بنات نعش</td><td>Banāt Naʿš</td><td>As fillas de Na'sh</td><td>As sete estrelas da Osa Maior. Sete irmás cargando o féretro do seu pai que
    foi asasinado por al-Ǧady (Polar). </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 300</td><td>الشداد</td><td>al-Šdād</td><td>A sela do camelo </td><td>As 5 estrelas brillantes de Casiopea. Este nome úsase nas zonas occidentais
    ó longo do mar Vermello de Arabia Saudita.</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 400</td><td>المغزل</td><td>al-Miġzal</td><td>O fuso da la </td><td>As estrelas en forma de cruz de α Cyg (Deneb), ε Cyg (Gienah), γ Cyg (Sadr),
    δ Cyg e β1+β2 Cyg (Albireo). A fonte é a tradición oral da cidade de Zulfi,
    no centro de Arabia Saudita.</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2502</td><td>المقدم</td><td>al-Muqaddam</td><td>A fronte </td><td>A boca dianteira do balde (24ª mansión da Lúa) </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2504</td><td>المؤخر</td><td>al-Muḫḫar</td><td>A parte de atrás</td><td>A boca traseira do balde (25ª mansión da Lúa) </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2550</td><td>الرشا</td><td>al-Rša</td><td>A corda do cubo balde</td><td>A corda que se usaba para tirar do balde do pozo (26a mansión da Lúa)</td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2602</td><td>الشرطين</td><td>al-Šarṭain</td><td>As dúas marcas</td><td>As dúas marcas, estrelas (α Ari e β Ari) (27ª mansión da Lúa)</td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2603</td><td>البطين</td><td>al-Bṭain</td><td>O pequeno abdome</td><td>O pequeno abdome de al-Ḥamal (28ª mansión da Lúa). </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2604</td><td>الثريا</td><td>al-Thrayyā</td><td>Al-Thurayya</td><td>Al-Thurayya é o nome propio das Pleiades (primeira mansión da Lúa).</td><td>3</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2801</td><td>الذراع</td><td>al-Dhraʿ</td><td>O brazo</td><td>As dúas estrelas de Can menor, o brazo do león (5ª mansión da Lúa). </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 4501</td><td>الكليبين</td><td>al-Klaibain</td><td>Os dous canciños</td><td>Un asterismo das dúas estrelas: δ CMa e ε CMa. O seu ascenso heliacal úsase
    para medir o tempo (a mesma hora que a 6ª mansión da Lúa). O nome é común no
    centro de Arabia.</td><td>2,3</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2803</td><td>النثرة</td><td>al-Nathrah</td><td>Os narices</td><td>M 44 e dúas estrelas adxacentes que representan a punta do nariz do león
    árabe (6ª mansión da Lúa). </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2804</td><td>الطرف</td><td>al-Ṭarf</td><td>Os Ollos</td><td>Ollos do león (7ª mansión da Lúa). </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2805</td><td>الجبهة</td><td>al-Ǧabhah</td><td>A fronte</td><td>Fronte do león (8ª mansión da Lúa). </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2806</td><td>الزبرة</td><td>al-Zubrah</td><td>A melena</td><td>Melena do león (9ª mansión da Lúa).</td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2808</td><td>العوا</td><td>al-ʿAwwā</td><td>A curva</td><td>un arco de 5 estrelas. O árabe al-ʿAwwā podería significar tamén os que
    ouvean, cans ladrando ó león (11ª mansión da Lúa).</td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2810</td><td>الغفر</td><td>al-Ġafr</td><td>A tapa</td><td>Asterismo de tres estrelas (13ª mansión da Lúa) </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2901</td><td>الزبانى</td><td>al-Zubānā</td><td>Poutas do escorpión</td><td>As dúas estrelas brillantes de Balanza (14ª mansión da Lúa). </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2902</td><td>الإكليل</td><td>al-Iklīl</td><td>O diadema</td><td>O arco das tres estrelas na fronte de escorpión (15ª mansión da Lúa). </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2906</td><td>الشولة</td><td>al-Šawlah</td><td>Cola ergueita do escorpión</td><td>O aguillón de Escorpión (17ª mansión da Lúa).</td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2999</td><td>العقرب</td><td>al-ʿAqrab</td><td>O Escorpión</td><td>Imaxe do escorpión</td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 3005</td><td>البلدة</td><td>al-Baldah</td><td>O lugar baleiro</td><td>Unha zona sen estrelas brillantes en Saxitario (19ª mansión da Lúa). </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 3099</td><td>النعايم</td><td>al-Naʿāyem</td><td>As avestruces</td><td>Catro estrelas na vía láctea que representan catro avestruces bebendo no río
    e outras catro afastadas da vía láctea que representan catro avestruces que
    regresan do río. Inclúese unha novena estrela entre e por riba dos dous
    grupos. Todas as estrelas están na constelación de Saxitario (18ª mansión da
    Lúa).</td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 3199</td><td>سعد الذابح</td><td>Saʿd al-Dhabiḥ</td><td>As estrelas da sorte do abatedor</td><td>Antigo asterismo árabe que representa a un home sacrificando unha ovella
    (20ª mansión da Lúa).</td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 3299</td><td>سعد بلع</td><td>Saʿd bulaʿ</td><td>As estrelas da sorte do engulidor</td><td>Antigo asterismo árabe que representa a un home tragando un bocado (21ª
    mansión da Lúa). </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 3399</td><td>سعد السعود</td><td>Saʿd al-suʿūd</td><td>A máis afortunada de tódalas estrelas afortunadas</td><td>Antigo asterismo árabe de tres estrelas que nacen pola mañá na primavera
    (22ª mansión da Lúa). </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 3499</td><td>سعد الأخبية</td><td>Saʿd al-aḫbiyah</td><td>A estrela da sorte das tendas</td><td>Asterismo árabe antigo dun triángulo de tres estrelas con unha cuarta
    estrela dentro do triángulo, un home dentro dunha tenda (23ª mansión da
    Lúa). </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 4201</td><td>الهقعة</td><td>al-Haqʿah</td><td>A marca circular</td><td>Antigo asterismo árabe dun pequeno triángulo de estrelas (cabeza de Orión)
    que representa unha marca no costado do cabalo (terceira mansión da Lúa). </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 4206</td><td>الهنعة</td><td>al-Hanʿah</td><td>A baixada</td><td>Asterismo árabe antigo (4ª mansión da Lúa) </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 4202</td><td>ظهر الجوزا</td><td>Ẓahr al-Ǧawzā</td><td>Espalda de Al-Jawza</td><td>As tres estrelas no cinto de Orión. Este nome xunto cos nomes de estrelas do
    Corno do Norte de al-Jawza e do Corno do Sur de al-Jawza provén da rexión
    occidental de Arabia Saudita e é usado polos pescadores do Mar Vermello. A
    fonte é a tradición oral do porto marítimo Umluj de Arabia Saudita.</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 4213</td><td>زوابن الجوزا</td><td>Zawābin al-Ǧawzā</td><td>Poutas de Al-Jawaza</td><td>Nomes das estrelas: α, γ, β e κ Ori, comunicados oralmente dende a rexión de
    Qasseem en Arabia Saudita. </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 4213</td><td>الزبَّن</td><td>al-Zibban</td><td>Poutas de Al-Jawaza</td><td>Nomes das estrelas: α, γ, β e κ Ori, comunicados oralmente dende a rexión de
    Qasseem en Arabia Saudita. </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 2650</td><td>مسجد الثريا</td><td>Masǧid al-Thrayyā</td><td>Mezquita de Al-Thurayya</td><td>Un triángulo de estrelas que se levantan antes de al-Thurayya (As
    Pléiades). Está composto por tres estrelas: α Ari, α Tri e β Tri. A fonte
    deste nome é a tradición oral na rexión de Wadi al-Dawasir, no suroeste de
    Arabia Saudita. </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>CON 4299</td><td>الجوزا</td><td>al-Ǧawā</td><td>Al-Jawza</td><td>Al-Jawza é un nome propio para unha muller. Esta constelación é unha forma
    de muller para as estrelas de Orión. É o mesmo que a dos antigos
    árabes. Algunhas tradicións orais darán nome só ás tres estrelas do cinto de
    Orión. </td><td>2,3</td></tr>
    <tr><td colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"><b>Planetas</b></td></tr>
    <tr><td>Venus</td><td>نجمة الصبح</td><td>Naǧmat al-ṣibḥ</td><td>Estrela da mañá</td><td>Un nome para Venus cando se pon despois do Sol. </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Venus</td><td>نجمة االعشا</td><td>Naǧmat al-ʿŠā</td><td>Estrela da tardiña</td><td>Un nome para Venus cando nace antes do Sol. </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Venus</td><td>الجغمة، الجغامة</td><td>al-Ǧuġmah, al-Ǧuġġāmah</td><td>O grolo, o bebedor</td><td>Os beduinos dinlles ós nenos cando lles piden leite que agarden ata que se
    poña Venus (O grolo). Outra versión é que animan ós nenos a beber o leite
    antes de que o beba Venus (O bebedor). </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>Venus</td><td>نجمة الهودان</td><td>Naǧmat al-Hawdān</td><td>A estrela de Al-Hawdan</td><td>Al-Hawdan é unha tribo. Todas as noites acordan que en vendo a Venus pola
    mañá, comezarán a súa viaxe nómade buscando pastos para os seus camelos,
    pero pola mañá deciden quedar. Outra versión é que levarán os seus camelos ó
    pasto cedo, cando Venus se erga, antes que outros, e volverán cos seus
    camelos a última hora da noite cando Venus se poña.</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"><b>Estrelas</b></td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 11767</td><td>الجدي</td><td>al-Ǧady</td><td>O neno</td><td>O mesmo có antigo nome árabe.</td><td>3</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 72607</td><td>الحويجزين 1</td><td>al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 1</td><td>As dúas gardas 1</td><td>Ver CON100</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 75097</td><td>الحويجزين 2</td><td>al-Ḥuwaiǧzain 2</td><td>As dúas gardas 2</td><td>Ver CON100</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 72607</td><td>الدخيلين 1</td><td>al-Diḫīlain 1</td><td>Os dous refuxiados 1</td><td>Ver CON100</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 75097</td><td>الدخيلين 2</td><td>al-Diḫīlain 2</td><td>Os dous refuxiados 2</td><td>Ver CON100</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 72607</td><td>آل أبا بزي 1</td><td>Āl Aba Bzay 1</td><td>A familia de Aba Bzay 1</td><td>Ver CON100</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 75097</td><td>آل أبا بزي 2</td><td>Āl Aba Bzay 2</td><td>A familia de Aba Bzay 2</td><td>Ver CON100</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 54061</td><td>الخلج 1</td><td>al-Ḫilj 1</td><td>Al-Khilj 1</td><td>As dúas primeiras estrelas da Osa maior en ascenso </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 53910</td><td>الخلج 2</td><td>al-Ḫilj 2</td><td>Al-Khilj 2</td><td>As dúas primeiras estrelas da Osa maior en ascenso </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 54061</td><td>الخلج الاولات 1</td><td>al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 1</td><td>O primeiro Khilj 1</td><td>As dúas primeiras estrelas da Osa maior en ascenso </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 53910</td><td>الخلج الاولات 2</td><td>al-Ḫilj al-awwalāt 2</td><td>O primeiro Khilj 2</td><td>As dúas primeiras estrelas da Osa maior en ascenso </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 58001</td><td>الخلج التوالي 1</td><td>al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 1</td><td>O último Khilj 1</td><td>As dúas segundas estrelas da Osa Maior en ascenso </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 59774</td><td>الخلج التوالي 2</td><td>al-Ḫilj al-Tuwalī 2</td><td>O último Khilj 2</td><td>As dúas segundas estrelas da Osa Maior en ascenso </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 58001</td><td>الربّع 1</td><td>al-Rubbaʿ 1</td><td>As cuartas 1</td><td>As dúas segundas estrelas da Osa Maior en ascenso </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 59774</td><td>الربّع 2</td><td>al-Rubbaʿ 2</td><td>As cuartas 2</td><td>As dúas segundas estrelas da Osa Maior en ascenso </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 62956</td><td>الخامس</td><td>al-Ḫamis</td><td>A quinta</td><td>A estrela ε UMa, quinta en ascenso das sete estrelas da Osa Maior. </td><td>5</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 65378</td><td>السات</td><td>al-Satt</td><td>A sexta</td><td>A estrela ζ UMa, sexta en ascenso das sete estrelas da Osa Maior. </td><td>5</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 67301</td><td>السويبع</td><td>al-Swaibiʿ</td><td>A sétima</td><td>A estrela η UMa, sétima en ascenso das sete estrelas da Osa Maior. </td><td>7</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 69673</td><td>الرقيب</td><td>al-Reqīb</td><td>O vixiante </td><td>A estrela α Boo. A fonte deste nome está na tradición da rexión de Ḥayel. </td><td>6</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 69673</td><td>الاحيمر</td><td>al-Iḥaimir</td><td>A avermellada</td><td>A estrela α Boo. A fonte deste nome está nas tradicións dos mariñeiros e
    pescadores dos costas oeste e leste da Península arábiga. </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 91262</td><td>النسر المكتف</td><td>al-Nasr al-Mkattaf</td><td>A aguia de ás pechadas</td><td>A estrela α Lyr (Vega), chamada así porque as dúas estrelas: ζ Lyr e ε Lyr
    forman as ás pechadas. A fonte é a rexión de Ḥayel. </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 24608</td><td>المباري</td><td>al-Mbarī</td><td>O paralelo </td><td>A estrela Capella, paralela a al-Thurayya (As Pléiades) </td><td>8</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 24608</td><td>الجنيب</td><td>al-Ǧinīb</td><td>O lateral</td><td>A estrela Capella, no lado máis afastado de al-Thurayya (As Pléiades) </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 97649</td><td>النسر الباسط</td><td>al-Nasr al-Basiṭ</td><td>A aguia de ás abertas</td><td>A estrela α Aql (Altair), chamada así porque as dúas estrelas: γ Aql e β Aql
    forman as ás extendidas. A fonte é a rexión de Ḥayel. </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 97649</td><td>الكانون</td><td>al-Kanūn</td><td>Al-Kanoon</td><td>Outro nome da aguia de ás abertas mencionado na poesía de al-Ḫalāwī. </td><td>4</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 677</td><td>المؤخر 2</td><td>al-Mwaḫḫar 2</td><td>A boca do caldeiro de atrás 2</td><td>Ver CON2504</td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 1067</td><td>المؤخر 1</td><td>al-Mwaḫḫar 1</td><td>A boca do caldeiro de atrás 1</td><td>Ver CON2504</td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 113881</td><td>المقدم 2</td><td>al-Mqaddam 2</td><td>A boca do caldeiro de diante 2</td><td>Ver CON2502</td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 113963</td><td>المقدم 1</td><td>al-Mqaddam 1</td><td>A boca do caldeiro de diante 1</td><td>Ver CON2502</td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 21421</td><td>التويبع</td><td>al-Twaibiʿ</td><td>O Seguidor</td><td>A estrela Aldebarán, (segunda mansión da Lúa) </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 21421</td><td>التويلي</td><td>al-Twailī</td><td>O último</td><td>A estrela Aldebarán, (segunda mansión da Lúa) </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 21421</td><td>المجيدح</td><td>al-Mǧaidiḥ</td><td>Al-Mjaidih</td><td>A estrela Aldebran, (segunda mansión da Lúa), o nome úsase na rexión de
    al-Ṭayef, no oeste de Arabia Saudita. </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 36046</td><td>الاظفار 1</td><td>al-Aẓfār 1</td><td>As poutas 1</td><td>Estrelas entre α CMi (Procyon) e α Gem. A fonte é a tradición oral de
    Najran, ó suroeste de Arabia Saudita.</td><td>1, 9</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 36962</td><td>الاظفار 2</td><td>al-Aẓfār 2</td><td>As poutas 2</td><td>Estrelas entre α CMi (Procyon) e α Gem. A fonte é a tradición oral de
    Najran, ó suroeste de Arabia Saudita.</td><td>1, 9</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 37740</td><td>الاظفار 3</td><td>al-Aẓfār 3</td><td>As poutas 3</td><td>Estrelas entre α CMi (Procyon) e α Gem. A fonte é a tradición oral de
    Najran, ó suroeste de Arabia Saudita.</td><td>1, 9</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 35550</td><td>الاظفار 4</td><td>al-Aẓfār 4</td><td>As poutas 4</td><td>Estrelas entre α CMi (Procyon) e α Gem. A fonte é a tradición oral de
    Najran, ó suroeste de Arabia Saudita.</td><td>1, 9</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 34088</td><td>الاظفار 5</td><td>al-Aẓfār 5</td><td>As poutas 5</td><td>Estrelas entre α CMi (Procyon) e α Gem. A fonte é a tradición oral de
    Najran, ó suroeste de Arabia Saudita.</td><td>1, 9</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 35350</td><td>الاظفار 6</td><td>al-Aẓfār 6</td><td>As poutas 6</td><td>Estrelas entre α CMi (Procyon) e α Gem. A fonte é a tradición oral de
    Najran, ó suroeste de Arabia Saudita.</td><td>1, 9</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 57632</td><td>الصرفة</td><td>al-Ṣarfah</td><td>Estrela do cambio de tempo</td><td>(10ª mansión da Lúa) </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 65474</td><td>السماك الأعزل</td><td>al-Smak al-ʿazal</td><td>O alto desarmado</td><td>(12ª mansión da Lúa) </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 80763</td><td>القلب</td><td>al-Qalb</td><td>O corazón</td><td>(16ª mansión da Lúa) </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 85927</td><td>الشولة</td><td>al-Šawlah</td><td>Cola ergueita do escorpión</td><td>(17ª mansión da Lúa) </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 26366</td><td>الهقعة</td><td>al-Haqʿah</td><td>A marca circular</td><td>(terceira mansión da Lúa) </td><td>2</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 27989</td><td>قرن الجوزا الشمالي</td><td>Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī</td><td>Corno Norte de Al-Jawza </td><td>Nome da estrela: α Ori, da rexión occidental de Arabia Saudita e utilizada
    polos pescadores do Mar Vermello. A fonte é a tradición oral do porto
    marítimo Umluj de Arabia Saudita. </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 27989</td><td>زابن الجوزا الشمالي</td><td>Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Šimalī</td><td>Pouta norte de Al-Jawza </td><td>Nome da estrela: α Ori, este nome específico "Pouta do Norte de al-Jawza"
    apareceu en [#10], páx. 292. </td><td>5</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 27366</td><td>رجل الجوزا</td><td>Riǧl al-Ǧawza</td><td>Perna de Al-Jawza</td><td>Nome da estrela: κ Ori, da rexión occidental de Arabia Saudita e utilizada
    polos pescadores do Mar Vermello. A fonte é a tradición oral do porto
    marítimo Umluj de Arabia Saudita. </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 24436</td><td>قرن الجوزا الجنوبي</td><td>Qarn al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī</td><td>Corno Sur de Al-Jawza </td><td>Nome da estrela: β Ori, da rexión occidental de Arabia Saudita e utilizada
    polos pescadores do Mar Vermello. A fonte é a tradición oral do porto
    marítimo Umluj de Arabia Saudita. </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 24436</td><td>زابن الجوزا الجنوبي</td><td>Zabin al-Ǧawza al-Ǧunūbī</td><td>Pouta sur de Al-Jawza </td><td>Nome da estrela: β Ori, este nome dedúcese do nome de "Poutta do Norte de
    al-Jawza" para α Ori.</td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 32349</td><td>المرزم</td><td>al-Mirzam</td><td>Al-Mirzam</td><td>Un nome común de α CMa (Sirius) usado para medir o tempo da 5ª mansión
    lunar. </td><td>2, 3</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 32349</td><td>الشعلى</td><td>al-Šiʿla</td><td>Al-Shi'la</td><td>Outro nome de α CMa (Sirius) usado nas partes do norte da Península
    Arábiga. </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 30438</td><td>سهيل</td><td>Shail</td><td>Suhayl</td><td>A estrela α Car (Canopus). O nome é de orixe antiga. </td><td>2, 3</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 7588</td><td>محلف</td><td>Miḥlif</td><td>A estrela do xuramento </td><td>Un nome de α Eri. Chámase así porque a xente o confundiría con Suhayl
    (Canopus), dando lugar a unha discusión con alguén que fai un xuramento de
    que é ou non Suhayl. </td><td>4</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 7588</td><td>أبا السهل</td><td>Aba al-sihil</td><td>Aba Alsihil</td><td>Outro nome de α Eri. </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 7588</td><td>المسهل</td><td>al-Mishil</td><td>Al-Miss.hil</td><td>Outro nome de α Eri. </td><td>1</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 7588</td><td>السهلي</td><td>al-Shali (S aquí pronúnciase en inglés como s enon como x)</td><td>As-S.hali</td><td>Outro nome de α Eri. </td><td>3</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 68702</td><td>النعايم 1</td><td>al-Naʿāyem 1</td><td>al-Naayem 1</td><td>Un nome para as dúas estrelas brillantes: α e β Cen. Este nome é usado polas
    tribos de al-Dawāsir e Yām nas rexións do sur de Arabia Saudita, e non debe
    confundirse co mesmo nome para as estrelas da Osa Maior usadas polas tribos
    das rexións do centro e do norte de Arabia Saudita. ou o nome dos antigos
    árabes para a 18ª mansión lunar.</td><td>10</td></tr>
    <tr><td>HIP 71683</td><td>النعايم 2</td><td>al-Naʿāyem 2</td><td>al-Naayem 2</td><td>Un nome para as dúas estrelas brillantes: α e β Cen. Este nome é usado polas
    tribos de al-Dawāsir e Yām nas rexións do sur de Arabia Saudita, e non debe
    confundirse co mesmo nome para as estrelas da Osa Maior usadas polas tribos
    das rexións do centro e do norte de Arabia Saudita. ou o nome dos antigos
    árabes para a 18ª mansión lunar.</td><td>10</td></tr>
    </table>

note: Arabic (Indigenous) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Indigenous)
gl: Árabe (Indíxena)

note: Arabic (Indigenous) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Arabic sky culture displays the indigenous star knowledge of the ancient Arabs living in the Arabian Peninsula prior to the Greek astronomy influence in the ninth century.
gl: A cultura do ceo árabe mostra o coñecemento das estrelas indíxenas dos antigos árabes que vivían na Península arábiga antes da influencia da astronomía grega no século IX.

note: Arabic (Indigenous) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The star knowledge of the ancient Arabs had been recorded and preserved in old poetry and in the old works of Arab philologists and lexicographers of the Islamic civilization. Many books were written on the subject of star knowledge and anwāʾ [Arabic الأنواء], the Arabic knowledge of meteorology. The editors of Ibn Qutaybah's *Kitāb al-Anwāʾ* (9th century) listed twenty-four books on this subject written mostly between early eighth and tenth century[#2]. The only completely preserved text is that of Ibn Qutaybah, but later scholars had quoted many of the earlier texts. One of the most significant works that recorded the indigenous Arab star names is the *Book of the stars* written in ~ 964 AD by the prominent astronomer: al-Ṣūfī, where he identified the indigenous Arab star names with the respective Ptolemaic stars of the Greek constellations[#5].
    
    ### Sources of the Arabic sky culture
    
    The source of this sky culture is a study and compilation of star knowledge of ancient Arabs from the following books: [#2], [#3], [#4], [#5], [#6], [#8], [#9].
gl: O coñecemento das estrelas dos antigos árabes foi rexistrado e preservado na poesía antiga e nas antigas obras de filólogos e lexicógrafos árabes da civilización islámica. Escribíronse moitos libros sobre o tema do coñecemento das estrelas e anwāʾ [en árabe الأنواء], o coñecemento árabe da meteoroloxía. Os editores de Ibn Qutaybah *Kitāb al-Anwāʾ* (século IX) enumeraron vintecatro libros sobre este tema escritos principalmente entre principios do século VIII e o X [#2]. O único texto completamente conservado é o de Ibn Qutaybah, pero os estudosos posteriores citarán moitos dos textos anteriores. Unha das obras máis significativas que rexistrou os nomes de estrelas árabes indíxenas é o*Libro das estrelas* escrito no ~ 964 d. C. polo destacado astrónomo: al-Ṣūfī, e nel identificou os nomes das estrelas árabes indíxenas coas respectivas estrelas ptolemaicas das constelacións gregas.[#5].
    
    ### Fontes da cultura do ceo árabe
    
    A fonte desta cultura do ceo é un estudo e recompilación do coñecemento das estrelas dos antigos árabes a partir dos seguintes libros: [#2], [#3], [#4], [#5], [#6], [#8], [#9].

note: Arabic (Indigenous) sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: The ancient Arabs gave names to single stars, star couples, an area in the sky, and particular shape of a group of stars. Single stars were named after a human figure or a desert animal, Arcturus is al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ, meaning: The High one with the spear. Canopus is Suhayl, a proper name of a man. We have also stars named: The Caracal and the Kid (the young goat). If two stars of comparable brightness are close to each other, they are given a common name like: The two Calves, the Two Wolves, The Two doves. Sometimes an area is named after a group of animals. The brighter stars are adult animals, and the faint ones are the young animals like: The Hyenas and their youngsters, The horses and the foals. Particular shapes of stars were given names like the Scorpion, The lion, al-Ǧawzā’ which is a proper name of a woman for Orion stars. Other asterisms are given names according to legends and stories.
gl: Os antigos árabes deron nomes a estrelas únicas, parellas de estrelas, unha zona do ceo e a forma particular dun grupo de estrelas. As estrelas individuais recibiron o nome dunha figura humana ou dun animal do deserto, Arcturus é al-Simāk al-Rāmiḥ, que significa: O Alto coa lanza. Canopus é Suhayl, un nome propio dun home. Tamén temos estrelas chamadas: O Caracal e o Cabrito (o cabrito). Se dúas estrelas de brillo comparable están próximas entre si, reciben un nome común como: Os dous becerros, os dous lobos, as dúas pombas. Ás veces, unha zona recibe o nome dun grupo de animais. As estrelas máis brillantes son animais adultos, e as débiles son animais novos como: As hienas e as súas crías, os cabalos e os poldros. As formas particulares das estrelas recibiron nomes como o Escorpión, O león, al-Ǧawzā', que é o nome propio dunha muller para as estrelas de Orión. Outros asterismos reciben nomes segundo lendas e historias.

note: Arabic (Lunar Mansions) sky culture name
en: Arabic (Lunar Mansions)
gl: Árabe (Mansións lunares)

note: Arabic (Lunar Mansions) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Arabic lunar stations describes the 28 sky areas chosen in ancient Arabia to define the daily location of the moon during its monthly trip around the sky.
gl: As estacións lunares árabes describen as 28 áreas do ceo escollidas na antiga Arabia para definir a localización diaria da lúa durante a súa viaxe mensual arredor do ceo.

note: Arabic (Lunar Mansions) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: #### Historical Overview
    
    Originally, *Manāzil al-Qamar*, the Arabic for the lunar mansions, or stations of the moon, were a system of 28 stars, group of stars, or spots in the sky near which the moon can be found in each of the 28 nights of its monthly revolution. Early mentions of the complete list of the lunar stations are reported by ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Ḥabīb (d. 852) on the authority of Mālik ibn Anas (d. 795) [#1]. However, this system had been adopted already in the pre-Islamic period, prior to the 7th century of the common era.
    
     Using heliacal observations, the asterisms of the lunar mansions served to divide the sidereal and solar year of 365 days into 28 periods of 13 days each except for one period that is given 14 days. These 28 periods are called *Anwāʾ*, plural of *nawʾ*. Each *Nawʾ* is determined by a characteristical star: when this star rises in the morning during dawn (in the east, so, shortly before the Sun), this is the beginning of the next *nawʾ*. The name of the *nawʾ* (period of time, half month), gives the lunar mansion its name. One complete cycle of setting and rising for each of the 28 lunar mansions, one after the other, makes a solar year. This system was used to determine the seasons and predict weather, especially rain [#2]. The Arabs said: each *nawʾ* (period of 13/14 days) is characterized by a distinctive weather pattern of rain, wind, and temperature [#3].
    
    A detailed description of the stars of each lunar mansion, the times of their heliacal rising and a compilation of astronomical and meteorological knowledge of the ancient Arabs can be found in the *Book of meteorology* (Arabic: Kitāb al-anwāʾ), authored by Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 - d. 884 or 889). Copies of this book manuscripts survived, and it was printed in India in 1956 [#4].
    
     The usage of the lunar mansions continued to schedule the times of agricultural, travel and medicine practices. Due to the importance of observing the times of their heliacal risings, short treatises have been written, and poems have been composed describing the asterisms of the 28 mansions. A poem dedicated to description of the stars of the lunar mansions was published by Gustave-Adolphe de Calassanti-Motylinski in 1899 in his book *Les mansions lunaires chez les Arabes*, attributed to Muḥammad al-Maqri (1578-1638) [#5][#6]. A sample treatise is the one written by Shaikh Ṣāliḥ al-Shethrī (d. ~1891), titled *A time-table for farmers* [#7].
    
    #### Current Usage of Lunar Stations
    
     Agricultural almanacs based on the heliacal rising of lunar stations are still in active use today. The official calendar of Saudi Arabia includes these times [#8]. The following is an example of the use of a calendar based on the lunar stations for the 13 days period starting with the rise of the 3rd lunar station *al-Thurayya* (Pleiades) on June 7th [#9]:
    
    > Weather gets hotter and wind gets stronger. Wild grasses dry. Water in wells gets shallower. Rain is rare during this time. Spring insects start to disappear. Palm tree dates starts to get its colors. It is recommended to irrigate trees with the right amounts and stop irrigation of vines when grapes start to get its color.
    
    #### Identification of the Lunar Stations
    
    Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 - d. 884 or 889) in his book *Kitāb al-anwāʾ* gives detailed description of the stars of each lunar station while an accurate identification can be extracted from the *Book of Stars* by al-Sufi (d. 986). In his book, al-Sufi maps the stars known to ancient Arabs to those of the Ptolemaic Constellations. An example of al-Sufi definitions of the stars of the lunar mansions, here is the definition of *al-Ġafr* [#10][#11]:
    
    > And the 22nd [star of Virgo] and the 23rd which is on the tail [hem of the garment] with the 25th on the left foot [of Virgo] are named [by the Arabs] *al-Ghafr* which is the 15th lunar mansion.
    
     Because the stars of the Ptolemaic constellations have known coordinates, it is relatively easy to identify the Arab star names.
    
    #### The 28 lunar stations
    
     1. (Arabic: الشرطان) *Al-Sharaṭān* (The two signs) or (Arabic: الأشراط) *"al-Ashrāṭ"* (The signs) composed of the 3 stars: α Ari (Hamal), β Ari (Sheratan) and γ Ari (Mesarthim)
     1. (Arabic: البطين) *Al-Buṭayn* (The small belly [of the little ram]) composed of the 3 stars: ε Ari, δ Ari (Botein), and ρ<sup>3</sup> Ari
     1. (Arabic: الثريا) *Al-Thurayyā* (Pleiades) composed of the star cluster of the Pleiades
     1. (Arabic: الدبران) *Al-Dabarān* (The Follower [of the Pleiades]) composed of the single star α Tau (Aldebaran)
     1. (Arabic: الهقعة) *Al-Haqʿah* (The mark on the horse side) composed of the three stars on the head of Orion: λ Ori (Meissa), φ<sup>1</sup> Ori and φ<sup>2</sup> Ori
     1. (Arabic: الهنعة*Al-Hanʿah* (The bend in the neck of a camel) composed of the 2 stars: γ Gem (Alhena) and ξ Gem
     1. (Arabic: الذراع) *Al-Dhirāʾ* (Retracted arm [of the lion]) composed of the 2 stars: α CMi (Procyon) and β CMi (Gomeisa)
     1. (Arabic: النثرة) *Al-Nathrah* (The tip of the nose of the lion) composed of the Praesepe cluster and the 2 stars: γ Cnc (Asellus Borealis) and δ Cnc (Asellus Australis)
     1. (Arabic: الطرف) *Al-Ṭarf* (The eyes of the lion) composed of the 2 stars: ε Leo and ο Leo (Subra)
     1. (Arabic: الجبهة) *Al-Ǧabhah* (The forehead of the lion) composed of 4 stars: ζ Leo (Adhafera), γ<sup>1</sup> Leo - γ<sup>2</sup> Leo (Algieba), η Leo and α Leo (Regulus)
     1. (Arabic: الزبرة) *Al-Zubrah* (The mane of the lion) composed of the 2 stars: δ Leo (Zosma) and θ Leo (Chertan)
     1. (Arabic: الصرفة) *Al-Ṣarfah* (The change to colder weather) composed of one star: β Leo (Denebola)
     1. (Arabic: العوا) *Al-ʿAwwā* (The bend) composed of 5 stars: β Vir (Zavijava), η Vir (Zaniah), γ Vir (Porrima), δ Vir and ε Vir (Vindemiatrix)
     1. (Arabic: السماك) *Al-Simāk* (The unarmed high one) composed of the star α Vir (Spica)
     1. (Arabic: الغفر) *Al-Ġafr* (The cover) composed of 3 stars: ι Vir (Syrma), κ Vir and λ Vir
     1. (Arabic: الزبانى) *Al-Zubānā* (The claws of the scorpion) composed of the 2 stars: α<sup>2</sup> Lib (Zubenelgenubi) and β Lib (Zubeneschamali)
     1. (Arabic: الإكليل) *Al-Iklīl* (The ornamented headband, The diadem) composed of the 3 stars: β<sup>1</sup> Sco (Acrab), δ Sco (Dschubba) and π Sco.
     1. (Arabic: القلب) *Al-Qalb* (The heart of the scorpion) composed of the star α Sco (Antares)
     1. (Arabic: الشولة) *Al-Shawlah* (The sting of the scorpion) composed of the 2 stars: λ Sco (Shaula) and υ Sco (Lesath)
     1. (Arabic: النعائم) *Al-Naʿaʾim* (The Ostriches) 8 stars: γ2 Sgr, δ Sgr, ε Sgr, η Sgr, σ Sgr, φ Sgr, τ Sgr, and ζ Sgr
     1. (Arabic: البلدة*Al-Baldah* (The empty area) is the area where there are no stars (between *al-Naayem* and *Saad al-Thabih*)
     1. (Arabic: سعد الذابح) *Saʿd al-Dhābiḥ* (The lucky star of the Slaughterer) composed of the 3 stars: α<sup>2</sup> Cap (Algedi), β Cap (Dabih), and ν Cap
     1. (Arabic: سعد بلع) *Saʿd Bulaʿ* (The lucky star of the swallower) composed of the 3 stars: ν Aqr, μ Aqr and ε Aqr (Albali)
     1. (Arabic: سعد السعود) *Saʿd al-Suʿūd* (The luckiest of the lucky stars) composed of the 3 stars: β Aqr (Sadalsuud), ξ Aqr and λ Cap
     1. (Arabic: سعد الأخبية) *Saʿd al-Aḫbiyah* (The lucky stars of the tent dwellers) composed of the 4 stars: γ Aqr (Sadachbia), π Aqr, ζ<sup>1</sup> - ζ<sup>2</sup> Aqr and η Aqr
     1. (Arabic: المقدم) *Al-Muqaddam* (The front bucket mouth) composed of the 2 stars: α And (Alpheratz) and γ Peg (Algenib)
     1. (Arabic: المؤخر) *Al-Muʾaḫar* (The rear bucket mouth) composed of the 2 stars: β Peg (Scheat) and α Peg (Markab)
     1. (Arabic: الرشاء أو الحوت) *Al-Rishāʾ* or *al-Ḥūt* (The rope of the well bucket or The Fish) composed of the star β And (Mirach) and two arcs of stars making a figure of a fish
    
    ##### The Super lion and al-Ǧawzāʾ figures of the ancient Arab star lore
    
     One may notice from the names of the 7th to the 15th lunar stations that they are part of a lion figure. This Arab lion figure covers around 100 degrees, a little bit more than half of the sky dome. From the names of these stars a lion figure can be constructed.
    
     Two of the lunar stations, *al-Haqʿah* and *al-Hanʿah*, are part of al-Ǧawzāʾ stars. al-Ǧawzāʾ is the figure covering Orion plus some stars around it. The ancient Arabs imagined these stars as a figure of a woman with a bow and arrow aimed at the lion (an image, probably influenced from Roman Egypt: see depiction on Denderah zodiac which shows Babylonian as well as Greek traces of constellations). Mr. Roland Laffitte discussed these two figures and offered a depiction of each in his article: [Our Arab Heritage in the CelestialVault](http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/our-arab-heritage-celestial-vault). A more detailed discussion of ancient Arab star lore is found in his book: &quot;Le Ciel des Arabes&quot; [#12].
gl: #### Visión xeral histórica
    
    Orixinalmente, *Manāzil al-Qamar*, o árabe para as mansións lunares, ou estacións da lúa, eran un sistema de 28 estrelas, grupo de estrelas ou puntos do ceo preto dos cales se pode atopar a lúa en cada unha das 28 noites da súa revolución mensual. ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Ḥabīb (m. 852) informa das primeiras mencións da lista completa das estacións lunares baixo a autoridade de Mālik ibn Anas (m. 795) [#1]. Porén, este sistema fora adoptado xa no período preislámico, anterior ó século VII da era común.
    
     Usando observacións heliacais, os asterismos das mansións lunares serviron para dividir o ano sideral e solar de 365 días en 28 períodos de 13 días cada un, excepto un período que se dá de 14 días. Estes 28 períodos chámanse *Anwāʾ*, plural de *nawʾ*. Cada *Nawʾ* está determinada por unha estrela característica: cando esta estrela sae pola mañá durante o amencer (no leste, polo tanto, pouco antes do Sol), este é o comezo da seguinte. *nawʾ*. O nome de *nawʾ* (período de tempo, medio mes), dálle nome á mansión lunar. Un ciclo completo de posta e ascenso para cada unha das 28 mansións lunares, unha tras outra, fai un ano solar. Este sistema utilizouse para determinar as estacións e prever o tempo, especialmente a choiva [#2]. Os árabes din: cada *nawʾ* (período de 13/14 días) caracterízase por un patrón climático distintivo de choiva, vento e temperatura [#3].
    
    Unha descrición detallada das estrelas de cada mansión lunar, os tempos do seu ascenso heliacal e unha compilación de coñecementos astronómicos e meteorolóxicos dos antigos árabes pódense atopar no *Libro de metereoloxía* (Arabic: Kitāb al-anwāʾ), escrito por Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 - d. 884 ou 889). Sobreviviron copias deste libro manuscritas e foi impreso na India en 1956 [#4].
    
     O uso das mansións lunares continuou programando os horarios das prácticas agrícolas, de viaxes e de medicina. Debido á importancia de observar os tempos dos seus levantamentos heliacos, escribíronse pequenos tratados e compuxéronse poemas que describen os asterismos das 28 mansións. Un poema dedicado á descrición das estrelas das mansións lunares foi publicado por Gustave-Adolphe de Calassanti-Motylinski en 1899 no seu libro *Les mansions lunaires chez les Arabes*, atribuído a Muḥammad al-Maqri (1578-1638) [#5][#6]. Un tratado de mostra é o escrito por Shaikh Ṣāliḥ al-Shethrī (m. ~1891), titulado *A time-table for farmers* [#7].
    
    #### Uso actual das Fases da Lúa
    
     Os almanaques agrícolas baseados no ascenso heliacal das estacións lunares aínda están en uso activo na actualidade. O calendario oficial de Arabia Saudita inclúe estes horarios [#8]. O seguinte é un exemplo do uso dun calendario baseado nas estacións lunares para o período de 13 días que comeza co ascenso da 3a estación lunar *al-Thurayya* (Pleiades) o 7 de xuño [#9]:
    
    > O tempo faise máis quente e o vento faise máis forte. As herbas silvestres secan. A auga dos pozos faise menos profunda. A choiva é rara durante este tempo. Os insectos da primavera comezan a desaparecer. Os dátiles das palmeiras comezan a tomar as súas cores. Recoméndase regar as árbores en cantidades adecuadas e deter o rego das vides cando as uvas comezan a adquirir a súa cor.
    
    #### Identificación das fases lunares
    
    Ibn Qutaybah (n. 828 - m. 884 ou 889) no seu libro *Kitāb al-anwāʾ* dá unha descrición detallada das estrelas de cada estación lunar mentres se pode extraer unha identificación precisa do *Libro de estrelas* de al-Sufi (d. 986). No seu libro, al-Sufi mapea as estrelas coñecidas polos antigos árabes coas das constelacións ptolemaicas. Como exemplo de definicións al-Sufi das estrelas das mansións lunares, aquí está a definición de *al-Ġafr* [#10][#11]:
    
    > E a 22 [estrela de Virxe] e a 23 que está no rabo [basta da peza] co 25 no pé esquerdo [de Virxe] son nomeadas [polos árabes]*al-Ghafr* que é a 15ª mansión lunar.
    
     Dado que as estrelas das constelacións ptolemaicas teñen coordenadas coñecidas, é relativamente fácil identificar os nomes das estrelas árabes.
    
    #### As 28 estacións lunares
    
     1. (Árabe: الشرطان) *Al-Sharaṭān* (Os dous signos) ou (Árabe: الأشراط) *"al-Ashrāṭ"* (Os signos) formado por 3 estrelas: α Ari (Hamal), β Ari (Sheratan) and γ Ari (Mesarthim)
     1. (Árabe: البطين) *Al-Buṭayn* (A barriguiña [do pequeno carneiro]) composta de 3 estrelas: ε Ari, δ Ari (Botein), and ρ<sup>3</sup> Ari
     1. (Árabe: الثريا) *Al-Thurayyā* (Pleiades) composta por un cúmulo de 3 estrelas das Pleiades
     1. (Árabe: الدبران) *Al-Dabarān* (O seguidor [das Pléiades]) composto por unha única estrela α Tau (Aldebarán)
     1. (Árabe: الهقعة) *Al-Haqʿah* (A marca no costado do cabalo) formada por tres estrelas na cabeza de Orión: λ Ori (Meissa), φ<sup>1</sup> Ori e φ<sup>2</sup> Ori
     1. (Árabe: الهنعة*Al-Hanʿah* (A curva no pescozo dun camelo) formada por 2 estrelas: γ Gem (Alhena) e ξ Gem
     1. (Árabe: الذراع) *Al-Dhirāʾ* (Brazo encollido [do león]) formado por 2 estrelas: α CMi (Procyon) e β CMi (Gomeisa)
     1. (Árabe: النثرة) *Al-Nathrah* (A punta do nariz do león) formada polo cúmulo Praesepe e 2 estrelas: γ Cnc (Asellus Borealis) e δ Cnc (Asellus Australis)
     1. (Árabe: الطرف) *Al-Ṭarf* (A mirada do león) composta de 2 estrelas: ε Leo e ο Leo (Subra)
     1. (Árabe: الجبهة) *Al-Ǧabhah* (A testa do león) formada por 4 estrelas: ζ Leo (Adhafera), γ<sup>1</sup> Leo - γ<sup>2</sup> Leo (Algieba), η Leo e α Leo (Regulus)
     1. (Árabe: الزبرة) *Al-Zubrah* (A melena do león) formada por 2 estrelas: δ Leo (Zosma) e θ Leo (Chertan)
     1. (Árabe: الصرفة) *Al-Ṣarfah* (O cambio a un tempo máis frío) formada por unha estrela: β Leo (Denebola)
     1. (Árabe: العوا) *Al-ʿAwwā* (A quenda) formada por 5 estrelas: β Vir (Zavijava), η Vir (Zaniah), γ Vir (Porrima), δ Vir e ε Vir (Vindemiatrix)
     1. (Árabe: السماك) *Al-Simāk* (O xigante desarmado) formada pola estrela α Vir (Spica)
     1. (Árabe: الغفر) *Al-Ġafr* (A tapa) composta por 3 estrelas: ι Vir (Syrma), κ Vir e λ Vir
     1. (Árabe: الزبانى) *Al-Zubānā* (As pinzas do escorpión) formada por 2 estrelas: α<sup>2</sup> Lib (Zubenelgenubi) e β Lib (Zubeneschamali)
     1. (Árabe: الإكليل) *Al-Iklīl* (O diadema adornado, O diadema) composta polas 3 estrelas : β<sup>1</sup> Sco (Acrab), δ Sco (Dschubba) e π Sco.
     1. (Árabe: القلب) *Al-Qalb* (O corazón do escorpión) formada pola estrela α Sco (Antares)
     1. (Árabe: الشولة) *Al-Shawlah* (O aguillón do escorpión) formado por 2 estrelas: λ Sco (Shaula) e υ Sco (Lesath)
     1. (Árabe: النعائم) *Al-Naʿaʾim* (As avestruces) 8 estrelas: γ2 Sgr, δ Sgr, ε Sgr, η Sgr, σ Sgr, φ Sgr, τ Sgr, e ζ Sgr
     1. (Árabe: البلدة*Al-Baldah* (A área baleira) é a área onde non hai estrelas entre *al-Naayem* e *Saad al-Thabih*)
     1. (Árabe: سعد الذابح) *Saʿd al-Dhābiḥ* (A estrela da sorte do asasino) composta por 3 estrelas: α<sup>2</sup> Cap (Algedi), β Cap (Dabih), e ν Cap
     1. (Árabe: سعد بلع) *Saʿd Bulaʿ* (A estrela da sorte do larpeiro) formada polas 3 estrelas: ν Aqr, μ Aqr e ε Aqr (Albali)
     1. (Árabe: سعد السعود) *Saʿd al-Suʿūd* (A estrela da sorte dos afortunados) formada por 3 estrelas: β Aqr (Sadalsuud), ξ Aqr e λ Cap
     1. (Árabe: سعد الأخبية) *Saʿd al-Aḫbiyah* (As estrelas afortunadas dos que viven na tenda de campaña) formada polas 4 estrelas: γ Aqr (Sadachbia), π Aqr, ζ<sup>1</sup> - ζ<sup>2</sup> Aqr e η Aqr
     1. (Árabe: المقدم) *Al-Muqaddam* (A parte dianteira do balde para verter auga) formada por 2 estrelas: α And (Alpheratz) e γ Peg (Algenib)
     1. (Árabe: المؤخر) *Al-Muʾaḫar* (A parte dianteira do balde para verter auga) formada por 2 estrelas: β Peg (Scheat) e α Peg (Markab)
     1. (Árabe: الرشاء أو الحوت) *Al-Rishāʾ* ou *al-Ḥūt* (A corda do caldeiro do pozo ou O ventre dos peixes) formada polas estrelas β And (Mirach) e dous arcos de estrelas que forman a figura dun peixe
    
    ##### O Superleón e Al-Jawza figuras da antiga tradición de estrelas árabe
    
     Pódese notar nos nomes das estacións da lúa do 7 ó 15 que forman parte dunha figura de león. Esta figura de león árabe cobre arredor de 100 graos, algo máis da metade da cúpula do ceo. A partir dos nomes destas estrelas pódese construír unha figura de león.
    
     Dúas das estacións lunares, *al-Haqʿah* e *al-Hanʿah*, forman parte das estrelas al-Ǧawzāʾ. al-Ǧawzāʾ é a figura que abarca Orión e algunhas estrelas ó seu arredor. Os antigos árabes imaxinaban estas estrelas como a figura dunha muller cun arco e unha frecha dirixidas ó león (unha imaxe probablemente tomada do Exipto romano: véxase a representación do zodíaco de Denderah que mostra trazos babilónicos e gregos de constelacións). O Sr. Roland Laffitte discutiu estas dúas figuras e ofreceu unha representación de cada unha no seu artigo: [Our Arab Heritage in the CelestialVault](http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/our-arab-heritage-celestial-vault). No seu libro atópase unha discusión máis detallada da antiga tradición das estrelas árabes: &quot;Le Ciel des Arabes&quot; [#12].

note: Arabic (Lunar Mansions) sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: In addition to the lunar stations, the prominent indigenous Arab asterisms have been added.
gl: Ademais das estacións lunares, engadíronse os máis destacados asterismos árabes indíxenas.

note: Arabic (Lunar Mansions) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: <notr>Kunitzsch P. The Arabs and the Stars, Variorum reprints Northampton 1989, Al-Manazil, Item XX pp 1-7.</notr>
     - [#2]: <notr>Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Lunar Mansions in Islamic History, Kunitzsch P. p 520</notr>
     - [#3]: <notr>Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’, pp 6,7 (Arabic print of the original book in 1956 in India Hydarabad/Deccan)</notr>
     - [#4]: <notr>Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Ibn Qutayba, Kunitzsch P. p 429</notr>
     - [#5]: <notr>Ta̕rīf manāzil alkamar, Les mansions lunaires des Arabes; Muhammad al-Mukrī.; A de Calassanti-Motylinski published in Alger, Imprimerie orientale, 1899.</notr>
     - [#6]: <notr>[<notr>Muhammad al-Muqrī poem</notr>](http://www.uranos.fr/DOCU_03_T03.htm)</notr>
     - [#7]: <notr>Salih al-Shethri, Timetable for farmers *<notr>Jadwal fi ilm al-harth ala hisaab al-shuthoor</notr>* (جدول في علم الحرث على حساب الشثور) ISBN 9960-49-971-5</notr>
     - [#8]: <notr>[<notr>Official Calendar of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</notr>](http://www.ummulqura.org.sa/)</notr>
     - [#9]: <notr>Moon stations and Agriculture seasons. A bulletin by the Agriculture Administration of the Chamber of Commerce in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2002</notr>
     - [#10]: <notr>Book of the Stars by al-Sufi (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji, digital edition, 2021 AD, كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله .</notr>
     - [#11]: <notr>Schjellerup, Description des etoiles fixes, 1874, p. 163. (Translation into French)</notr>
     - [#12]: <notr>Laffitte, Roland, Le Ciel des Arabes, Geuthner, Paris 2012</notr>
     - [#13]: Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Dinawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allah b. Muslim (died ~ 889), Kitab al-Anwāʾ (Book of meteorolgy), (Arabic print of the original book, Daʾirat al-Maʿarif al-Osmania, Hydarabad, India, 1956), أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ
     - [#14]: Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon)., الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ.
     - [#15]: Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥussayn b. ʿĀṣim (died ~ 1012), Al-Anwāʾ wa al-azminah (Meteorology and times), (Arabic print of the original book in 1996, Dar al-jeel, Beirut, Lebanon), عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ.
     - [#16]:  [Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021, كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing)
gl:  - [#1]: Kunitzsch P. The Arabs and the Stars, Variorum reprints Northampton 1989, Al-Manazil, Item XX pp 1-7.
     - [#2]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Lunar Mansions in Islamic History, Kunitzsch P. p 520
     - [#3]: Ibn Qutaybah (b. 828 d. 884 or 889), Kitab al-Anwā’, pp 6,7 (Arabic print of the original book in 1956 in India Hydarabad/Deccan)
     - [#4]: Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Ibn Qutayba, Kunitzsch P. p 429
     - [#5]: Ta̕rīf manāzil alkamar, Les mansions lunaires des Arabes; Muhammad al-Mukrī.; A de Calassanti-Motylinski published in Alger, Imprimerie orientale, 1899.
     - [#6]:  [Muhammad al-Muqrī poem](http://www.uranos.fr/DOCU_03_T03.htm)
     - [#7]: Salih al-Shethri, Timetable for farmers *Jadwal fi ilm al-harth ala hisaab al-shuthoor* (جدول في علم الحرث على حساب الشثور) ISBN 9960-49-971-5
     - [#8]:  [Official Calendar of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia](http://www.ummulqura.org.sa/)
     - [#9]: Moon stations and Agriculture seasons. A bulletin by the Agriculture Administration of the Chamber of Commerce in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2002
     - [#10]: Book of the Stars by al-Sufi (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid AlAjaji, digital edition, 2021 AD, كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله .
     - [#11]: Schjellerup, Description des etoiles fixes, 1874, p. 163. (Translation into French)
     - [#12]: Laffitte, Roland, Le Ciel des Arabes, Geuthner, Paris 2012
     - [#13]: Ibn Qutaybah, Al-Dinawarī, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allah b. Muslim (died ~ 889), Kitab al-Anwāʾ (Book of meteorolgy), (Arabic print of the original book, Daʾirat al-Maʿarif al-Osmania, Hydarabad, India, 1956), أبو محمد عبد الله بن مسلم ابن قتيبة الدينوري (توفي 276 هـ)، كتاب الأنواء في مواسم العرب، دائرة المعارف العثمانية، حيدر أباد، الهند، 1375 هـ
     - [#14]: Al-Marzūqī, Abū ʿAli Aḥmad b. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥassan (died 1030), Al-Azminah wa al-amkinah (Times and Places), (Arabic print of the original book in 2002, World of Books, Beirut, Lebanon)., الإمام أبو علي أحمد بن محمد بن الحسن المرزوقي (توفي سنة 421 هـ)، الأزمنة والأمكنة، تحقيق د. محمد نايف الدليمي، عالم الكتب، بيروت، لبنان، 1422 هـ.
     - [#15]: Al-Ṯaqafī, ʿAbd Allah b. Ḥussayn b. ʿĀṣim (died ~ 1012), Al-Anwāʾ wa al-azminah (Meteorology and times), (Arabic print of the original book in 1996, Dar al-jeel, Beirut, Lebanon), عبد الله بن حسين بن عاصم الثقفي (توفي 403 هـ)، الأنواء والأزمنة، تحقيق: د. نوري حمودي القيسي، د. محمد نايف الدليمي، دار الجيل، بيروت، لبنان، 1416 هـ.
     - [#16]:  [Book of the stars by al-Ṣūfī (died 986): Critical edition with commentary by Khalid al-Ajaji, digital edition, 2021, كتاب الكواكب لأبي الحسين عبد الرحمن بن عمر الرازي المعروف بالصوفي (291-376)، تحقيق خالد بن عبد الله العجاجي](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1s6JXzftwjMQ5rgZoGE3718EtBLBZtjzr?usp=sharing)

note: Arabic (Lunar Mansions) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en:  Khalid al-Ajaji with additional documentation of this file by Susanne M Hoffmann.
gl:  Khalid al-Ajaji con documentación adicional deste arquivo de Susanne M Hoffmann.

note: Armintxe Cave sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The cave of Armintxe was lost because of the urban development. On May first 2016, the group of speleology ADES entered in the cave and found a spectacular panel of Magdalenian engravings, they are supposed to be done between 12.000 to 17.000 BP, the engravings are a kind of cave art that normally is very difficult to see, they are sometimes almost invisible, located deep in the cave. This panel is more visible than others, and if you have a lateral light, the vision is very impressive.
gl: A cova de Armintxe perdeuse por mor do desenvolvemento urbanístico. O primeiro de maio de 2016, o grupo de espeleoloxía ADES entrou na cova e atopou un espectacular panel de gravados magdalenienses, suponse que se realizaron entre o 12.000 e o 17.000 aC. Este panel é máis visible ca outros, e cunha luz lateral, a visión é impresionante.

note: Armintxe Cave sky culture description section in markdown format
en: <p/>
    <img src="illustrations/Armintxesala.png" width="800" height="380" />
    <img src="illustrations/osoa.png" width="800" height="380" />
    
    ### Animal constellations
    
    One year later, one of the speleologists, the photographer, was studying the pictures and found out that the main panel depicted the starry firmament, the engravings were like a Paleolithic planetarium, and the animals were their constellations. Armintxe depicts the spring equinox.
    
    If you want to see the constellations at the same position than in the cave you can use this settings: GPS coordinates:43°21′43″N 2°30′29″W, date: -10500-6-10, hour:6am, you have to choose the art layer, they are the original pictures of the cave, the constellation layer is not so important in this case, tries to copy the original pictures. A twenty inch monitor or bigger is needed. Some of the images are easy to see on an objective way, like the tail of the lion and the second ibex, and the position between each other prove that the mere coincidence is impossible. There are other pictures almost impossible too see, their shape is very subjective, it looks like the artists were trying to find in the stars these animals to complete their calendar in a forced way.
    
    Another characteristic of Paleolithic constellations is that they use very dim stars not the brightest, it looks like they were finding a hidden message in the stars.
gl: <p/>
    <img src="illustrations/Armintxesala.png" width="800" height="380" />
    <img src="illustrations/osoa.png" width="800" height="380" />
    
    ### Constelacións Animais
    
    Un ano despois, un dos espeleólogos, o fotógrafo, estaba estudando as imaxes e descubriu que o panel principal representaba o firmamento estrelado, os gravados eran coma un planetario paleolítico e os animais eran as súas constelacións. Armintxe representa o equinoccio de primavera.
    
    Se queres ver as constelacións na mesma posición ca na cova, podes usar esta configuración: Coordenadas GPS: 43°21′43″N 2°30′29″W, data: -10500-6-10, hora:6am, tes que escoller a capa de arte, son as imaxes orixinais da cova, a capa de constelación non é tan importante, intenta copiar as imaxes orixinais. Precísase un monitor de vinte polgadas ou máis grande. Algunhas das imaxes son fáciles de ver dun xeito obxectivo, como a cola do león e o segundo íbice, e as posicións entre si demostran que a mera coincidencia é imposible. Hai outros cadros case imposibles de ver tamén, a súa forma é moi subxectiva, parece que os artistas intentaban atopar nas estrelas estes animais para completar o seu calendario dun xeito forzado.
    
    Outra característica das constelacións paleolíticas é que usan estrelas moi tenues non as máis brillantes, parece que estaban buscando unha mensaxe oculta nas estrelas.

note: Armintxe Cave sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was built by Xabier Gezuraga Jauregi, member and photographer of the group of speleology ADES, and sky and weather photographer, after the discovery continued investigating and wrote the theory[#3] of the calendar of Armintxe, explaining the use of animals in cave art to name periods of time, based on stars, Sun and Moon movements
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi realizada por Xabier Gezuraga Jauregi, membro e fotógrafo do grupo de espeleoloxía ADES, e fotógrafo do ceo e do tempo, despois do descubrimento seguiu investigando e escribiu a teoría[#3] do calendario de Armintxe, explicando o uso dos animais na arte rupestre para nomear períodos de tempo, baseándose nos movementos das estrelas, do Sol e da Lúa.

note: Aztec sky culture name
en: Aztec
gl: Azteca

note: Aztec sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p><img src="illustrations/aztec0.png" width="150" height="146" align="left" />For ancient aztecs, the knowledge of the night skies and stars movement had great importance for their calendars and the measurement of both agricultural and sacred cycles. However, great part of this knowledge was lost as consequence of the Spanish conquest which occurred on continental America in the 16th century.</p>
    <p>The elements of the Aztec society such as culture, economy and science is preserved in the <em>tlacuilos</em>, word that comes from the ancient Nahuatl word <em>tlacuiloa</em>, which means <em>writing with drawings</em>. These Tlacuilos where stored in the <em>amoxcalli</em>, meaning amoxtli: books and calli: house. Later their became known as <em>codices</em>; a word that came from the Latin word Codex which means written book.</p>
    <p>After the  Spanish conquest many of the pre-hispanic Codexes where destroyed, their main feature is that their where drawn in many different materials such as deer skin, <em>amate</em> paper or cotton fabric and they had no text only draws or <em>glifos</em>. However the collection of Mesoamerican customs continued prior to the Spanish conquest thanks to the work of some native indians and some Spanish priests, this codexes are known as Colonial Codexes and there is a change of the way of drawing because of the new techniques of drawing and the new materials imported from Europe, also because of the incorporation of descriptive text both in Spanish and Nahuatl.</p>
    <p><img src="illustrations/edificios.png" width="321" height="156" /><br />
    <em>Astronomical building</em></p>
    <p>Sadly, the Aztec astronomical knowledge in the remaining codexes is really small. The next image is one of the few that names some constellations and astronomical phenomena identified by the Aztec, it belong to the <em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (first memorials), which is a colonial manuscript of the 16th century written by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/Primeros_Memoriales.png" width="399" height="351" /></p>
    
    Now, in this work we have an explanation of some Aztec stellar figures for Stellarium.
gl: <p><img src="illustrations/aztec0.png" width="150" height="146" align="left" />Para os aztecas antigos o coñecemento do ceo nocturno e o movemento das
    estrelas tivo unha gran importancia para os seus calendarios e a medición de
    ciclos agrícolas e sagrados. Non obstante, gran parte deste coñecemento
    perdeuse como consecuencia da conquista española ocorrida en América
    continental no século XVI.</p>
    <p>Os elementos da sociedade azteca como a cultura, a economía e a ciencia
    consérvanse no <em>tlacuilos</em>, palabra que deriva da antiga palabra
    nahuatl  <em>tlacuiloa</em>, que significa <em>escribindo con
    debuxos</em>. Estes Tlacuilos están almacenados no <em>amoxcalli</em>,
    significando amoxtli: libros e calli: casa. Máis tarde coñecéronse os
    <em>codices</em>; esta palabra vén do latín Codex que significa libro
    escrito.</p>
    <p>Despois da conquista española, moitos dos códices prehispánicos foron
    destruídos, a súa característica principal é que se atoparon en moitos
    materiais diferentes, como a pel de cervo, <em>amate</em> papel ou tea de
    algodón e non tiñan só texto, senón tamén debuxos ou <em>glifos</em>. Non
    obstante, a colección de costumes mesoamericanos continuou con anterioridade
    á conquista española grazas ao traballo dalgúns indíxenas nativos e algúns
    sacerdotes españois, estes códices son coñecidos como Códices coloniais e
    hai un cambio na forma de debuxar por mor das novas técnicas de debuxo e os
    novos materiais importados de Europa, tamén pola incorporación de texto
    descritivo tanto en castelán como nahuatl.</p>
    <p><img src="illustrations/edificios.png" width="321" height="156" /><br />
    <em>Edificcación astronómica</em></p>
    <p>Por desgraza, o coñecemento astronómico azteca nos códices restantes é
    realmente pequeno. A seguinte imaxe é unha das poucas que nomea algunhas
    constelacións e fenómenos astronómicos identificados polos aztecas. Pertence
    a <em>Primeros Memoriales</em> (primeiros memoriais), que é un manuscrito
    colonial do século 16 escrito por Fray Bernardino de Sahagún.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/Primeros_Memoriales.png" width="399" height="351" /></p>
    
    Agora, neste traballo temos unha explicación dalgunhas figuras estelares
    aztecas para Stellarium.

note: Aztec sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ##### Mamalhuaztli
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/mamalhuaztli_t.png" width="100" height="107" hspace="7" align="left" />Ancient Aztec identified the Orion's Belt as Mamalhuaztli, and it represented the wood sticks used to light the new fire in the commemoration celebrated every 52 years by the Mexicans and their neighbors named <em>toxiuh molpilia</em> which means binding of the years and coincided with the beginning of the new year named <em>xiuhtzitzquilo</em>.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/mamalhuaztli_image.png" width="147" height="135" /></p>
    
    ##### Tianquiztli
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/Tianquiztli_T.png" width="100" height="107" align="left" />The group of stars that we know as Pleiades symbolized for the Mexicas <em>Tianquiztli</em>, which means market, perhaps because of the crowd that gathers on them, they're generally represented by one or two people inside a circle with goods.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/tiaquitztli_image.png" width="141" height="141" /></p>
    <p>Currently,  in Mexico the informal market or street markets are called <em>Tianguis</em>.</p>
    
    ##### Citlaltlachtli
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/citlaltlachtli_t.png" width="100" height="107" align="left" />The constellation of Gemini was called <em>Citlaltlachtli</em>, which means the ball game of the stars. This game was endowed with a ritual significance and used a natural rubber ball. It is said that the movement of the ball within the playing field refers to the movement of the sun and moon.</p>
    
    ##### Xonecuilli
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/xonecuilli_t.png" width="100" height="107" align="left" />The Ursa Minor constellation is identified as <em>Xonecuilli</em> which means twisted foot, and is related to Nanahuatzin, this character is represented with twisted feet, filled with boils and sores, this sick and poor God sacrificed himself to become <em>Tonatiuh</em> the Sun god.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/nanahuatzin.png" width="141" height="138" /></p>
    <p>Apparently, this constellation can also be associated with the Southern Cross and its surrounding stars as is referred by <em>Tezozomoc</em>. For its part, Sahagun speaks of his resemblance to bread made in the form of letter S and called by the Aztecs <em>xonecuilli</em>.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/xonecuilli_Glifo.png" width="300" height="149" /><br /><em>xonecuilli</em></p>
    
    ##### Citlalcolotl
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/colotlixayac_t.png" width="100" height="100" align="left" />According to the Florentino Codex Sahagun's informants identified a group of stars known as <em>Citlalcolotl</em>, the scorpion star. In turn, Tezozomoc also mentions the scorpion star  and he called it  <em>Colotlixayac</em>, which means face of a scorpion.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/colotlixayac_image.png" width="158" height="266" /><br />
    <em>Paris Codex</em></p>
    <p align="justify">In a section of the Paris Codex called zodiac pages appears the scorpion, in this codex the icons shows figures of animals hanging from the body of the Celestial Dragon.</p>
    
    ### Conclusion
    
    <p align="justify"> It is noteworthy that the interpretation of some of these constellations are still in discussion, and of course there must be other constellations to represent. Any comments and/or collaboration are welcome in order to preserve the stellar knowledge and meaning of the Aztec culture.</p>
gl: ##### Mamalhuaztli
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/mamalhuaztli_t.png" width="100" height="107" hspace="7" align="left" />O antigo azteca identificou o cinto de Orión como Mamalhuaztli, e representaba os paus de madeira utilizados para prender o lume novo na conmemoración que os mexicanos e os seus veciños celebraban cada 52 anos <em>toxiuh molpilia</em> que significa vinculación dos anos e coincidía co comezo do ano novo chamado <em>xiuhtzitzquilo</em>.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/mamalhuaztli_image.png" width="147" height="135" /></p>
    
    ##### Tianquiztli
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/Tianquiztli_T.png" width="100" height="107" align="left" />O grupo de estrelas que coñecemos como Pléiades simbolizaba para os mexicas <em>Tianquiztli</em>, que significa mercado, quizais pola multitude que se reúne neles, xeralmente están representadas por unha ou dúas persoas dentro dun círculo con mercadorías.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/tiaquitztli_image.png" width="141" height="141" /></p>
    <p>Actualmente, en México chámase mercado informal ou mercado ambulante <em>Tianguis</em>.</p>
    
    ##### Citlaltlachtli
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/citlaltlachtli_t.png" width="100" height="107" align="left" />A constelación de Xemelgos chamábase <em>Citlaltlachtli</em>, que significa o xogo de pelota das estrelas. Este xogo estaba dotado dun significado ritual e utilizaba unha pelota de goma natural. Dise que o movemento do balón dentro do terreo de xogo se refire ó movemento do sol e da lúa.</p>
    
    ##### Xonecuilli
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/xonecuilli_t.png" width="100" height="107" align="left" />A constelación Osa Menor identifícase como <em>Xonecuilli</em> que significa pé retorcido, e está relacionado con Nanahuatzin, este personaxe está representado con pés tortos, cheos de furúnculos e feridas, este Deus enfermo e pobre sacrificouse para converterse en <em>Tonatiuh</em> o deus Sol.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/nanahuatzin.png" width="141" height="138" /></p>
    <p>Ó parecer, esta constelación tamén se pode asociar coa Cruz do Sur e as estrelas circundantes como refire <em>Tezozomoc</em>. Pola súa banda, Sahagún fala da súa semellanza co pan feito en forma de letra S e chamado polos aztecas <em>xonecuilli</em>.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/xonecuilli_Glifo.png" width="300" height="149" /><br /><em>xonecuilli</em></p>
    
    ##### Citlalcolotl
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/colotlixayac_t.png" width="100" height="100" align="left" />Segundo o Códice Florentino, os informantes de Sahagun identificaron un grupo de estrelas coñecidas como <em>Citlalcolotl</em>, a estrela escorpión. Pola súa banda, Tezozomoc tamén menciona a estrela do escorpión e chamouna  <em>Colotlixayac</em>, que significa cara de escorpión.</p>
    <p align="center"><img src="illustrations/colotlixayac_image.png" width="158" height="266" /><br />
    <em>Códice de París</em></p>
    <p align="justify">Nunha sección do Códice de París chamada páxinas do zodíaco aparece o escorpión, neste códice as iconas mostran figuras de animais penduradas do corpo do Dragón Celeste.</p>
    
    ### Conclusion
    
    <p align="justify"> Cabe destacar que a interpretación dalgunhas destas constelacións aínda está en discusión e, por suposto, debe haber outras constelacións que representar. Calquera comentario e/ou colaboración son benvidos para preservar o coñecemento estelar e o significado da cultura azteca.</p>

note: Aztec sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Fuego Nuevo](http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html)
     - [#2]: [Constelaciones Prehisp&#225;nicas](http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm)
     - [#3]: [The Question of the Zodiac in America](http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf)
     - [#4]: [Aztec Mythology](http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html)
     - [#5]: [Los c&#243;dices de M&#233;xico](http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF)
     - [#6]: [Los c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico](http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico)
     - [#7]: [Real c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n](http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm)
     - [#8]: [Akapochtli](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli)
     - [#9]: [Iconograf&#237;a mexicana, Volumen 3](http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false)
     - [#10]: [El C&#243;dice Par&#237;s](http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html)
     - [#11]: [El nacimiento del sol y la luna](http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html)
     - [#12]: [Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX](http://aulex.org/nah-es/)
     - [#13]: [Tlachtli](http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html)
    
    ### Thanks to
    
     - Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval
     - Martha Patricia Rivera
     - Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra
     - Hector Vega
     - Rafael Rojas Segoviano
     - Juan Caballero
     - SAAGS
gl:  - [#1]: [Fuego Nuevo](http://biblioteca.itam.mx/estudios/estudio/letras30/notas3/sec_1.html)
     - [#2]: [Constelaciones Prehisp&#225;nicas](http://www.montero.org.mx/constelaciones.htm)
     - [#3]: [The Question of the Zodiac in America](http://www.jstor.org/stable/660290?origin=JSTOR-pdf)
     - [#4]: [Aztec Mythology](http://www.windows2universe.org/mythology/aztec_culture.html)
     - [#5]: [Los c&#243;dices de M&#233;xico](http://www.iconio.com/ABCD/F/INDEX.PDF)
     - [#6]: [Los c&#243;dices coloniales de M&#233;xico](http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dices_coloniales_de_M%C3%A9xico)
     - [#7]: [Real c&#233;dula prohibiendo la historia general de las cosas de Nueva Espa&#241;a de Fray Bernardino de Sahag&#250;n](http://www.traduccionliteraria.org/1611/esc/america/sahagun.htm)
     - [#8]: [Akapochtli](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Akapochtli)
     - [#9]: [Iconograf&#237;a mexicana, Volumen 3](http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=kxPjdY1PJjEC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=Colotlixayac&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=F6xlTU1rer&amp;sig=9q_8ApdMTw5l9kagolArj5cPSMk&amp;hl=es&amp;ei=xoMeS8ToJoS1tgfpwv2cCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CBsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Colotlixayac&amp;f=false)
     - [#10]: [El C&#243;dice Par&#237;s](http://www.famsi.org/spanish/mayawriting/codices/paris.html)
     - [#11]: [El nacimiento del sol y la luna](http://redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/redescolar/biblioteca/literatura/leyenda/mexicas/mexsolun.html)
     - [#12]: [Diccionario n&aacute;huatl - espa&#241;ol en l&#237;nea en AULEX](http://aulex.org/nah-es/)
     - [#13]: [Tlachtli](http://sepiensa.org.mx/contenidos/fd_depo/nahuatl/tlach_1.html)
    
    ### Grazas a
    
     - Javier G&#243;mez Sandoval
     - Martha Patricia Rivera
     - Emilio Ram&#243;n Bola&#241;os Guerra
     - Hector Vega
     - Rafael Rojas Segoviano
     - Juan Caballero
     - SAAGS

note: Aztec sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: <p><strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong><br /><a href="mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a></p>
    
    English translation by: Rafael Rojas Segoviano
gl: <p><strong>Enrique G&#243;mez Candelario</strong><br /><a href="mailto:aldeaglobal@gmail.com">aldeaglobal@gmail.com</a></p>
    
    Tradución ó inglés de: Rafael Rojas Segoviano

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture name
en: Babylonian (MUL.APIN)
gl: Babilonio (MUL.APIN)

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p>This <em>Babylonian sky culture</em>, which had been in use before the Greek one,
    is preserved in a (probably almost) canonical state dating back to the 12th century BCE.
    The earliest fragment known is from the 7th century BCE but the celestial data in the text
    suggests a much earlier origin of the observational base - most likely between -1350 and -1150.</p>
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/800px-MulApin-BritishMuseum.jpg"/></p>
    <p><br/><i>photograph of one of the clay tablets that are as big as a sheet of paper (courtesy: the trustees of the British Museum)</i></p>
    
    The compendium MUL.APIN consists of two large clay tablets with six and five lists of different content.
    On the first tablet, there is the so called "star catalogue" (a list of names of stars and constellations),
    followed by three lists of heliacal risings and settings, a list of ziqpu (culminating) asterisms,
    and the list of constellations in the lunar path.
    The second tablet contains intercalary rules for the calendar, rules for the sundial and rules for omina.
gl: <p>Esta <em>cultura do ceo babilonia</em>,que estivera en uso antes do grego,
    consérvase nun estado (probablemente) canónico que data do século XII antes
    de Cristo. O primeiro fragmento coñecido é do século VII antes de Cristo,
    pero os datos celestes do texto suxiren unha orixe moito máis antiga da base
    de observación - moi probablemente entre -1350 e -1150.</p>
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/800px-MulApin-BritishMuseum.jpg"/></p>
    <p><br/><i>fotografía dunha das táboas de barro que son tan grandes coma unha folla
    de papel (cortesía: os administradores do British Museum)</i></p>
    
    O compendio MUL.APIN consta de dúas grandes tabelas de arxila con seis e
    cinco listas de contido diferente. Na primeira tableta, hai o chamado
    "catálogo de estrelas" (unha lista de nomes de estrelas e constelacións),
    seguida de tres listas de saídas e postas do Sol, unha lista de asterismos
    ziqpu (culminantes) e a lista de constelacións no camiño da Lúa. A segunda
    tabela contén regras de intercalación para o calendario, regras para o
    reloxo de sol e regras para omina.

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Zodiac
    
    <p>The zodiac definitely came to Greece from Babylonian source.
    It is not preserved when it had been invented there and when it was transformed to Greek mathematical astronomy.
    We know for sure that Hipparchus (2nd ct. BCE) cites ecliptical longitudes from Eudoxus (4th ct. BCE)
    with a zodiac divided into 12x30 units, equaling our 360°. These direct citations from the 4th century BCE
    suggest a much earlier invention because the concept of the zodiac of 360° was very likely well established
    in Babylonian mathematical astronomy before it was copied by Greek mathematicians.
    Taking Eudoxus' writing as a <em>terminus ante quem</em>, we extrapolate a date for the genesis of the zodiac in Mesopotamia before 400 BCE.
    In other fragments of mathematical astronomy (between 800 and 700 BCE) the concept of the zodiac is not present.
    Some scholars argue for the 6th century BCE as date of invention - but to be honest, we don't know.
    The common sense is that the zodiac was probably invented around the middle of the 1st millennium BCE.</p>
    
    In MUL.APIN, there is definitely no zodiac but a predecessor: the path of the Moon.
    There are lists of constellations or "gods who stand in the path of the Moon,
    through whose region the Moon during a month [passes repeatedly] and keeps touching them."
    (cited from the edition by Hunger and Steele, 2018, p. 143).
    This list of the MUL.APIN compendium is not considered in this sky culture; constellations in the path of the Moon are not highlighted.
    
    ### Planets
    
    <p>This sky culture was made more or less only with the first list of the compendium, the so called `star catalogue'.
    It is not a real star catalogue because it does not give a single coordinate and most of the names given there
    are names of asterisms or constellations (and not point-like objects such as stars). The text of this first list is reproduced below - yet, we layouted it as a table to emphasis its function as an explanatory list. The catalogue also includes the names of planets: of course, planets do not have a fixed position.
    However, in Mesopotamian culture it was common to mention them for a complete set of objects in the sky.
    They are usually denoted (or drawn) at the position of their exaltation point (one of the later Greek <em>hypsomata</em> -
    but Greek astrology provided two <em>hypsomata</em> per planet while Babylonian had only one).</p>
    
    The names of the planets displayed in Stellarium are names of the objects in the sky and not of the gods associated with them.
    The list below shows that almost every asterism was associated with a deity.
    According to Babylonian belief, a deity has two representations: one in the sky and one on Earth as statue in the temple.
    That means a celestial object `is' not the deity but only one of its possible expressions. This is also the case for the planets.
    For instance, even a millennium before MUL.APIN, the goddess of sexual love and desire as well as goddess of war,
    the Sumerian Inanna/ Akkadian Ishtar had been associated with the planet Venus.
    This goddess was later `translated' to the Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus and even in the Greco-Roman culture the name of the planet
    was Phosphoros (Greek: the Luminous One) or Lucifer (Latin: the Bringer of Light) but associated with the goddess.
    Similar cases exist for most of the constellations and single stars listed in MUL.APIN.
    
    In the list reproduced below, the left column gives the name of the object in the sky and the right column (in most of the cases) gives the associated deity.
    
    ### Star Catalogue
    
    The following table copies the reconstruction of the text of MUL.APIN by Hermann Hunger+ (1989, 2018),
    gives translations by Manfred Krebernik (published at the Rencontre Assyriologique International, Innsbruck, 2018) and
    identifies the Akkadian words with celestial regions and constellations (work by Susanne M. Hoffmann, 2015-2018, presented at Deutsche Orientalisten-Tagung, Jena, 2017).
    
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" style="background: transparent">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism to be "explained" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)</td>
    <td>"explanation" (e.g. related deity)</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>1</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td><notr>Cas</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>2</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i>(Wolf)</td>
    <td>seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i></td>
    <td><notr>&gamma; Cas and adjacent</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>3</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Old Man)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Enme&scaron;arra</td>
    <td><notr>Per</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>4</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Gamlum(Throwing-stick)</td>
    <td>in <notr>Aur</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>5</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Great Twins)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Lugalirra and <sup>GOD</sup>Meslamta&#702;ea</td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>6</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Little Twins)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Alammu&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Ningublaga</td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>7</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)</td>
    <td>seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Cnc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>8</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(Lion)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Latarak</td>
    <td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>9</notr></td>
    <td>STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i></td>
    <td>STAR (of the) King</td>
    <td>Regulus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>10</notr></td>
    <td>twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i></td>
    <td>&quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua, <sup>GOD</sup>Zarpan&#299;tum</td>
    <td><notr>Com</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>11</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Enlil who determines the destinies of the land</td>
    <td><notr>Boo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>12</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in front of it</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i>(Abundant), vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil</td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Boo</notr> or <notr>&alpha; CVn</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>13</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i>(Dignity), vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Ti&scaron;pak</td>
    <td><notr>CrB</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>14</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Wagon)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Ninlil</td>
    <td><notr>UMa</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>15</td>
    <td>STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox), <sup>GOD</sup>Erra, the strong of the gods</td>
    <td>Alcor (80 UMa) and north of it</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>16</notr></td>
    <td>STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe), <sup>GOD</sup>Aya</td>
    <td><notr>west of &alpha; UMa </notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>17</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Hitched yoke?)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup><i>Anu-rab&ucirc;</i> of heaven</td>
    <td><notr>reworked with the knowledge of [#5,#6,#7]</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>18</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Damkianna</td>
    <td>UMi (according to Aratus)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>19</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in its bond</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Heir of the Ema&#7723;-temple), foremost son of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>somewhere in the circumpolar area</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">The stars (of the) Standing Gods of the Ekur temple</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">The stars (of the) Sitting Gods of the Ekur temple</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>20</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Gula</td>
    <td><notr>Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>21</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) (of <sup>GOD</sup>Gula)</td>
    <td>in <notr>Her</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>22</notr></td>
    <td>bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Lamassatu, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Baba (= <sup>GOD</sup>Gu-la)</td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>23</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal</td>
    <td><notr>&eta;, &theta; Lyr ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>24</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>U.GUR(Nergal)</td>
    <td><notr>Cyg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>25</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the right of it</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i>(Pig), <sup>GOD</sup>Damu</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>26</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the left of it</td>
    <td><sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i>(Horse)</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>27</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>, vizier of STAR.STAR (Pleiades)</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>28</notr></td>
    <td>twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse), <sup>GOD</sup>Manz&acirc;t(Rainbow)</td>
    <td><notr>M31 ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>29</notr></td>
    <td>red bright STAR in the kidney of <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>P&#256;&Scaron;ITTU</i>(Deleter)</td>
    <td><notr>??? (unknown)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">When the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil are completed:</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>30</notr></td>
    <td>big STAR, its &quot;light&quot; is dim, it divides the sky and stands</td>
    <td style="color: #0070c0">STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Marduk, <sup>GOD</sup>N&#275;beru(Ford)</td>
    <td>Milky Way???</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>31</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>STAR</sup>SAG.ME.GAR(Jupiter), it changes its place and crosses the sky</td>
    <td>Jupiter [hypsoma]</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">33 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <p><b>Remark 1</b>: <i>Babylonian lists do not have headlines but a sort of caption. Lines written in red [by us] indicate this line to be such a footer which summarizes the text before as a sort of (sub)section or chapter. The planets, we highlighted in blue.</i></p>
    <p><b>Remark 2</b>: <i>At this line, the text tells us that there were 33 asterism listed before this line. However, on the original clay tablet(s) there had been only 31 lines. Therefore, the counting of asterisms for the authors of MUL.APIN is an often discussed topic in this context. There are several different suggestions and we have even made an own one but since all versions are uncertain, we are not brave enough to publish any of them here. We are not sure, if there is any common sense about that in the scientific community.</i></p>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism to be "explained" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)</td>
    <td>"explanation" (e.g. related deity)</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>32</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;&quot;FIELD&quot;(area measure)</td>
    <td>seat of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Peg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>33</notr></td>
    <td>STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)</td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>34</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i></td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>35</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker), <sup>GOD</sup>Tammuz</td>
    <td><notr>Ari</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>36</notr></td>
    <td>STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu, the great gods</td>
    <td>Pleiades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>37</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull), crown of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Tau</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>38</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>TRUE&middot;SHEPHERD&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN (<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Papsukkal, vizier of <sup>GOD</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Ori</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>39</notr></td>
    <td>Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i></td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Lulal and <sup>GOD</sup>Latarak</td>
    <td><notr>&pi;<sub>3</sub>, &pi;<sub>4</sub> Ori ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>40</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)</td>
    <td><notr>Lep (</notr>or<notr> &alpha; CMi ??)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>41</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute;(Arrow)</td>
    <td><i>&Scaron;ilt&#257;&#7723;u</i> (Arrow), great hero (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta</td>
    <td>Sirius + </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>42</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i>(Bow)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;tar-of-Elam, daughter of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td>in <notr>CMa ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>43</notr></td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722;(Snake-god)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Ningi&scaron;zida, lord of the 'Earth' (= netherworld)</td>
    <td><notr>Hya</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>44</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i>(Raven)</td>
    <td>Raven, STAR of <sup>GOD</sup>Adad</td>
    <td><notr>Crv</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>45</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ER&#702;U</i>(Furrow)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala, ear of grain</td>
    <td><notr>Vir</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>46</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Scales)</td>
    <td>Horns of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)</td>
    <td>circa Lib</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>47, 48, 49</notr></td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i>(Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i>(Corpse)</td>
    <td><notr>Oph, Aql+</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>50</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>STAR</sup><i>DILPAT</i>(Venus), it changes its place and crosses the sky</td>
    <td>Venus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>51</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7778;ALBAT&#256;NU</i>(Mars), it changes its place and crosses the sky</td>
    <td>Mars</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>52</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>STAR</sup>STEADY&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>KAJJAM&#256;NU</i>, Saturn), it changes its place and crosses the sky</td>
    <td>Saturn</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>53</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>STAR</sup>DANCING&middot;&quot;WILD&middot;SHEEP&quot;(<i>&Scaron;I&#7722;&#7788;U</i>, Mercury),
    whose name is <sup>GOD</sup>Ninurta, either in the East or in the West, where ever in the month it appears, where ever in the month it disappears</td>
    <td>Mercury</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">23 STAR<sup>s</sup> of Anum</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <p><b>Remark 3:</b> <i>Giving a "+" sign in the column of the modern counterpart, we indicate that (likely/ possibly) more stars are belonging to this Babylonian asterism. In case of the Arrow, for instance, it is sure that Sirius belongs to this constellation but modern authors published at least three versions which further stars have to be added. Another case is the Eagle next to another constellation named "the Corpse". This could possibly be a predecessor of Ptolemy's newly added double-constellation "Eagle with Antinuos" but it can also be independent - that is why, we give "Aql+".</i></p>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism to be "explained" (e.g. by relating it to a deity)</td>
    <td>"explanation" (e.g. related deity)</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>54</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Fish)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Ea who goes in front of the STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea</td>
    <td><notr>PsA</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>55</notr></td>
    <td>GREAT&middot;STAR</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Ea</td>
    <td><notr>Aqr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>56</notr></td>
    <td>STAR of (the city of) Eridu</td>
    <td> <sup>GOD</sup>Ea </td>
    <td>Canopus<notr> (&alpha; Car)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>57</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to its right</td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>58</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i></td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Ningirsu</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>59</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to its right</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), weapon of <sup>GOD</sup>M&#257;r-b&#299;ti, in the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is visible</td>
    <td>in <notr>Vela (Aps&ucirc;~MW?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>60</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;, <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ama&scaron; and <sup>GOD</sup>Adad</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>61</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea</td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da, <sup>GOD</sup>Adad</td>
    <td><notr>Cen</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>62</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Scorpion)</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i> = <sup>GOD</sup>Kusu</td>
    <td><notr>Lup</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>63</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>I&scaron;&#7723;ara, lady of the inhabited world</td>
    <td><notr>Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>64</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI<br/></i>(Breast of the Scorpion)</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Lisin, <sup>GOD</sup>Nab&ucirc;</td>
    <td>Antares<notr> (&alpha; Sco)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>65</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz</td>
    <td><notr>&lambda;, &nu; Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>66</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind them</td>
    <td><sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;</td>
    <td><notr>Sgr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>67, 68</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i>(Bark) &lt;&lt;and&gt;&gt; </td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i>(Goat-fish)</td>
    <td><notr>(CrA &amp;) Cap</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6;; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">15 STAR<sup>s</sup> of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    
    ### Source(s)
    
    The stick figures are interpretations by Susanne M. Hoffmann based on some years of her doctoral and post-doctoral research.
    In some cases they deviate from the common identifications copied by Pingree, Hunger and other scholars since 1950 or earlier.
    Hunger's new edition of MUL.APIN (2018) allowed new insights. Some of the figures have been derived in Hoffmann's dissertation thesis
    (in the chapters on the Babylonian roots of the Greek culture: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, 2017) and some others were developed
    during her work as director of the planetarium Königsleiten together with other, mainly German, planetariums.
    A first scientific article on visualization of two versions of the Babylonian zodiac appeared in:
    Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: Popularisierung der Astronomie, Nuncius Hamburgensis, Hamburg, 2017.
    Further publications are in preparation (e.g. together with M. Krebernik for the proceedings of the Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 2018). See chapter "Further Reading" below.
gl: ### Zodíaco
    
    <p>O zodíaco chegou definitivamente a Grecia cunha orixe babilónica.
    Non se sabe cando fora inventado alí nin cando se transformou na astronomía matemática grega.
    Sabemos con certeza que Hiparco (2º ct. a. C.) cita lonxitudes eclípticas de Eudoxo (4º ct. a. C.) cun zodíaco dividido en unidades de 12x30, igual ós nosos 360°. Estas citas directas do século IV a.C suxiren unha invención moi anterior porque o concepto do zodíaco de 360° probablemente estaba ben establecido na astronomía matemática babilónica antes de que fose copiada polos matemáticos gregos. Tomando a escritura de Eudoxo como un <em>terminus ante quem</em>, extrapolamos unha data para a xénese do zodíaco en Mesopotamia antes do 400 a.C.
    Noutros fragmentos da astronomía matemática (entre 800 e 700 a. C.) non está presente o concepto de zodíaco.
    Algúns estudosos defenden o século VI a. C. como data de invención, pero para ser honestos, non o sabemos.
    O sentido común é que o zodíaco probablemente se inventou a mediados do I milenio a.C.</p>
    
    En MUL.APIN, definitivamente non hai zodíaco senón un predecesor: o camiño da Lúa.
    Hai listas de constelacións ou "deuses que están no camiño da Lúa,
    por cuxa rexión a Lúa durante un mes [pasa repetidamente] e segue tocándoas".
    (citado da edición de Hunger e Steele, 2018, p. 143).
    Esta listaxe do compendio MUL.APIN non se considera nesta cultura do ceo; non se destacan as constelacións no camiño da Lúa.
    
    ### Planetas
    
    <p>Esta cultura do ceo fíxose máis ou menos só coa primeira listaxe do compendio, o chamado "catálogo de estrelas".
    Non é un auténtico catálogo de estrelas porque non dá unha soa coordenada e a maioría dos nomes que alí se dan
    son nomes de asterismos ou constelacións (e non de obxectos puntuais coma as estrelas). O texto desta primeira listaxe reprodúcese a continuación; aínda así, deseñouse como unha táboa para enfatizar a súa función como listaxe explicativa. O catálogo tamén inclúe os nomes dos planetas: claro, os planetas non teñen unha posición fixa.
    Porén, na cultura mesopotámica era común mencionalos para un conxunto completo de obxectos no ceo.
    Adoitan denotarse (ou debuxados) na posición do seu punto de exaltación (un dos gregos posteriores <em>hypsomata</em> -
    pero a astroloxía grega proporcionou dous <em>hypsomata</em> por planeta mentres que o babilónico só tiña un).</p>
    
    Os nomes dos planetas que aparecen en Stellarium son nomes dos obxectos do ceo e non dos deuses asociados a eles.
    A listaxe de abaixo mostra que case todos os asterismos estaban asociados cunha divindade.
    Segundo a crenza babilónica, unha deidade ten dúas representacións: unha no ceo e outra na Terra como estatua no templo.
    Isto significa que un obxecto celeste "non é" a divindade senón só unha das súas posibles expresións. Este é tamén o caso dos planetas.
    Por exemplo, mesmo un milenio antes de MUL.APIN, a deusa do amor e do desexo sexual, así como a deusa da guerra,
    o sumerio Inanna/acadio Ishtar fora asociado co planeta Venus.
    Esta deusa foi posteriormente "traducida" ó grego como Afrodita e como Venus ó latín e mesmo na cultura grecorromana o nome do planeta
    era Phosphoros (grego: o Luminoso) ou Lucifer (latín: o Portador da Luz) pero asociado coa deusa.
    Existen casos similares para a maioría das constelacións e estrelas únicas listadas en MUL.APIN.
    
    Na lista que se reproduce a continuación, a columna da esquerda dá o nome do obxecto no ceo e a da dereita (na maioría dos casos) dá a divindade asociada.
    
    ### Catálogo de Estrelas
    
    A seguinte táboa copia a reconstrución do texto de MUL.APIN de Hermann Hunger+ (1989, 2018),
    ofrece traducións de Manfred Krebernik (publicado no Rencontre Assyriologique International, Innsbruck, 2018) e
    identifica as palabras acadias con rexións e constelacións celestes (traballo de Susanne M. Hoffmann, 2015-2018, presentado en Deutsche Orientalisten-Tagung, Jena, 2017).
    
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" style="background: transparent">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">número da constelación</td>
    <td>asterismo que se "explica" (por exemplo, relacionándoo cunha divindade)</td>
    <td>"explicación" (p.ex. divindade relacionada)</td>
    <td>posición no ceo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>1</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Arado)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td><notr>Cas</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>2</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>BARBARU</i>(Lobo)</td>
    <td>sementadora da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EPINNU</i></td>
    <td><notr>&gamma; Cas e adxacente</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>3</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Home Vello)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Enme&scaron;arra</td>
    <td><notr>Per</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>4</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Pau de lanzamento)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Gamlum(Pau de lanzamento)</td>
    <td>in <notr>Aur</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>5</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Grandes Xemelgos)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Lugalirra e<sup>GOD</sup>Meslamta&#702;ea</td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>6</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Pequenos Xemelgos)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Alammu&scaron; e <sup>GOD</sup>Ningublaga</td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>7</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Cangrexo)</td>
    <td>asento do <sup>DEUS</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Cnc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>8</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(León)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Latarak</td>
    <td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>9</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA enfronte da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i></td>
    <td>ESTRELA (do) Rei</td>
    <td>Regulus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>10</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELAs escintiklantes na cola da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i></td>
    <td>&quot;espádice da palmeira datilera&quot; (xoias?) (do) <sup>DEUS</sup>Erua, <sup>DEUS</sup>Zarpan&#299;tum</td>
    <td><notr>Com</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>11</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(O Brillo?)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil, quen determina os destinos da Terra
    </td>
    <td><notr>Boo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>12</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA de diante</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i>(Abundancia), visir do <sup>DEUS</sup>Ninlil</td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Boo</notr> or <notr>&alpha; CVn</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>13</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA de detrás</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i>(Dignidade), visir do <sup>DEUS</sup>Ti&scaron;pak</td>
    <td><notr>CrB</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>14</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Vagón)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Ninlil</td>
    <td><notr>UMa</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>15</td>
    <td>ESTRELA no polo da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EREQQU</i></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Raposo), <sup>EUS</sup>Erra, o máis forte dos deuses</td>
    <td>Alcor (80 UMa) e o norte dela</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>16</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA na fronte de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EREQQU</i></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe), <sup>DEUS</sup>Aya</td>
    <td><notr>oeste de &alpha; UMa </notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>17</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Xugo enganchado?)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup><i>Anu-rab&ucirc;</i> do ceo</td>
    <td><notr>reelaborado co coñecemento de [#5,#6,#7]</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>18</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Vagón do ceo)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Damkianna</td>
    <td>UMi (segundo Aratus)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>19</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA no seu vínculo</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Herdeiro de Ema&#7723;-templo), fillo principal do <sup>DEUS</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>nalgún lugar da zona circumpolar</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">As estrelas (dos) Deuses en pé do templo de Ekur</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">As estrelas (dos) Deuses sentados do templo de Ekur</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>20</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ENZU</i>(Cabra femia)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Gula</td>
    <td><notr>Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>21</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA fronte á <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Can) (do <sup>DEUS</sup>Gula)</td>
    <td>en <notr>Her</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>22</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA brillante da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Lamassatu, visir do <sup>DEUS</sup>Baba (= <sup>DEUS</sup>Gu-la)</td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>23</notr></td>
    <td>2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> detrás do</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Nin-SAR e <sup>DEUS</sup>Errakal</td>
    <td><notr>&eta;, &theta; Lyr ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>24</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>U<sub>4</sub>.KA.DU<sub>8</sub>.A</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>U.GUR(Nergal)</td>
    <td><notr>Cyg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>25</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA á dereita da </td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i>(Porco), <sup>DEUS</sup>Damu</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>26</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA á esquerda das </td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELAS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i>(Horse)</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>27</notr></td>
    <td>ESSTRELA detrás da</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>, visir da ESTRELA.ESTRELA (Pleiades)</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>28</notr></td>
    <td>Estrela escintilante<sup>s</sup> oposta á<sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Cervo)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>&#7722;arriru (Rato de campo), <sup>DEUS</sup>Manz&acirc;t(Arco da vella)</td>
    <td><notr>M31 ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>29</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA brillante vermella no ril da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LULIMMU</i></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>P&#256;&Scaron;ITTU</i>(Eliminador)</td>
    <td><notr>??? (descoñecido)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Cando a ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> do <sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil se competa:</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>30</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA grande, a súa &quot;luz&quot; é tenue, divide o ceo e está de pé
    </td>
    <td style="color: #0070c0">ESTRELA (do) <sup>DEUS</sup>Marduk, <sup>DEUS</sup>N&#275;beru(Vao)</td>
    <td>Vía Láctea???</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>31</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>ESTRELA</sup>SAG.ME.GAR(Xúpiter), cambia de lugar e atravesa o ceo</td>
    <td>Xúpoiter [hypsoma]</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">33 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> do <sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <p><b>Observación1</b>: <i>As listaxes babilónicas non teñen titulares senón unha especie de subtítulos. As liñas escritas en vermello [por nós] indican que esta liña é un pé de páxina que resume o texto anterior como unha especie de (sub)sección ou capítulo. Os planetas, destacámolos en azul.</i></p>
    <p><b>Observación2</b>: <i>Nesta liña, o texto dinos que había 33 asterismos antes desta liña. Non obstante, na(s) tableta(s) de arxila orixinal só había 31 liñas. Polo tanto, o reconto de asterismos para os autores de MUL.APIN é un tema frecuentemente discutido neste contexto. Hai varias suxestións diferentes e ata fixemos unha propia, pero como todas as versións son incertas, non somos o suficientemente valentes para publicar ningunha delas aquí. Non estamos seguros de se hai algo con sentido común ó respecto na comunidade científica.</i></p>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">número da constelación</td>
    <td>asterismo para ser "explicado" (por exemplo, relacionándoo cunha divindade)</td>
    <td>"explicación" (p.ex. divindade relacionada)</td>
    <td>posición no ceo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>32</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>UN&middot;&quot;CAMPO&quot;(medida de área)</td>
    <td>asento do <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea que vai diante das ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> do <sup>DEUS</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Peg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>33</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA oposta á <sup>ESTRELA</sup>UN&middot;'CAMPO'</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Anduriña)</td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>34</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD'</td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i></td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>35</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA detrás da</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Traballador contratado), <sup>DEUS</sup>Tammuz</td>
    <td><notr>Ari</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>36</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA.ESTRELA<i>ZAPPU</i>, Cerdas)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Sebettu, os grandes deuses</td>
    <td>Pleiades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>37</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>TOURO&middot;DO&middot;CEO(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Mandíbula do Touro Salvaxe), coroa do<sup>DEUS</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Tau</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>38</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>VERDADEIRO&middot;PASTOR&middot;DO&middot;CEO (<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)</td>
    <td><sup>Deus</sup>Papsukkal, visir do <sup>DEUS</sup>Anu</td>
    <td><notr>Ori</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>39</notr></td>
    <td>Estrellas xemelgas enfronte da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i></td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Lulal e <sup>DEUS</sup>Latarak</td>
    <td><notr>&pi;<sub>3</sub>, &pi;<sub>4</sub> Ori ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>40</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA detrás da</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Galo)</td>
    <td><notr>Lep (</notr>ou<notr> &alpha; CMi ??)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>41</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute;(Frecha)</td>
    <td><i>&Scaron;ilt&#257;&#7723;u</i> (Frecha), gran heroe (do) <sup>DEUS</sup>Ninurta</td>
    <td>Sirio + </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>42</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i>(Arco)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>I&scaron;tar-de-Elam, filla do <sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td>en <notr>CMa ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>43</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA (do) <sup>DEUS</sup>NIRA&#7722;(Deus-serpe)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Ningi&scaron;zida, señor da 'Terra' (= inframundo)</td>
    <td><notr>Hya</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>44</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i>(Corvo)</td>
    <td>Corvo, ESTRELA do <sup>DEUS</sup>Adad</td>
    <td><notr>Crv</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>45</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;ER&#702;U</i>(Suco)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;ala, espiga de grans</td>
    <td><notr>Vir</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>46</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Escalas)</td>
    <td>Cornos da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Escorpión)</td>
    <td>circa Lib</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>47, 48, 49</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA (do) <sup>DEUS</sup>Zababa</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i>(Aguia) e <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>PAGRU</i>(Cadáver)</td>
    <td><notr>Oph, Aql+</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>50</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>DILPAT</i>(Venus), cambia de lugar e atravesa o ceo</td>
    <td>Venus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>51</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&#7778;ALBAT&#256;NU</i>(Marte), cambia de lugar e atravesa o ceo</td>
    <td>Marte</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>52</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>ESTRELA</sup>FIXA&middot;&quot;OVELLA&middot;SALVAXE&quot;(<i>KAJJAM&#256;NU</i>, Saturno), cambia de lugar e atravesa o ceo</td>
    <td>Saturno</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; color: #0070c0">
    <td><notr>53</notr></td>
    <td colspan="2"><sup>ESTRELA</sup>DANZARINA&middot;&quot;OVELLA&middot;SALVAXE&quot;(<i>&Scaron;I&#7722;&#7788;U</i>, Mercurio),
    cuxo nome é <sup>DEUS</sup>Ninurta, ben no Leste ou no Oeste, onde queira que apareza no mes, onde queira que no mes desapareza</td>
    <td>Mercurio</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">23 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> de Anum</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <p><b>Observación 3:</b> <i>Ó poñer un signo "+" na columna da contraparte moderna, indicamos que (probablemente/posiblemente) máis estrelas pertencen a este asterismo babilónico. No caso da Frecha, por exemplo, é seguro que Sirio pertence a esta constelación, pero os autores modernos publicaron polo menos tres versións ás que hai que engadir máis estrelas. Outro caso é a Aguia xunto a outra constelación chamada "Cadáver". Este podería ser un predecesor da dobre constelación recentemente engadida de Ptolomeo "Aguia con acompañantes", pero tamén pode ser independente; por iso, damos "Aql+"..</i></p>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">número da constelación</td>
    <td>asterismo para ser "explicado" (por exemplo, relacionándoo cunha divindade)</td>
    <td>"explicación" (p. ex. divindade relacionada)
    </td>
    <td>posición no ceo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>54</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Peixe)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Ea que vai diante das ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> do <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea</td>
    <td><notr>PsA</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>55</notr></td>
    <td>GRAN&middot;ESTRELA</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Ea</td>
    <td><notr>Aqr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>56</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA da (cidade de) Eridu</td>
    <td> <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea </td>
    <td>Canopus<notr> (&alpha; Car)</notr></td>
    </tr> <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>57</notr></td>
    <td>ESRTRELA á súa dereita</td>
    <td>ESTRELA (do) <sup>&lt;DEUS&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>58</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i></td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Ningirsu</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>59</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA á súa dereita<td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Grade), arma do <sup>DEUS</sup>M&#257;r-b&#299;ti, en cuxo centro están os Aps&ucirc; é visible</td>
    <td>en <notr>Vela (Aps&ucirc;~MW?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>60</notr></td>
    <td>2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> detrás do</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;ullat e <sup>DEUS</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;, <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;ama&scaron; e <sup>DEUS</sup>Adad</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>61</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA detrás dela que se ilumina como <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea (e) forma un conxunto con Ea</td>
    <td>ESTRELA (do) <sup>DEUS</sup>Numu&scaron;da, <sup>DEUS</sup>Adad</td>
    <td><notr>Cen</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>62</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA á esquerda da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>(Escorpión)</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i> = <sup>DEUS</sup>Kusu</td>
    <td><notr>Lup</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>63</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>I&scaron;&#7723;ara, dama do mundo habitado</td>
    <td><notr>Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>64</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI<br/></i>(Peito do Escorpión)</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Lisin, <sup>DEUS</sup>Nab&ucirc;</td>
    <td>Antares<notr> (&alpha; Sco)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>65</notr></td>
    <td>2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> no aguillón (<i>ZIQTU</i>) da <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;arur e <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;argaz</td>
    <td><notr>&lambda;, &nu; Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>66</notr></td>
    <td>ESTRELA detrás súa</td>
    <td><sup>DEUS</sup>Pabilsa&#285;</td>
    <td><notr>Sgr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>67, 68</notr></td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>MAKURRU</i>(Ladrido) &lt;&lt;and&gt;&gt; </td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i>(Peixe-cabra)</td>
    <td><notr>(CrA &amp;) Cap</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6;; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">15 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> do <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    
    ### Fonte(s)
    
    As figuras de pauciños son interpretacións de Susanne M. Hoffmann baseadas nalgúns anos da súa investigación de doutoramento e posdoutoral.
    Nalgúns casos desvíanse das identificacións comúns copiadas por Pingree, Hunger e outros estudosos dende 1950 ou antes.
    A nova edición de Hunger de MUL.APIN (2018) permitiu obter novos coñecementos. Algunhas das figuras foron derivadas na tese de disertación de Hoffmann
    (nos capítulos sobre as raíces babilónicas da cultura grega: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, 2017) e algúns outros foron desenvolvidos
    durante o seu traballo como directora do planetario Königsleiten xunto con outros planetarios, principalmente alemáns.
    Un primeiro artigo científico sobre a visualización de dúas versións do zodíaco babilónico apareceu en:
    Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: Popularisierung der Astronomie, Nuncius Hamburgensis, Hamburgo, 2017.
    Máis publicacións están en preparación (por exemplo, xunto con M. Krebernik para as actas do Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 2018). Consulta o capítulo "Lecturas complementarias" a continuación.

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: British Museum [Image Tablet No 152339001](https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001)
     - [#2]: Hermann Hunger and John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/New York 2018.
     - [#3]: Susanne M. Hoffmann: [Hipparchs Himmelsglobus](https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821), Springer, Wiesbaden, New York, 2017.
     - [#4]: Susanne M. Hoffmann: *History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry* in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: [Popularisierung der Astronomie](https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/), Nuncius Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg, 2017.
     - [#5]: Hoffmann, S.M. and Krebernik, M. (2023): *What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system*, in: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, Papers held at the 64th Rencontre Assyriologique International and 12th Melammu Symposium July 16-20 2018, Innsbruck. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 539-579
     - [#6]: Hoffmann and Horowitz (2023). The Standing and Sitting Asterisms of Ekur, N.A.B.U., n°3 (sept.), 141-143
     - [#7]: Hoffmann, S.M. (2024). Standing and Sitting Gods of MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272 
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    This sky culture originates from many years of research by several scholars. We provide this for free but authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited according to the common rules. Thank you!
    
    ### Thanks to
    
    The positioning of the Babylonian terms in the sky and the drawing of the stick figures for Stellarium had been done by Susanne M. Hoffmann.
    As an astronomer she thanks for the help of several philologists and the some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for some developments in their domes.
    
     - Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (Assyriology, Vienna)
     - Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (Assyriology, Jena)
     - Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of German-speaking Planetariums)
     - Dr. Monika Staesche (Manager of Planetarium am Insulaner, Berlin)
     - Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)
gl:  - [#1]: British Museum [Imaxe Tableta No 152339001](https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/image/152339001)
    - [#2]: Hermann Hunger e John Steele, The Babylonian astronomical compendium  MUL.APIN, Routledge, Londres/Nova York 2018.
    - [#3]: Susanne M. Hoffmann: [Hipparchs Himmelsglobus](https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821), Springer, Wiesbaden, Nova York, 2017.
    - [#4]: Susanne M. Hoffmann: *History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry* en: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: [Popularisierung der Astronomia](https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016), B Nunsciu766ensis, B. 41, Hamburgo, 2017.
    - [#5]: Hoffmann, S.M. e Krebernik, M. (2023): *What do deities tell us about the celestial positioning system*, en: R. Rollinger, I. Madreiter, M. Lang, C. Pappi (eds.). The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient Near East, ponencias celebradas no 64º Rencontre Assyriologique International e no 12º Simposio Melammu do 16 ao 20 de xullo de 2018, Innsbruck. Prensa da Academia de Ciencias de Austria, 539-579
    - [#6]: Hoffmann e Horowitz (2023). Os asterismos de pé e sentados de Ekur, N.A.B.U., n°3 (sept.), 141-143
    - [#7]: Hoffmann, S.M. (2024). Deuses de pé e sentados de MUL.APIN, Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 27(2), 261-272
    
    ### Uso xusto
    
    Esta cultura do ceo orixina moitos anos de investigación por parte de varios estudosos. Proporcionámola de xeito gratuíto, pero os autores de contribucións certamente merecen ser citados segundo as regras comúns. Grazas!
    
    ### Grazas!
    
    A colocación dos termos babilónicos no ceo e o debuxo das figuras de pau para Stellarium foi feito por Susanne M. Hoffmann.
    Como astrónoma agradece a axuda de varios filólogos e dos xestores de planetarios moi entusiastas para algúns desenvolvementos nas súas cúpulas.
    
    - Prof. i.R. Dr. Hermann Hunger (Asirioloxía, Viena)
    - Prof. Dr. Manfred Krebernik (Asirioloxía, Jena)
    - Dr Björn Voss (xerente do LWL Planetarium Münster e xefe da Sociedade de Planetarios de fala alemá)
    - Dr. Monika Staesche (xerente do Planetario am Insulaner, Berlín)
    - Stefan Harnisch (Xerente do Planetario Jena)

note: Babylonian (MUL.APIN) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: The Babylonian star names and constellation lines were compiled and added to Stellarium:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M. Hoffmann:   service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
    <p>Paintings by: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consulted by Steven Gullberg and Susanne M Hoffmann)</p>
    <p>Text in English: <em>Susanne M. Hoffmann</em></p>
gl: Nomes de estrelas e liñas de constelacións babilonias que se engadiron a
    Stellarium:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
    <p>Debuxos de: <em>Jessica Gullberg </em> (consultada por Steven Gullberg e
    Susanne M Hoffmann)</p>
    <p>Text in English: <em>Susanne M. Hoffmann</em></p>

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture name
en: Babylonian (Seleucid)
gl: Babilonio (Seléucida)

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Seleucid Era in Babylonian history is the era of the successors of Alexander the Great who conquered Babylon in 331 BCE. In these days MUL.APIN (already thousand years old) was still copied and, thus, appears to have developed to be an old-fashioned but not outdated standard. Moreover, there is no alternative compendium like MUL.APIN from the Late Babylonian epoch.
    
    <p>This <em>Seleucid</em> or <em>Late Babylonian sky culture</em> is supposed to show the (estimated) state of Babylonian constellations contemporary to the Greek culture. There is no description of the full sky. Changes with regard to the MUL.APIN version have certainly applied in the zodiac since several centuries. This can be stated for sure because in this time, there is a blossoming zodiacal astrology. Since there had been no zodiac in MUL.APIN and the zodiac developed around the middle of the -1st millennium, in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE, there had been different versions of the constellations around the ecliptic.
     </p>
    
     However, we do not know much about the rest of the sky. Hence, for the constellations far away from the zodiac, again the constellations of MUL.APIN can be taken as state of the art. Please see MUL.APIN sky culture for more information and use the MUL.APIN constellations for an impression of the Old Babylonian (or Middle Babylonian) sky culture.
gl: A Era Seleucida na historia babilónica é a era dos sucesores de Alexandre
    Magno que conquistaron Babilonia no 331 aC. Nestes días, MUL.APIN (que xa
    ten mil anos) aínda estaba copiándose e, polo tanto, parece desenvolverse
    como un estándar anticuado pero non desactualizado. Ademais, non hai un
    compendio alternativo como MUL.APIN na época babilonia tardía.
    
    <p>A cultura <em>Seleucid</em> ou <em>cultura do ceo babilonia tardía</em>
    suponse que amosa o estado (estimado) das constelacións babilónicas
    contemporáneas á cultura grega. Non hai unha descrición do ceo completo. Os
    cambios respecto á versión MUL.APIN seguramente se aplican no zodíaco desde
    hai varios séculos. Isto pódese afirmar con certeza porque neste tempo hai
    unha astroloxía zodiacal en flor. Como non había zodíaco en MUL.APIN e o
    zodíaco se desenvolveu cara a mediados do -1º milenio, na segunda metade do
    1º milenio aC, houbo diferentes versións das constelacións arredor da
    eclíptica.
     </p>
    
     Non obstante, non sabemos moito do resto do ceo. Por iso, para as
    constelacións moi afastadas do zodíaco, de novo pódense tomar como
    constantes as constelacións de MUL.APIN. Consultar a cultura do ceo de
    MUL.APIN para obter máis información e usar as constelacións MUL.APIN para
    obter unha impresión da cultura do ceo antiga babilonia (ou babilonia
    media).

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Single Stars
    
     <p>
     In contrast to constellations, there are much more lists of single stars preserved from the later epochs. We use this Late Babylonian or Seleucid sky culture to focus on the single star names. There are plenty of <i>ziqpu</i> lists (lists of culminating stars) and for measurements in the zodiac, "normal stars" have been introduced. Normal stars (from Latin "norma" = the measure) are a frame of reference for mathematical astrometry of the Late Babylonian epoch. While for most of the other stars the margin of error concerning their identification with a celestial counterpart is sometimes huge, the normal stars are identified properly because their coordinates can be derived from the planets standing next to them (Jones, 2004).
    </p>
    
    ### Source(s)
    
    <p>The lists of ziqpu stars and normal stars are mostly compiled from the modern compendium Hunger and Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia, 1999 and some of the other papers given in "Further Reading". The book by Hoffmann, 2017 already contains several computations with these stars and more literature (e.g. Wayne Horowitz has worked on <i>ziqpu</i> stars for many years but is not mentioned here with a special paper although his translations contributed a lot for this study). A likely version of the Late Babylonian stick figures will be added in a later release of Stellarium.
    </p>
    <p>
    
    ### MUL.APIN constellations partially re-worked
    
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" style="background: transparent">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism</td>
    <td>our commentary</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>1</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Plough)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Cas</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td><notr>2</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Wolf): seeder of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EPINNU</i></td>
    <td>"wolf" here does not mean the animal but a part of the plough.</td>
    <td><notr>&gamma; Cas (+?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>3</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Old Man)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Per</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>4</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Throwing-stick)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>in<notr> Aur</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>5</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Great Twins)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>6</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Little Twins)</td>
    <td>do not exist anymore (merged with Great Twins) </td>
    <td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>7</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Crab)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Cnc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>8</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(Lion)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>9</notr></td>
    <td>STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: STAR (of the) King</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Regulus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>10</notr></td>
    <td>twinkling STARs in the tail of <sup>STAR</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: &quot;date-palm spadix&quot; (jewellery?) (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Erua</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Com</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>11</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(The Bright?) = <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Boo</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>12</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in front of it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i> (Abundant)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Boo </notr>or<notr> &alpha; CVn</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>13</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i> (Dignity)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>CrB</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>14</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i> (Wagon)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>UMa</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>15</notr></td>
    <td>STAR by the pole of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Fox)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Alcor<notr> (80 UMa)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>16</notr></td>
    <td>STAR on the forehead of <sup>STAR</sup><i>EREQQU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ewe)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; UMa (+)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>17</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Hitched yoke?)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>UMi</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>18</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Wagon of heaven)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>somewhere betw UMi and Vega?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>19</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in its bond: <sup>STAR</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Heir of the Ema&#7723;-temple)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; UMi (?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>20</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>(She-Goat)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>21</notr></td>
    <td>STAR in front of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i>: <sup>STAR</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Dog) [of Goddess Gula]</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>in<notr> Her</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>22</notr></td>
    <td>bright STAR of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&alpha; Lyr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>23</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>Nin-SAR and <sup>GOD</sup>Errakal</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&eta;, &theta; Lyr ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>24</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>nimru</i> (Panther)</td>
    <td>In Late Babylonian language ("dictionaries") a new reading of this constellation name appears: it should be interpreted as Akkadian word "nimru" translating to "the Panther"; the old demon at this place seems to have been replaced.</td>
    <td><notr>Cyg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>25</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the right of it: <sup>STAR</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i> (Pig)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>26</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the left of it: <sup>STARS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i> (Horse)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>27</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Stag)</td>
    <td>We shifted the Stag to display another suggestion and because the Panther occupies different areas than the UKADUA demon. It is still uncertain but in this version the breast of the Stag includes M31 which could be the "Field Mouse". </td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>28</notr></td>
    <td>twinkling STAR<sup>s</sup> opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Stag): <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;arriru (Field Mouse)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>M31 ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Enlil finished.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism</td>
    <td>our commentary</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>32</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;&quot;FIELD&quot;(area measure)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Peg</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>33</notr></td>
    <td>STAR opposite <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Swallow)</td>
    <td>the southern one of the two ellipses of fish; in comparison to the earlier version a small constellation which shifted northwestwards</td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>33 (a)</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Tails)</td>
    <td>Since the Old Babylonian 'Great Swallow' turned into a small swallow and was shifted to another place, the V-shaped tails of the Great Swallow remained without any meaning. Still, they are used as constellation (Tails - but nobody knows of whom). Later, the V-shape was interpreted as a band connecting the little swallow with a little fish below the constellation of Anunitu.</td>
    <td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>34</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind <sup>STAR</sup>ONE&middot;'FIELD': <sup>STAR</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i></td>
    <td>Our stick figure is prepared to transform to the Greek Andromeda: Anunitu is another name for the Babylonian goddess of sexual love Ishtar who was equalized with Greek Aphrodite whose myth in Syria was connected to fish.</td>
    <td><notr>And</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>35</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Hired Worker)</td>
    <td>Over centuries of abbreviation of the names of constellations, the Babylonian LU.HUN.GA transformed to HUN which is a sign similar to UDU (sheep). Therefore, the working man transformed to a sheep. This was likely a Babylonian wordplay only and therefore the constellation figure is not supposed to really look like a sheep.</td>
    <td><notr>Ari</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>36</notr></td>
    <td>STAR.STAR(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Bristle): <sup>GOD</sup>Sebettu</td>
    <td>Old Babylonian termed only "the Star Cluster", Middle Babylonian insists to equalize this with Sebettu (the Seven Gods, warriors) - reason unknown. Late Babylonian more often uses the term "the Bristle" on the neck of the Bull. This interpretation is equal to the Greek one.</td>
    <td>Pleiades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>37</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>BULL&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>) and <sup>GOD</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Jaw of the Wild Bull)</td>
    <td>The Bull of Heaven is a mythological figure from the epos of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh fights him and divides him in halves (which explains its depiction in the sky). The "Jaw" are the Hyades.</td>
    <td><notr>Tau </notr>and Hyades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>38</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>TRUE&middot;SHEPHERD&middot;OF&middot;HEAVEN (<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Ori</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>39</notr></td>
    <td>Twin STARs opposite <sup>STAR</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&pi;<sub>3</sub>, &pi;<sub>4</sub> Ori ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>40</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it: <sup>STAR</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Cock)</td>
    <td>Normally, the Cock is identified with modern Lepus but this does not make any sense to me: "behind" Orion, i.e. rising after him is Prokyon, a very bright star without any known Babylonian name. The Greeks named him "pro kyon" (rising before the dog) because in some of the conquered cultures Prokyon was an indicator for the soon rising of Sirius (the dog star for them). Sirius was not a dog star in Babylonian sky culture but, however, important for the calendar. That is why, I suggest to take Prokyon for a crowing rooster, somehow announcing the brighter Sirius.</td>
    <td><notr>Lep (</notr>or<notr> &alpha; CMi ??)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>41</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute; (Arrow)</td>
    <td>The depicted version is a suggestion. Sure is only Sirius, for the rest, there are multiple options.</td>
    <td>Sirius + </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>42</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i> (Bow)</td>
    <td>I suppose, this is the mostly accepted version (out of several existing options).</td>
    <td>in<notr> CMa ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>43</notr></td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>NIRA&#7722; (Snake-god)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Hya</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>44</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i> (Raven)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Crv</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>45</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i><sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ala</i>, ear of grain</td>
    <td>The old constellation of the Furrow vanished and left the Maiden (goddess &Scaron;ala) instead. The stable element is the 'ear of grain' as name for the brightest star (Greek Stachys, Latin Spica).</td>
    <td><notr>Vir</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>46</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Scales)</td>
    <td>Since MUL.APIN identifies the Scales with a part (horns) of the Scorpion this constellation vanished in early Greek astronomy and re-appeared only in early Roman times (Almagest and thereafter). We think, that the earlier versions of the Scales should have been a separate constellation and not part of the Scorpion. That's why, we turned it around 180° because in the Babylonian sky culture Virgo (as Furrow as well as the Maiden &Scaron;ala) does not need so much space.</td>
    <td>circa Lib</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>47</notr></td>
    <td>STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Zababa</td>
    <td>Normally identified with the area of Ophiuchus. </td>
    <td><notr>Oph</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>48, 49</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i> (Eagle) and <sup>STAR</sup><i>PAGRU</i> (Corpse)</td>
    <td>The Eagle (Aql) is connected with a Corpse which reminds on the Almagest figure of the Eagle carrying dead Antinuos. It appears likely that the Eagle, in former times, had been a vulture because vultures are associated with dead bodies and eagles not and in Babylonian mythology an eagle carries preferably a living (not dead) man. Additionally, many early languages do not distinguish eagles and vultures. </td>
    <td><notr>Aql +</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Path of Anum completed.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">constellation number</td>
    <td>asterism</td>
    <td>our commentary</td>
    <td>position in the sky</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>54</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Fish)</td>
    <td>Greek "the Great Fish" </td>
    <td><notr>PsA</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>55</notr></td>
    <td>GREAT&middot;STAR: <sup>GOD</sup>Ea</td>
    <td>The god of wisdom and witchcraft, Ea, is usually depicted with streams of water springing from his shoulders. For Babylonians this was a clear image of the springs of Euphrates and Tigris. Since this was not cler to the Greek, they named this figure simply "the Man with the Water" or "Water-Carrier".</td>
    <td><notr>Aqr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>56</notr></td>
    <td>STAR of (the city of) Eridu</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Canopus<notr> (&alpha; Car)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>57</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to its right: STAR (of) <sup>&lt;GOD&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;</td>
    <td>Since Canopus is almost opposite Aquarius in the sky, it is unclear where this asterism is to be located.</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>58</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i></td>
    <td>still unclear</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>59</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to its right: <sup>STAR</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Harrow), in the centre of which the Aps&ucirc; is visible</td>
    <td> still unclear - but maybe the Aps&ucirc; is the southernmost part of the Milky Way. </td>
    <td>in<notr> Vela (Aps&ucirc;~MW?)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>60</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> behind it: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;ullat and <sup>GOD</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;</td>
    <td>no hints, no clue</td>
    <td><notr>?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>61</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind it which lights up like <sup>GOD</sup>Ea (and) sets like Ea: STAR (of) <sup>GOD</sup>Numu&scaron;da</td>
    <td>should be an male anthropomorphous figure (a god)</td>
    <td><notr>Cen</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>62</notr></td>
    <td>STAR to the left of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i> (Scorpion): <sup>STAR</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Lup</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>63</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>64</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI<br/></i> (Breast of the Scorpion): <sup>GOD</sup>Lisin</td>
    <td>single star name</td>
    <td>Antares<notr> (&alpha; Sco)</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>65</notr></td>
    <td>2 STAR<sup>s</sup> on the sting (<i>ZIQTU</i>) of <sup>STAR</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>: <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;arur and <sup>GOD</sup>&Scaron;argaz</td>
    <td>Since &Scaron;argaz is an old term for the sting, this is almost clear and re-applied as official modern star name by the IAU 2016.</td>
    <td><notr>&lambda;, &nu; Sco</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td><notr>66</notr></td>
    <td>STAR behind them: <sup>GOD</sup>Pabilsa&#285;</td>
    <td>The depiction of god Pabilsa&#285; is iconographically clear. It can easily be transformed to a Greek centaur (see Boll, 1903). </td>
    <td><notr>Sgr</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td><notr>67, 68</notr></td>
    <td><sup>STAR</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Bark) (and?) <sup>STAR</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i> (Goat-fish) </td>
    <td> Either the Bark was identified with the Goat-Fish implying that both terms designate the same constellation (esp. likely for Old Babylonian epochs before MUL.APIN, hypotheses published by Craig Crossen in Sky&Telescope). Alternatively (and esp. likely for later epochs) the Bark was shifted to the west, under the feet of Pabilsa&#285; (Sagittarius). That explains Eratosthenes's long debate on the illogial image of a centaur standing on a ship. In case The Bark was a standalone constellation, it should be identified with Ptolemy's Southern Crown (Corona Australis).</td>
    <td><notr>(CrA &amp;) Cap</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6;; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Path of <sup>GOD</sup>Ea completed.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    </p>
gl: ### Estrelas simples
    
     <p>
     En contraste coas constelacións, hai moito máis listas de estrelas simples
    conservadas das épocas posteriores. Usamos a cultura do ceo babilonio tardío
    ou seléucida para centrarnos nos nomes estelares únicos. Hai moitas listaxes
    <i>ziqpu</i> (listaxes de estrelas culminantes) e para as medicións no
    zodíaco introducíronse "estrelas normais". As estrelas normais (do latín
    "norma" = medida) son un marco de referencia para a astrometría matemática
    da época babilónica tardía. Aínda que para a maioría das outras estrelas a
    marxe de erro relativa á súa identificación cun homólogo celeste é ás veces
    enorme, as estrelas normais identifícanse adecuadamente porque as súas
    coordenadas poden derivarse dos planetas situados ó seu carón (Jones, 2004).
    </p>
    
    ### Fonte(s)
    
    <p>As listas de estrelas ziqpu e estrelas normais recóllense maioritariamente a
    partir do compendio moderno Hunger e Pingree: Astral Science in Mesopotamia,
    1999 e algúns dos outros traballos publicados en "Advanced Reading". O libro
    de Hoffmann, 2017 xa contén varios cálculos con estas estrelas e máis
    literatura (por exemplo, Wayne Horowitz traballou as estrelas <i>ziqpu</i>
    durante moitos anos pero non se menciona aquí cun artigo especial, aínda que
    as súas traducións contribuíron moito para este estudo). Unha versión
    probable das figuras tardías de babilonia aparecerá nunha nova versión de
    Stellarium.
    </p>
    <p>
    
    ### Constelacións MUL.APIN parcialmente reconstruídas
    
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" style="background: transparent">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">número de constelación</td>
    <td>asterismo</td>
    <td>o noso comentario</td>
    <td>posición no ceo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td>1</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EPINNU</i>(Arado)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Cas</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6;">
    <td>2</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>BARBARU</i> (Lobo): sementador de
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EPINNU</i></td>
    <td>"lobo" aquí non significa o animal senón unha parte do arado.</td>
    <td>&gamma; Cas (+?)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>3</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>&Scaron;&#298;BU</i>(Home Vello)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Per</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>4</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>GAMLU</i>(Lanzador de caxatos)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>en Aur</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>5</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;RAB&Ucirc;TU</i>(Grandes
    Xemelgos)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Gem</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>6</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA
    </sup><i>T&#362;'AM&#362;&middot;&#7778;E&#7722;R&#362;TU</i>(Pequenos
    Xemelgos)</td>
    <td>xa non existe (fusionado con Grandes Xemelgos) </td>
    <td>Gem</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>7</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>ALLUTTU</i>(Cangrexo)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Cnc</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>8</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>(León)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Leo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>9</td>
    <td>ESTRELA oposta <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>: ESTRELA (do) Rei</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Regulus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>10</td>
    <td>ESTRELAs brillantes no rabo de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URGUL&Ucirc;</i>:
    &quot;espátula de dátiles&quot; (xoiería?) (de) <sup>DEUS</sup>Erua</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Com</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>11</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>&Scaron;U.PA(A Brillante?) = <sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Boo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>12</td>
    <td>ESTRELA en fronte: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&#7722;ENGALL&#256;YU</i>
    (Abundante)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>&alpha; Boo ou &alpha; CVn</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>13</td>
    <td>ESTRELA detrás: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>B&#256;&Scaron;TUM</i> (Dignidade)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>CrB</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>14</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>EREQQU</i>(Vagón)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>UMa</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>15</td>
    <td>ESTRELA no polo de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EREQQU</i>:
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;&#274;LEBU</i>(Raposo)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Alcor (80 UMa)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>16</td>
    <td>ESTRELA detrás de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>EREQQU</i>:
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LA&#7722;RU</i>(Ovella)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>&alpha; UMa (+)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>17</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>MU.BU.K&Eacute;&Scaron;.DA (Xugo enganchado?)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>UMi</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>18</td>
    <td><sup>Estrela</sup>MAR.G&Iacute;D.DA.AN.NA (Vagón do ceo)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>algún lugar entre UMi e Vega?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>19</td>
    <td>ESTRELA na súa ligadura: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>APIL-EMA&#7722;</i> (Cabelo de
    Ema&#7723;-templo)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>&alpha; UMi (?)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>20</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>ENZU</i>(Cabra)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Lyr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>21</td>
    <td>ESTRELA fronte a <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ENZU</i>:
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>KALBU</i>(Can) [da deusa Gula]</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>en Her</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>22</td>
    <td>ESTRELA brillante de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ENZU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td>&alpha; Lyr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>23</td>
    <td>2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> detrás: <sup>DEUS</sup>Nin-SAR e
    <sup>DEUS</sup>Errakal</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>&eta;, &theta; Lyr ?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>24</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>nimru</i> (Pantera)</td>
    <td>En lingua babilonia tardía ("dicionarios") aparece unha nova lectura deste
    nome da constelación: debería interpretarse como a palabra acadia "nimru"
    traducíndose como "a pantera"; o vello demo neste lugar parece que debe ser
    substituído.</td>
    <td>Cyg</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>25</td>
    <td>ESTRELA á dereita: <sup>ESTRELA</sup>&Scaron;<i>A&#7722;&Ucirc;</i> (Porco)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>26</td>
    <td>ESTRELA á esquerda: <sup>ESTRELAS</sup><i>SIS&Ucirc;</i> (Cabalo)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>27</td>
    <td>ESTRELA detrás: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LULIMMU</i> (Corzo)</td>
    <td>Cambiamos o Corzo para amosar outra suxestión e porque a Pantera ocupa
    diferentes áreas do demo UKADUA. Aínda non é incerto pero nesta versión o
    peito do Corzo inclúe M31 que podería ser o "Rato de campo". </td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>28</td>
    <td>ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> brillante oposta
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>LULIMMU</i>(Corzo): <sup>DEUS</sup>&#7722;arriru (Rato
    de campo)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>M31 ?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Camiño de <sup>DEUS</sup>Enlil rematado.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">número de constelación</td>
    <td>asterismo</td>
    <td>o noso comentario</td>
    <td>posición no ceo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>32</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup>UN&middot;&quot;CAMPO&quot;(medición de área)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Peg</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>33</td>
    <td>ESTRELA oposta <sup>ESTRELA</sup>E&middot;'FIELD':
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;IN&#362;NUTU</i>(Andoriña)</td>
    <td>o sur das dúas elipses de peixes; en comparación coa versión anterior, unha
    pequena constelación que se desprazou cara ó noroeste</td>
    <td>Psc</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>33 (a)</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZIBATI</i>(Rabos)</td>
    <td>Dado que a "Gran Anduriña" do antigo babilonio se converteu nunha pequena
    andoriña e foi trasladada a outro lugar, os rabos en forma de V da Gran
    Androiña permaneceron sen ningún significado. Aínda así, úsanse como
    constelación (Rabos, pero ninguén sabe de quen). Máis tarde, a forma en V
    foi interpretada coma unha fita que conectaba a pequena andoriña cun pequeno
    peixe debaixo da constelación de Anunitu.</td>
    <td>Psc</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>34</td>
    <td>ESTRELA de detrás <sup>ESTRELA</sup>&middot;'FIELD':
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ANUNN&#298;TU</i></td>
    <td>A nosa figura de pau está preparada para transformarse na Andromeda grega:
    Anunitu é outro nome para a deusa babilónica do amor sexual Ishtar que se
    comparou con Afrodita grega cuxo mito en Siria estaba relacionado cos
    peixes.</td>
    <td>And</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>35</td>
    <td>ESTRELA de detrás: <sup>STAR</sup><i>AGRU</i>(Traballador contratado)</td>
    <td>Ó longo de séculos de abreviatura dos nomes das constelacións, o LU.HUN.GA
    babilónico transformouse en HUN que é un signo similar a UDU (ovella). Polo
    tanto, o home traballador transformouse nunha ovella. Este era probablemente
    só un xogo de palabras babilonio e, polo tanto, non parece que a figura da
    constelación se pareza realmente a unha ovella.</td>
    <td>Ari</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>36</td>
    <td>ESTRELA.ESTRELA(<i>ZAPPU</i>, Pelo): <sup>DEUS</sup>Sebettu</td>
    <td>Os antigos babilonios chamábano "o cúmulo das estrelas", e os babilonios
    medios insisten en igualar isto con Sebettu (os sete deuses, guerreiros),
    por razóns descoñecidas. Os babilonios tardíos usan máis frecuentemente o
    termo "O pelo" no pescozo do touro. Esta interpretación é igual á grega.</td>
    <td>Pleiades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>37</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>TOURO&middot;DO&middot;CEO(<i>AL&Ucirc;</i>) e
    <sup>DEUS</sup><i>Is-l&ecirc;</i> (Mandíbula de touro salvaxe)</td>
    <td>O touro do ceo é unha figura mitolóxica da epopea de Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh
    loita contra el e divídeo pola metade (o que explica a súa representación no
    ceo). A "Mandíbula" son as Hyades.</td>
    <td>Tau e Pléiades</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>38</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>VERDADEIRO&middot;PASTOR&middot;DO&middot;CEO
    (<i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i>, Orion)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Ori</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>39</td>
    <td>ESTRELAs xemelgas opostas <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&Scaron;ITADDALLU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td><notr>&pi;<sub>3</sub>, &pi;<sub>4</sub> Ori ?</notr></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>40</td>
    <td>ESTRELA de detrás: <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>TARLUGALLU</i> (Galo)</td>
    <td>Normalmente O galo identifícase con Lepus moderno pero isto non ten ningún
    sentido para min: "detrás" de Orión, é dicir, sobre el está Prokyon, unha
    estrela moi brillante sen nome babilónico coñecido. Os gregos nomeárono "pro
    kyon" (erguéndose antes có can) porque nalgunhas das culturas conquistadas
    Prokyon foi un indicador para o pronto ascenso de Sirius (a estrela do can
    para eles). Sirius non foi unha estrela do can na cultura do ceo babilonia
    pero, con todo, era importante para o calendario. É por iso que suxerín
    considerar a Prokyon un galo que chegue anunciando dalgún xeito o máis
    brillante Sirius.</td>
    <td>Lep (ou &alpha; CMi ??)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>41</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup>GAG.SI.S&Aacute; (Frecha)</td>
    <td>A versión representada é unha suxestión. Seguro que só é Sirius, polo
    demais, hai múltiples opcións.</td>
    <td>Sirius + </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>42</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>QA&Scaron;TU</i> (Arco)</td>
    <td>Supoño que esta é a versión máis aceptada (entre as varias opcións
    existentes).</td>
    <td>en CMa ?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>43</td>
    <td>ESTRELA (de) <sup>DEUS</sup>NIRA&#7722; (Deus serpente)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Hya</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>44</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>&#256;RIBU</i> (Corvo)</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Crv</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>45</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i><sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;ala</i>, espiga de trigo</td>
    <td>A vella constelación do suco esvaeceuse e deixou á doncela (deusa
    &Scaron;ala) no seu lugar. O elemento estable é a "espiga de trigo" como
    nome da estrela máis brillante (grego Stachys, latín Spica).</td>
    <td>Vir</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>46</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>ZIB&#256;N&#298;TU</i>(Escalas)</td>
    <td>Dado que MUL.APIN identifica as escalas cunha parte (cornos) do Escorpión,
    esta constelación esvaeceuse na astronomía grega temperá e volveu aparecer
    só nos primeiros tempos romanos (Almagest e despois). Pensamos que as
    versións anteriores das escalas deberían ser unha constelación separada e
    non formar parte do Escorpión. É por iso que o xiramos ó redor de 180°
    porque na cultura do ceo babilonia Virxe (tanto o Suco como a &Scaron;ala de
    Maiden) non necesita tanto espazo.</td>
    <td>circa Lib</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>47</td>
    <td>ESTRELA (de) <sup>DEUS</sup>Zababa</td>
    <td>Normalmente identificada coa área de Ofiúco </td>
    <td>Oph</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>48, 49</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ER&Ucirc;</i> (Aguia) e <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>PAGRU</i>
    (Cadáver)</td>
    <td>A Aguia está conectada cun cadáver que recorda a figura de Almagest, da
    aguia que levaba a Antinuos mortos. Parece probable que a aguia, en tempos
    antigos, fose un voitre porque os voitres están asociados a cadáveres e as
    aguias non, e na mitoloxía babilónica unha aguia leva preferentemente un
    home vivo (non morto). Ademais, moitas linguas temperás non distinguen as
    aguias e os voitres. </td>
    <td>Aql +</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Camiño de Anum completado.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    <table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1">
    <tbody>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e6e6e6; font-weight: bold">
    <td width="5ex">número de constelación</td>
    <td>asterismo</td>
    <td>o noso comentario</td>
    <td>posición no ceo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>54</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>N&#362;NU</i>(Peixe)</td>
    <td>Grego  "O Gran Peixe" </td>
    <td>PsA</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>55</td>
    <td>GRAN&middot;ESTRELA: <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea</td>
    <td>O deus da sabedoría e da bruxería, Ea, normalmente móstrase con correntes de
    auga que brotan dos seus ombreiros. Para os babilonios esta era unha imaxe
    clara das fontes do Éufrates e o Tigris. Dado que isto non se relacionaba co
    grego, nomearon esta figura simplemente como "o home coa auga" ou
    "transporte de auga".</td>
    <td>Aqr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>56</td>
    <td>ESTRELA de (a cidade de) Eridu</td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Canopus (&alpha; Car)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>57</td>
    <td>ESTRELA á sua dereita: ESTRELA (de) <sup>&lt;DEUS&gt;</sup>Ninma&#7723;</td>
    <td>Dado que Canopus está case fronte a Acuario no ceo, non está claro onde se
    debe localizar este asterismo.</td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>58</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>&#7722;AB(B)A&#7778;&#7778;&#274;R&#256;NU</i></td>
    <td>aínda non está claro</td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>59</td>
    <td>ESTRELA á súa dereita:
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>MA&Scaron;KAK&#256;TU</i>(Frecha), no centro da cal se
    ve Aps&ucirc;</td>
    <td> aínda non está claro, pero quizais o Aps&ucirc; sexa a parte máis meridional
    da Vía Láctea. </td>
    <td>en Vela (Aps&ucirc;~MW?)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>60</td>
    <td>2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> de detrás: <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;ullat e
    <sup>DEUS</sup>&#7722;ani&scaron;</td>
    <td>sen coincidencias nin pistas</td>
    <td>?</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>61</td>
    <td>ESTRELA de detrás que ilumina <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea (e) é como Ea: ESTRELA (de)
    <sup>DEUS</sup>Numu&scaron;da</td>
    <td>debería ser unha figura antropomórfica masculina (un deus)</td>
    <td>Cen</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>62</td>
    <td>ESTRELA á dereita de <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i> (Escorpión):
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>URIDIMMU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Lup</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>63</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA </sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i></td>
    <td></td>
    <td>Sco</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>64</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>IRAT&middot;ZUQAQ&#298;PI<br/></i> (Peito do escorpión): <sup>DEUS</sup>Lisin</td>
    <td>nome de estrela simple</td>
    <td>Antares (&alpha; Sco)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>65</td>
    <td>2 ESTRELA<sup>s</sup> na picada (<i>ZIQTU</i>) de
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>ZUQAQ&#298;PU</i>: <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;arur e
    <sup>DEUS</sup>&Scaron;argaz</td>
    <td>Dado que &Scaron;argaz é un antigo termo para a picada, este está bastante
    claro e reaplícase como nome oficial de estrela moderna polo IAU 2016.</td>
    <td>&lambda;, &nu; Sco</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #dee6ef">
    <td>66</td>
    <td>ESTRELA de detrás: <sup>DEUS</sup>Pabilsa&#285;</td>
    <td>A representación do deus Pabilsa&#285; é iconográfica clara. Pódese
    transformar facilmente nun centauro grego (ver Boll, 1903). </td>
    <td>Sgr</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #e7e6e6">
    <td>67, 68</td>
    <td><sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>MAKURRU</i> (Cortiza) (e?)
    <sup>ESTRELA</sup><i>SU&#7722;URM&#256;&Scaron;U</i> (Peixe cabra) </td>
    <td> A casca foi identificada co Peixe cabra, implicando que ambos os termos
    designan a mesma constelación (especialmente para as épocas babilónicas
    antigas antes de MUL.APIN, hipóteses publicadas por Craig Crossen en Sky &
    Telescope). Alternativamente (e especialmente a épocas posteriores), a
    cortiza trasladouse cara ó oeste, baixo os pés de Pabilsa&#285;
    (Saxitario). Iso explica o longo debate de Eratóstenes sobre a imaxe ilóxica
    dun centauro de pé nun barco. No caso de que A cortiza fose unha
    constelación autónoma, debería identificarse coa Coroa Meridional de
    Ptolomeo (Corona Australis).</td>
    <td>(CrA &amp;) Cap</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top" style="background: #c6c6c6;; color: #ff0000">
    <td></td>
    <td colspan="3">Camiño de <sup>DEUS</sup>Ea completado.</td>
    </tr>
    </tbody>
    </table>
    </p>

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig.
     - [#2]: Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40.
     - [#3]: Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden.
     - [#4]: Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York.
     - [#5]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), [Hipparchs Himmelsglobus](https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821), Springer, Wiesbaden, New York.
     - [#6]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), *History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry* in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: [Popularisierung der Astronomie](https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/), Nuncius Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg.
     - [#7]: Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences.
     - [#8]: Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi), Utopica, Oberhaid.
     - [#9]: Many publications on *ziqpu* star lists by Wayne Horowitz, John M. Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch, and others are compiled or/and discussed in the above books, especially the one by Hunger and Pingree (1999) which is why we do not list them in detail here.
    
    ### Thanks to
    
    Thanks to some very enthusiastic planetarium managers for their request and development time in their domes.
    
     - Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of German-speaking Planetariums)
     - Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)
gl:  - [#1]: Franz Boll (1903), Sphaera. Teubner, Leipzig.
     - [#2]: Craig Crossen (2015), Sky and Telescope, March 2015, p.36-40.
     - [#3]: Hermann Hunger and David Pingree (1999), Astral Science in Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden.
     - [#4]: Hermann Hunger and John Steele (2018), The Babylonian astronomical compendium MUL.APIN, Routledge, London/ New York.
     - [#5]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), [Hipparchs Himmelsglobus](https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658186821), Springer, Wiesbaden, New York.
     - [#6]: Susanne M. Hoffmann (2017), *History of Constellations as popularization of uranometry* in: Wolfschmidt, Gudrun [ed.]: [Popularisierung der Astronomie](https://tredition.de/autoren/gudrun-wolfschmidt-1029/popularisierung-der-astronomie-proceedings-der-tagung-des-arbeitskreises-astronomiegeschichte-in-der-astronomischen-gesellschaft-in-bochum-2016-hardcover-91756/), Nuncius Hamburgensis, Bd. 41, Hamburg.
     - [#7]: Alexander Jones (2004), “A Study of Babylonian Observations of Planets Near Normal Stars”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences.
     - [#8]: Jordi Pàmias and Klaus Geus (2007), Eratosthenes: Sternsagen (Catasterismi), Utopica, Oberhaid.
     - [#9]: moitas publicacións en listas de estrelas *ziqpu* de Wayne Horowitz, John M. Steele, E. Weidner, J. Koch e outras son recompiladas ou discutidas nos libros anteriores, especialmente a de Hunger e Pingree (1999), polo que nós non as listamos en detalle aquí.
    
    ### Grazas a
    
    Grazas a algúns xestores de planetarios moi entusiastas pola súa
    dispoñibilidade e tempo de desenvolvemento nas súas cúpulas.
    
     - Dr. Björn Voss (Manager of LWL Planetarium Münster and head of Society of
    German-speaking Planetariums)
    
     - Stefan Harnisch (Manager of Planetarium Jena)

note: Babylonian (Seleucid) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Artwork by R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (Germany) and Susanne M Hoffmann (Planetarium Königsleiten, Austria).
    
    The Babylonian star names were compiled and added to Stellarium and
    
    the Babylonian constellation lines were prepared by:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M Hoffmann:   service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
gl: Imaxe de R. Perdok, LWL Planetarium Münster (Alemaña) e Susanne M Hoffmann
    (Planetarium Königsleiten, Austria).
    
    Os nomes estrela babilonios foron compilados e engadidos a Stellarium e
    
    as liñas da constelación babilonia foron preparadas por:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>

note: Belarusian sky culture name
en: Belarusian
gl: Bielorruso

note: Belarusian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Shown here are some interesting folk astronomy constellations found in Belarus, a country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Belarus is landlocked and contains large tracts of marshy land and thousands of lakes. Forests cover about 40% of the country. Belarus is exceptional in that people in the villages have preserved their traditional knowledge about the stars and related beliefs, right through to the present time. The illustrations are by no means exhaustive. In fact, many asterisms have multiple recorded meanings, ranging from ancient to Christianized.
gl: A continuación móstranse algunhas interesantes constelacións de astronomía popular atopadas en Bielorrusia, un país do leste de Europa que limita con Rusia ó nordés, Ucraína ó sur, Polonia ó oeste, e Lituania e Letonia ó noroeste. Bielorrusia non ten saída ó mar e ten grandes extensións de terra pantanosa e miles de lagos. Os bosques abarcan preto do 40% do país. Bielorrusia é excepcional porque a xente das aldeas conservou os seus coñecementos tradicionais sobre as estrelas e crenzas relacionadas, ata os nosos días. As ilustracións non son en absoluto exhaustivas. De feito, moitos asterismos teñen múltiples significados rexistrados, que van dende o antigo ó cristianizado.

note: Belarusian sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en:  - Elias's Cart &mdash; the burning cart that is ridden by Elias, the Christianized version of a constellation previously seen as *simply* a large cart.
     - The Bride
     - The Chicks
     - The Cross &mdash; a Peter’s cross
     - The Crown &mdash; the thorn wreath that was put on Christ’s head.
     - The Goat
     - The Grass Snakes
     - The Kingdoms &mdash; These two stars served as a symbol of two states: the Great Lithuanian Princedom and the Polish Kingdom.
     - The Mowers &mdash; These three stars stand one after another in the manner of people mowing the fields.
     - The Nail &mdash; The north star is seen as a nail around which the skies revolve.
     - The Ploughman
     - The Rake
     - The Ram
     - The Serpent &mdash; St. Yuri killed this serpent and hung it near the star that always stands in the same place
     - The Sieve &mdash; It was said that “God used to sift grains of *zhito* through it“.
     - The Small Cart &mdash; Ursa Minor resembles the large cart of Ursa Major.
     - The Throne &mdash; Lord Jesus’s chair.
     - The Twins
     - The Goose's Way
gl:  - Elias's Cart &mdash; o carro ardente que manexa Elias, a versión cristianizada dunha constelación vista anteriormente como *simplemente* un carro longo.
     - A noiva
     - Os pitiños
     - A coroa &mdash; unha cruz de Pedro
     - A coroa &mdash; de espiñas que levou Cristo na cabeza.
     - A cabra
     - As serpes de herba
     - Os reinos &mdash; Estas dúas estrelas simbolizan dous estados: O Principado da Gran Lituania e o Reino Polaco.
     - Os Segadores &mdash; Estas tres estrelas colócanse unha detrás doutra do mesmo xeito cós segadores no campo.
     - O Cravo &mdash; A estrela do norte é vista coma un cravo arredor do cal xira o ceo.
     - O arado
     - O angazo
     - O carneiro
     - A serpe &mdash; San Yuri matou a esta serpe e colgouna preto da estrela que sempre está no mesmo lugar.
     - A peneira &mdash; Dicíase que "Deus adoitaba peneirar os grans de *zhito*“.
     - O pequeno carro &mdash; Ursa Minor aseméllase ó carro longo de Ursa Maior.
     - O tono &mdash; Cadeira do señor Xesús.
     - Os xemelgos
     - O camiño do ganso

note: Belarusian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Belarussian Folk Astronomy](http://aviti.livejournal.com) The author's website, in Belarusian.
     - [#2]: Авілін Ц. «Паміж небам і зямлёй. Этнаастраномія», Менск, Тэхналёґія, 2015. ISBN 978-985-458-261-0.
     - [#3]: [Belarusian Ethnoastronomy.](https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy)
     - [#4]: [Ethnoastronomical aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.](https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement)
     - [#5]: [Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#6]: [Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#7]: [Astronyms in Belarussian folk beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs)
gl:  - [#1]: [Belarussian Folk Astronomy](http://aviti.livejournal.com) A web do autor, en bielorruso.
     - [#2]: Авілін Ц. «Паміж небам і зямлёй. Этнаастраномія», Менск, Тэхналёґія, 2015. ISBN 978-985-458-261-0.
     - [#3]: [Belarusian Ethnoastronomy.](https://www.academia.edu/6901765/Belarusian_Ethnoastronomy)
     - [#4]: [Ethnoastronomical aspect of traditional belarusian fitonimicon: problem statement.](https://www.academia.edu/8787640/Ethnoastronomical_aspect_of_traditional_belarusian_fitonimicon_problem_statement)
     - [#5]: [Meteor Beliefs Project: East European meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586711/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_East_European_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#6]: [Meteor Beliefs Project Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586808/Meteor_Beliefs_Project_Belarussian_meteor_folk-beliefs)
     - [#7]: [Astronyms in Belarussian folk beliefs.](https://www.academia.edu/1586571/Astronyms_in_Belarussian_folk_beliefs)

note: Belarusian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: The creation of this sky culture for Stellarium was suggested by Alexander Wolf to Johan Meuris, based on the article **Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Beliefs** by Tsimafei Avilin, published in the peer-reviewed journal Archaeologia Baltica.
    
    Illustrations by Johan Meuris.
gl: A creación desta cultura do ceo para Stellarium foi suxerido por Alexander Wolf a Johan Meuris, baseándose no artigo **Astronyms in Belarussian Folk Beliefs** de Tsimafei Avilin, publicado no Journal of Archaeologia Baltica.
    
    Ilustracións de Johan Meuris.

note: Belarusian sky culture license section in markdown format Modern sky culture license section in markdown format Modern (Chinese) sky culture license section in markdown format
en: Text and data: CC BY-SA 4.0
    
    Illustrations: Free Art License
gl: Texto e datos: CC BY-SA 4.0
    
    Illustracións: Free Art License

note: Boorong sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: One hundred and forty years ago, a Boorong family at Lake Tyrrell (North-Western Victoria, Australia) told William Stanbridge something of their stories relating to the night sky. Some forty stars, constellations and other celestial phenomena were named and located. He wrote them down and related this information to the Philosophical Institute in Melbourne in 1857. In his paper he wrote down the Aboriginal term and gave its European equivalent. What John Morieson has done is look closely at these celestial phenomena, attempt to satisfactorily identity them and to imitate the way the Boorong people may have seen them. John's interpretation was used to create the constellation figures in Stellarium.
    
    The Boorong were very much acquainted with the night sky, and William Stanbridge wrote in 1857 that they &quot;Pride themselves upon knowing more of Astronomy than any other tribe&quot;.
gl: Hai cento corenta anos, unha familia boorong do Lago Tyrrell (Victoria do Noroeste, Australia) contaba a William Stanbridge algo das súas historias relacionadas co ceo nocturno. Nomeáronse e localizáronse unhas corenta estrelas, constelacións e outros fenómenos celestes. Anotounos e relacionou esta información co Instituto Filosófico de Melbourne en 1857. No seu escrito escribiu o termo aborixe e deu o seu equivalente europeo. O que fixo John Morieson é mirar de preto estes fenómenos celestes, intentar identificalos satisfactoriamente e imitar o xeito no que os pobos boorong os viron. A interpretación de John foi usada para crear figuras de constelación en Stellarium.
    
    Os Boorong coñecían moito o ceo nocturno e William Stanbridge escribiu en 1857 que &quot;se gaban de saber máis de astronomía que calquera outra tribo&quot;.

note: Boorong sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Constellations and other celestial objects
    
    |Name|Explanation|Celestial Clue|
    |----|-----------|--------------|
    |<notr>Berm-berm-gle</notr>|Red-kneed dotterel|Alpha and Beta Centauri|
    |<notr>Boorong</notr>|Night; small mallee; starry firmament|Starry firmament at night|
    |<notr>Bunya</notr>|Ring-tail possum|Top star in Southern Cross|
    |<notr>Chargee Gnowee</notr>|Elder sister, sister of the sun|Venus|
    |<notr>Bittur</notr>|Larvae of the woodant|&mdash;|
    |<notr>Collenbitchick</notr>|Species of ant|Double star in head of Capricornus|
    |<notr>Collowgulloric War</notr>|Female crow, wife of War|Eta Carinae|
    |<notr>Colowgulloric Warepil</notr>|Female eagle, wife of Warepil|Rigel In Orion|
    |<notr>Djuit</notr>|Red-rumped parrot|Antares|
    |<notr>Gellarlec</notr>|Pink cockatoo|Aldebaran|
    |<notr>Ginabongbearp</notr>|Sulphur-crested white cockatoo; pulling up daylight|Jupiter|
    |<notr>Gnowee</notr>|Day; Sun|Sun|
    |<notr>Karik Karik</notr>|Spear thrower; Australian Kestrel|Two stars at end of Scorpius|
    |<notr>Kourt-chin</notr>|Male and female brolga|Clouds of Magellan|
    |<notr>Kulkanbulla</notr>|Two teenage boys|Belt and Scabbard of Orion|
    |<notr>Lamankurrk</notr>|Girls, young women|Pleiades|
    |<notr>Marpeankurrk</notr>|Meat ant; treecreeper|Arcturus|
    |<notr>Millee</notr>|Murray River|Part of the Milky Way|
    |<notr>Mindi</notr>|The maned snake|Part of the Milky Way|
    |<notr>Mityan</notr>|Quoll|Moon|
    |<notr>Neilloan</notr>|Mallee fowl|Lyra|
    |<notr>Nurrumbunguttias</notr>|Old man, black faced mallee kangaroo|White aura of the Milky Way|
    |<notr>Otchocut</notr>|Great fish|Delphinus|
    |<notr>Porkelong toute</notr>|Loss of tooth|Shooting star|
    |<notr>Pupperimbul</notr>|Diamond firetail finch or shy hylacola|Carried the emu egg to become the Sun|
    |<notr>Purra</notr>|Red kangaroo|Capella|
    |<notr>Tchingal</notr>|The tall one; emu|Dark space near Cross|
    |<notr>Totyarguil</notr>|Purple crowned lorikeet|Altair|
    |<notr>Tourchingboiongerra</notr>|Needlewood hakea and willie wagtails|Coma Berenices|
    |<notr>Tourte</notr>|Star|Any star|
    |<notr>Tyrille</notr>|Space; night sky|Space; night sky|
    |<notr>Unurgunite</notr>|Jacky lizard|Sigma Canis Majoris|
    |<notr>Wanjel</notr>|Long-necked tortoise|Pollux|
    |<notr>War</notr>|Crow|Canopus|
    |<notr>Warepil</notr>|Wedge tailed eagle|Sirius|
    |<notr>Warring</notr>|Galaxy|Milky Way|
    |<notr>Weetkurrk</notr>|Singing bushlark|Star in Bootes west of Arcturus|
    |<notr>Won</notr>|Boomerang|Corona Australis|
    |<notr>Yerredetkurrk</notr>|Owlet nightjar|Achernar|
    |<notr>Yurree</notr>|Fan-tailed cockatoo|Castor|
gl: ### Constelacións e outros obxectos celestes
    
    |Nome|Explicación|Pista celeste|
    |----|-----------|-------------|
    |Berm-berm-gle|Dotterel de xeonllos vermellos|Alpha e Beta Centauri|
    |Boorong|Noite; mallee pequeno; firmamento estrelado|Firmamento estrelado pola noite|
    |Bunya|Posum de rabo de anel|Estrela superior na Cruz do Sur|
    |Chargee Gnowee|Irmá maior, irmá do sol|Venus|
    |Bittur|Larvas do bosque|&mdash;|
    |Collenbitchick|Especies de formigas|Estrela dobre na cabeza de Capricornus|
    |Collowgulloric War|Corvo femia, muller de Guerra|Eta Carinae|
    |Colowgulloric Warepil|Aguia femia, muller de Almacén (Warepil)|Rigel en Orión|
    |Djuit|Papagaio vermello|Antares|
    |Gellarlec|Cacatúa rosa|Aldebarán|
    |Ginabongbearp|Cacatúa branca con cresta de xofre; ergue a luz do día|Xúpiter|
    |Gnowee|Día; Sol|Sol|
    |Karik Karik|Lanzador de lanza; Crista australiana|Dúas estrela no final de Scorpius|
    |Kourt-chin|Brolga macho e femia|Nubes de Magallanes|
    |Kulkanbulla|Dous rapaces adolescentes|Cinto e puñal de Orión|
    |Lamankurrk|Mulleres, mozas|Pleiades|
    |Marpeankurrk|Formiga de carne; adestrador|Arcturus|
    |Millee|Río Murray|Parte da Vía Láctea|
    |Mindi|A serpe criada|Parte da Vía Láctea|
    |Mityan|Quoll|Lúa|
    |Neilloan|Aves de mallee|Lyra|
    |Nurrumbunguttias|Vello, canguro mallee de cara negra|Aura branca da Vía Láctea|
    |Otchocut|Gran peixe|Delphinus|
    |Porkelong toute|Perda de dentes|Estrela fugaz|
    |Pupperimbul|Pinzón de rabo de lume de diamante ou hylacola tímida|Levou o ovo do emu para converterse no Sol|
    |Purra|Canguro vermello|Capella|
    |Tchingal|O alto; emú|Espazo escuro próximo á Cruz|
    |Totyarguil|Lorikeet coroado púrpura|Altair|
    |Tourchingboiongerra|Needlewood hakea e willie wagtails|Coma Berenices|
    |Tourte|Estrela|Calquera estrela|
    |Tyrille|Espazo; ceo nocturno|Espazo; ceo nocturno|
    |Unurgunite|Lagarto Jacky|Sigma Canis Maioris|
    |Wanjel|Tartaruga de pés longos|Pollux|
    |War|Corvo|Canopus|
    |Warepil|Aguia de rabo de cuña|Sirio|
    |Warring|Galaxia|Vía Láctea|
    |Weetkurrk|Bushlark cantareiro|Estrela de Bootes, ó oeste de Arcturus|
    |Won|Bumerang|Coroa austral|
    |Yerredetkurrk|Owlet nightjar|Achernar|
    |Yurree|Cacatúa de rabo de abano|Castor|

note: Boorong sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *[John Morieson](http://www.johnmorieson.com)* and *[Alex Cherney](http://www.terrastro.com)*.
gl: Contribuíron a esta cultura do ceo *[John Morieson](http://www.johnmorieson.com)* e *[Alex Cherney](http://www.terrastro.com)*.

note: Chinese sky culture name
en: Chinese
gl: Chinés

note: Chinese sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Chinese astronomy was developed independently and Chinese had its own system to connect the stars, known as "Xingguan" (Chinese: 星官; pinyin: xīngguān, meaning: Star officials). Chinese Traditional Sky Culture has far-reaching implications in East Asia. In ancient China, Xingguans and planets were associated with astrology. After thousands of years of evolution, the current Xingguans and star names was finalized in the 17th to 19th centuries.
gl: A astronomía chinesa desenvolveuse de forma independente e os chineses tiñan o seu propio sistema para conectar as estrelas, coñecido como "Xinguan" (chinés: 星 官; pinyin: xīngguān, que significa: funcionarios das estrelas). A cultura do ceo tradicional chinesa ten implicacións de gran alcance en Asia oriental. Na antiga China, Xinguans e planetas estaban asociados coa astroloxía. Despois de miles de anos de evolución, os actuais Xinguans e nomes de estrelas definíronse dos séculos XVII ó XIX.

note: Chinese sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Stellarium currently provides 300 Chinese Xingguans and more than 3000 Chinese star names from *Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) and *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). *Complete Studies of Astronomical* is an imperial record of astronomy finished in 1756. In 1844, the Imperial Astronomical Observatory made a revision to it and published *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical*, which is the major reference to the traditional Chinese Xingguans and star names used today. Yi Shitong has conducted textual research and summary of these records in his book*Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo).
    
    Chinese Traditional Sky Culture is Based on the information inside *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* and *Complete Studies of Astronomical*.
    
    In addition, some stars have been added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China* (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ) by Pan Nai, if these stars are not certified in *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue1950.0(Star Catalogue)*.
    
    If the star name is followed by a "*", it is a star added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China*.
    
    If the star name is followed by a "?", it is a star added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China*, but cannot be fully certified.
    
    ### Sun, Moon and Planets
    
    The Western countries named the planets in mythical characters. The ancient Chinese understanding of five planets is based on five-element concepts. Therefore, Mercury is named Water Star, Venus is named Metal Star, Mars is named Fire Star, Jupiter is named Wood Star, Saturn is named Earth Star.
    
    In Chinese, the sun and the moon are named after Yin and Yang (with prefix "great" (Chinese:太; pinyin: tài)), respectively Taiyang (Sun, Chinese: 太阳; pinyin: Tàiyáng) and Taiyin (Moon, Chinese:太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). Their other name belongs to pictographic characters. Ri (Sun, Chinese: 日) And Yue (Moon, Chinese: 月). But the more commonly used name for the moon is Yueliang (Chinese: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng).
    
    The sun, the moon and the five planets form Seven Luminaries (Chinese: 七曜; pinyin: qīyào), which correspond to the Five Elements and Yin and Yang.
    
    ### Xingguans
    
    Traditional Chinese astronomy has a system of dividing the celestial sphere into asterisms or constellations, known as "Xingguan". Modern constellations refer to specific areas of the celestial sphere. Xingguans refer only to the way stars are distributed, with no specific boundaries between Xingguans.
    
    The name and layout of the Xingguans are very social, the kingdom, the mountains, the goods, the industry all move to the sky, according to the Earth's way in the sky to copy a world.
    
    The Xingguans are generally smaller than the constellations of Hellenistic tradition. A Xingguan contain more than dozens of stars, and fewer are only one. Medieval Chinese Astronomical Maps generally show a total of 283 Xingguans, comprising a total of 1,464 individual stars. The Xingguans are divided into 31 regions, the Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿；pinyin: Èrshíbā Xiù) along the ecliptic, and the Three Enclosures (Chinese: 三垣; pinyin: Sānyuán) of the northern sky. Due to the influence of precession, six Xingguans near the southern horizon are getting more and more south. They were no longer easy to be observed by astronomers in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, so they were no longer recorded in *Complete Studies of Astronomical*.
    
    Before the late Ming Dynasty (17th century), there were no Xingguans around the southern celestial pole. The Southern Sky (Chinese: 近南极星区; pinyin: JìnnánJí Xīngqū) was added as a 32th region in the late Ming Dynasty based on European star charts, comprising an additional 23 Xingguans. The Southern Sky are now also treated as part of the traditional Chinese system.
    
    Since the late Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries entered the Imperial Astronomical Observatory. They have followed the names of the Xingguans, but changed the corresponding stars of some Xingguans, and added some stars to almost every Xingguan, called "added stars" (Chinese: 增星; pinyin: zēngxīng). The original stars are called "primary stars" (Chinese: 正星; pinyin: zhèngxīng). A Xingguan of two or more stars, each star has a number. The name of the stars in *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* is the Xingguan plus a number. But there are also a few Xingguans, each star has a special name.
    
    In this way, *The Continuation of Complete Studies of Astronomical* has 300 Xingguans and 3240 stars in total.
    
    Until the Revolution of 1911, China no longer regarded Xingguan as the official constellation system. Unlike Xingguans, traditional Chinese star names are still used in modern Chinese astronomy, even more common than Western names.
    
    ![](illustrations/yxkcxt.png)
    
    *Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)*
    
    ### Three Enclosures
    
    Three Enclosures is three regions in the northern sky surrounded by the ecliptic. Three Enclosures is Purple Forbidden Enclosure (Chinese: 紫微垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán), Supreme Palace Enclosure (Chinese: 太微垣; pinyin: Tàiwēiyuán), Heavenly Market Enclosure (Chinese: 天市垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán).
    
    Each Enclosure has two walls, called the left wall and the right wall which are the main Xingguans. The walls are surrounded by many Xingguans. There are also Xingguans in the vicinity of the wall that belong to this Enclosure.
    
    Purple Forbidden enclosure is the inner palace of the emperor, it covers the northernmost area of the night sky. From the viewpoint of the ancient Chinese, the Purple Forbidden Enclosure lies in the middle of the sky and is circled by all the other stars. It covers the modern constellations Ursa Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Boötes, and parts of Ursa Major, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hercules. Purple Forbidden enclosure has 37 Xingguans.
    
     - [Purple Forbidden enclosure (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure)
    
    Supreme Palace Enclosure is the place where the emperor and the courtiers deal with their politics. Supreme Palace Enclosure has a variety of officials and government agencies. It covers the modern constellations Virgo, Coma Berenices and Leo, and parts of Canes Venatici, Ursa Major and Leo Minor. Supreme Palace Enclosure has 20 Xingguans.
    
     - [Supreme Palace Enclosure (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure)
    
    Heavenly Market Enclosure is a bazaar in the sky, a place where ordinary people live. The Heavenly Market Enclosure covers the modern constellations Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila and Corona Borealis, and parts of Hercules. Heavenly Market Enclosure has 19 Xingguans. They were named after the participants of the bazaar and the facilities of the bazaar.
    
     - [Heavenly Market Enclosure (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure)
    
    ### Twenty-Eight Mansions
    
    The Twenty-Eight Mansions (Chinese: 二十八宿; pinyin:Èrshíbā Xiù) also known as 28 Lunar Mansions are the ancient China divisions of the ecliptic and the sky area near the equator to divide the ecliptic into 28 regions according to the right ascension. Each region is called a Mansion (Chinese: 宿; pinyin:Xiù), The ancients let the Moon change a Mansion every day to rest.
    
    Each Mansion has a Xingguan of the same name near the ecliptic, which is the main Xingguan. Where the Xingguans in this area belongs to the Mansion.
    
    Each Xingguans has a main star know as determinative star (Chinese: 距星; pinyin: jùxīng). In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system. The right ascension difference between the determinative stars of two adjacent Mansions is the equatorial mansion degrees (Chinese: 宿度; pinyin: xiùdù) of the western Mansion. The traditional equatorial coordinate system of China divides the equator into 365.25 degrees, and the Sun runs one day for one degree, which is also the sum of the equatorial mansion degrees of the 28 Mansion.
    
    Due to the influence of precession, the equatorial mansion degrees of each Mansion has been slowly changing, and some determinative stars have also changed in history.
    
    On traditional Chinese star maps, there are 28 lines passing through the determinative stars of The Twenty-Eight Mansions from the north celestial pole as their boundaries to facilitate the positioning of celestial bodies.
    
    If a celestial body is east of the determinative star of a Mansion, and its right ascension does not exceed the determinative star of the next Mansion, the difference in right ascension between this celestial body and the determinative star, is know as mansion distance degrees (Chinese: 入宿度; pinyin: rùxiùdù).
    
    Coupled with the polar distance degrees(Chinese: 去极度; pinyin: qùjídù), which is the angular distance between the star and the north celestial pole, we can determine the position of a star on the celestial sphere. Mansion distance degrees and polar distance degrees together constitute the two components of the ancient Chinese equatorial coordinate system.
    
    The Twenty-Eight Mansions are grouped into Four Symbols (Chinese: 四象; pinyin: sìxiàng), each associated with a compass direction and containing seven Mansions, corresponds to Seven Luminaries. The correspondence between the Twenty-Eight Mansions and the Four Symbols is based on the sky at dusk on the vernal equinox in a certain period of ancient times. At this time, the Vermilion Bird is in the south, the Azure Dragon is in the east, the Black Tortoise is in the north, and the White Tiger is in the west.
    
    ### The List of The Twenty-Eight Mansions (J2000)
    
    |Seven Luminaries|   |Wood|Metal|Earth|Sun|Moon|Fire|Water|
    |----------------|---|----|-----|-----|---|----|----|-----|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>东方苍龙</notr>|<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>箕宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Dōngfāng Cānglóng</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|Azure Dragon of the East|Horn Mansion|Neck Mansion|Root Mansion|Room Mansion|Heart Mansion|Tail Mansion|Winnowing Basket Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>46</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>α Vir</notr>|<notr>κ Vir</notr>|<notr>α2 Lib</notr>|<notr>π Sco</notr>|<notr>σ Sco</notr>|<notr>μ1 Sco</notr>|<notr>γ Sgr</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>13h25m11.6s</notr>|<notr>14h12m53.8s</notr>|<notr>14h50m52.8s</notr>|<notr>15h58m51.1s</notr>|<notr>16h21m11.3s</notr>|<notr>16h51m52.2s</notr>|<notr>18h05m48.5s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>47m42s</notr>|<notr>37m59s</notr>|<notr>1h07m58s</notr>|<notr>22m20s</notr>|<notr>30m41s</notr>|<notr>1h13m57s</notr>|<notr>39m51s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>12.10°</notr>|<notr>9.63°</notr>|<notr>17.24°</notr>|<notr>5.67°</notr>|<notr>7.78°</notr>|<notr>18.76°</notr>|<notr>10.11°</notr>|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>北方玄武</notr>|<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>壁宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Běifāng Xuánwǔ</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|Black Tortoise of the North|Dipper Mansion|Ox Mansion|Girl Mansion|Emptiness Mansion|Rooftop Mansion|Encampment Mansion|Wall Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>65</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>μ Sgr</notr>|<notr>β Cap</notr>|<notr>ε Aqr</notr>|<notr>β Aqr</notr>|<notr>α Aqr</notr>|<notr>α Peg</notr>|<notr>γ Peg</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>18h45m39.4s</notr>|<notr>20h21m0.7s</notr>|<notr>20h47m40.6s</notr>|<notr>21h31m33.5s</notr>|<notr>22h05m47.0s</notr>|<notr>23h04m45.7s</notr>|<notr>00h13m14.2s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>1h35m21s</notr>|<notr>26m40s</notr>|<notr>43m53s</notr>|<notr>34m13s</notr>|<notr>58m59s</notr>|<notr>1h08s29s</notr>|<notr>43m58s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>24.19°</notr>|<notr>6.76°</notr>|<notr>11.13°</notr>|<notr>8.68°</notr>|<notr>14.96°</notr>|<notr>17.37°</notr>|<notr>11.15°</notr>|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>西方白虎</notr>|<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>参宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Xīfāng Báihǔ</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|White Tiger of the West|Legs Mansion|Bond Mansion|Stomach Mansion|Hairy Head Mansion|Net Mansion|Turtle Beak Mansion|Three Stars Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>54</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>η And</notr>|<notr>β Ari</notr>|<notr>35 Ari</notr>|<notr>17 Tau</notr>|<notr>ε Tau</notr>|<notr>λ Ori</notr>|<notr>ζ Ori</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>00h57m12.3s</notr>|<notr>01h54m38.4s</notr>|<notr>02h43m27.1s</notr>|<notr>03h44m52.5s</notr>|<notr>04h28m37.0s</notr>|<notr>5h35m8.3s</notr>|<notr>05h40m45.5s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>57m26s</notr>|<notr>48m49s</notr>|<notr>1h01m26s</notr>|<notr>43m44s</notr>|<notr>1h06m31s</notr>|<notr>5m32s</notr>|<notr>42m12s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>14.57°</notr>|<notr>12.38°</notr>|<notr>15.58°</notr>|<notr>11.09°</notr>|<notr>16.87°</notr>|<notr>1.40°</notr>|<notr>10.70°</notr>|
    |Chinese Name|<notr>南方朱雀</notr>|<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>轸宿</notr>|
    |Pinyin|<notr>Nánfāng Zhūquè</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|
    |Translation|Vermilion Bird of the South|Well Mansion|Ghosts Mansion|Willow Mansion|Star Mansion|Extended Net Mansion|Wings Mansion|Chariot Mansion|
    |Number of xingguans|<notr>42</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |Determinative Star|   |<notr>μ Gem</notr>|<notr>θ Cnc</notr>|<notr>δ Hya</notr>|<notr>α Hya</notr>|<notr>υ1 Hya</notr>|<notr>α Crt</notr>|<notr>γ Crv</notr>|
    |RA of Determinative Star|   |<notr>6h22m57.6s</notr>|<notr>8h31m35.7s</notr>|<notr>8h37m39.4s</notr>|<notr>09h27m35.2s</notr>|<notr>09h51m28.7s</notr>|<notr>10h59m45.9s</notr>|<notr>12h15m48.4s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1|   |<notr>2h08m38s</notr>|<notr>6m3s</notr>|<notr>49m58s</notr>|<notr>23m54s</notr>|<notr>1h08m17s</notr>|<notr>1h16m02s</notr>|<notr>1h09m23s</notr>|
    |Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2|   |<notr>32.63°</notr>|<notr>1.54°</notr>|<notr>12.67°</notr>|<notr>6.06°</notr>|<notr>17.32°</notr>|<notr>19.29°</notr>|<notr>17.60°</notr>|
    
    note 1: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 1:Modern equatorial coordinate system.
    
    note 2: Equatorial Mansion Degrees 2:The traditional equatorial coordinate system of China, divides the equator into 365.25 degrees.
    
     - <notr>[Twenty-Eight Mansions (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Eight_Mansions)</notr>
    
    ### The Southern Sky
    
    The sky around the south celestial pole was unknown to ancient Chinese. Therefore, it was not included in the Three Enclosures and Twenty-Eight Mansions system. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi (Chinese: 徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduced another 23 Xingguans based on the European star charts. These Xingguans were since incorporated into the traditional Chinese star maps. These Xingguans are actually variations of Western constellations, and they are mostly named after animals.
    
    ### The list of Xingguans
    
    |Chinese Name|Pinyin|Translation|Number of Primary Stars|Number of Added Stars|
    |------------|------|-----------|-----------------------|---------------------|
    |<notr>紫微垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēiyuán</notr>|Purple Forbidden Enclosure|   |   |
    |<notr>北极</notr>|<notr>Běijí</notr>|Northern Pole|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>四辅</notr>|<notr>Sìfǔ</notr>|Four Advisors|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天乙</notr>|<notr>Tiānyǐ</notr>|Celestial Great One|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>太乙</notr>|<notr>Tàiyǐ</notr>|First Great One|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>紫微左垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēizuǒyuán</notr>|Purple Forbidden Left Wall|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>紫微右垣</notr>|<notr>Zǐwēiyòuyuán</notr>|Purple Forbidden Right Wall|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>阴德</notr>|<notr>Yīndé</notr>|Hidden Virtue|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>尚书</notr>|<notr>Shàngshū</notr>|Royal Secretary|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>女史</notr>|<notr>Nǚshǐ</notr>|Female Protocol|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>柱史</notr>|<notr>Zhùshǐ</notr>|Official of Royal Archives|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>御女</notr>|<notr>Yùnǚ</notr>|Maids-in-waiting|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天柱</notr>|<notr>Tiānzhù</notr>|Celestial Pillar|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>大理</notr>|<notr>Dàlǐ</notr>|Chief Judge|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>勾陈</notr>|<notr>Gōuchén</notr>|Curved Array|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>六甲</notr>|<notr>Liùjiǎ</notr>|Six Jia|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天皇大帝</notr>|<notr>Tiānhuángdàdì</notr>|Great Emperor of Heaven|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>五帝内座</notr>|<notr>WǔdìnèiZuò</notr>|Interior Seats of the Five Emperors|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>华盖</notr>|<notr>Huágài</notr>|Canopy of the Emperor|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>杠(附华盖)</notr>|<notr>Gàng</notr>|Canopy Support (Vassal of Canopy of the Emperor )|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>传舍</notr>|<notr>Chuánshè</notr>|Guest House|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>内阶</notr>|<notr>Nèijiē</notr>|Inner Steps|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天厨</notr>|<notr>Tiānchú</notr>|Celestial Kitchen|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>八谷</notr>|<notr>Bāgǔ</notr>|Eight Kinds of Crops|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>34</notr>|
    |<notr>天棓</notr>|<notr>Tiānbàng</notr>|Celestial Flail|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>内厨</notr>|<notr>Nèichú</notr>|Inner Kitchen|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>文昌</notr>|<notr>Wénchāng</notr>|Administrative Center|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>三师</notr>|<notr>Sānshī</notr>|Three Top Instructors|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>三公</notr>|<notr>Sāngōng</notr>|Three Excellencies|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天床</notr>|<notr>Tiānchuáng</notr>|Celestial Bed|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>太尊</notr>|<notr>Tàizūn</notr>|Royals|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天牢</notr>|<notr>Tiānláo</notr>|Celestial Prison|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>太阳守</notr>|<notr>Tàiyángshǒu</notr>|Guard of the Sun|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>势</notr>|<notr>Shì</notr>|Eunuch|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>相</notr>|<notr>Xiàng</notr>|Prime Minister|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>玄戈</notr>|<notr>Xuángē</notr>|Sombre Lance|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>天理</notr>|<notr>Tiānlǐ</notr>|Judge for Nobility|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>北斗</notr>|<notr>Běidǒu</notr>|Northern Dipper|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>辅(附北斗)</notr>|<notr>Fǔ</notr>|Assistant (Vassal of Northern Dipper)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天枪</notr>|<notr>Tiānqiāng</notr>|Celestial Spear|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>太微垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēiyuán</notr>|Supreme Palace Enclosure|   |   |
    |<notr>太微左垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēizuǒyuán</notr>|Supreme Palace Left Wall|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>太微右垣</notr>|<notr>Tàiwēiyòuyuán</notr>|Supreme Palace Right Wall|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>谒者</notr>|<notr>Yèzhě</notr>|Usher to the Court|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>三公</notr>|<notr>Sāngōng</notr>|Three Excellencies|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>九卿</notr>|<notr>Jiǔqīng</notr>|Nine Senior Officers|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>五诸侯</notr>|<notr>Wǔzhūhóu</notr>|Five Lords|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>内屏</notr>|<notr>Nèipíng</notr>|Inner Screen|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>五帝座</notr>|<notr>Wǔdìzuò</notr>|Seats of the Five Emperors|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>幸臣</notr>|<notr>Xìngchén</notr>|Officer of Honour|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>太子</notr>|<notr>Tàizǐ</notr>|Crown Prince|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>从官</notr>|<notr>Cóngguān</notr>|Retinue|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>郎将</notr>|<notr>Lángjiàng</notr>|Captain of the Bodyguards|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>虎贲</notr>|<notr>Hǔbēn</notr>|Emperor's Bodyguard|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>常陈</notr>|<notr>Chángchén</notr>|Royal Guards|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>郎位</notr>|<notr>Lángwèi</notr>|Officers of the Imperial Guard|<notr>15</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>明堂</notr>|<notr>Míngtáng</notr>|The Hall of Glory|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>灵台</notr>|<notr>Língtaí</notr>|Astronomical Observatory|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>少微</notr>|<notr>Shàowēi</notr>|Junior Officers|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>长垣</notr>|<notr>Chángyuán</notr>|Long Wall|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>三台</notr>|<notr>Sāntái</notr>|Three Steps|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>天市垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìyuán</notr>|Heavenly Market Enclosure|   |   |
    |<notr>天市左垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìzuǒyuán</notr>|Heavenly Market Left Wall|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>48</notr>|
    |<notr>天市右垣</notr>|<notr>Tiānshìyòuyuán</notr>|Heavenly Market Right Wall|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>32</notr>|
    |<notr>市楼</notr>|<notr>Shìlóu</notr>|Municipal Office|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>车肆</notr>|<notr>Chēsì</notr>|Commodity Market|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>宗正</notr>|<notr>Zōngzhèng</notr>|Official for the Royal Clan|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>宗人</notr>|<notr>Zōngrén</notr>|Official of Religious Ceremonies|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>宗</notr>|<notr>Zōng</notr>|Patriarchal Clan|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>帛度</notr>|<notr>Bódù</notr>|Textile Ruler|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>屠肆</notr>|<notr>Túsì</notr>|Butcher's Shops|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>候</notr>|<notr>Hòu</notr>|Astrologer|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>帝座</notr>|<notr>Dìzuò</notr>|Emperor's Seat|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>宦者</notr>|<notr>Huànzhě</notr>|Eunuch Official|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>列肆</notr>|<notr>Lièsì</notr>|Jewel Market|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>斗</notr>|<notr>Dǒu</notr>|Dipper for Liquids|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>斛</notr>|<notr>Hú</notr>|Dipper for Solids|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>贯索</notr>|<notr>Guànsuǒ</notr>|Coiled Thong|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>七公</notr>|<notr>Qīgōng</notr>|Seven Excellencies|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>天纪</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Celestial Discipline|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>女床</notr>|<notr>Nǚchuáng</notr>|Woman's Bed|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|Horn Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>角宿</notr>|<notr>Jiǎoxiù</notr>|Horn|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>16</notr>|
    |<notr>平道</notr>|<notr>Píngdào</notr>|Flat Road|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天田</notr>|<notr>Tiāntián</notr>|Celestial Farmland|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>进贤</notr>|<notr>Jìnxián</notr>|Recommending Virtuous Men|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>周鼎</notr>|<notr>Zhōudǐng</notr>|Tripod of the Zhou|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天门</notr>|<notr>Tiānmén</notr>|Celestial Gate|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>平</notr>|<notr>Píng</notr>|Justice|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>库楼</notr>|<notr>Kùlóu</notr>|Arsenal|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>柱</notr>|<notr>Zhù</notr>|Pillars|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>衡</notr>|<notr>Héng</notr>|Railings|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>南门</notr>|<notr>Nánmén</notr>|Southern Gate|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|Neck Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>亢宿</notr>|<notr>Kàngxiù</notr>|Neck|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>大角</notr>|<notr>Dàjiǎo</notr>|Great Horn|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>左摄提</notr>|<notr>Zuǒshètí</notr>|Left Conductor|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>右摄提</notr>|<notr>Yòushètí</notr>|Right Conductor|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>顿顽</notr>|<notr>Dùnwán</notr>|Trials|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>阳门</notr>|<notr>Yángmén</notr>|Gate of Yang|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>折威</notr>|<notr>Zhéwēi</notr>|Executions|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|Root Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>氐宿</notr>|<notr>Dīxiù</notr>|Root|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>30</notr>|
    |<notr>天乳</notr>|<notr>Tiānrǔ</notr>|Celestial Milk|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>招摇</notr>|<notr>Zhāoyáo</notr>|Twinkling Indicator|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>梗河</notr>|<notr>Gěnghé</notr>|Celestial Lance|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>帝席</notr>|<notr>Dìxí</notr>|Mattress of the Emperor|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>亢池</notr>|<notr>Kàngchí</notr>|Boats and Lake|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>阵车</notr>|<notr>Zhènchē</notr>|Battle Chariots|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>骑官</notr>|<notr>Qíguān</notr>|Imperial Guards|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>车骑</notr>|<notr>Chēqí</notr>|Chariots and Cavalry|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天辐</notr>|<notr>Tiānfú</notr>|Celestial Spokes|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>骑阵将军</notr>|<notr>Qízhènjiāngjūn</notr>|Chariots and Cavalry General|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|Room Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>房宿</notr>|<notr>Fángxiù</notr>|Room|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>钩钤(附房宿)</notr>|<notr>Gōuqián</notr>|Lock (Vassal of Room)|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>键闭</notr>|<notr>Jiànbì</notr>|Door Bolt|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>罚</notr>|<notr>Fá</notr>|Punishment|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>东咸</notr>|<notr>Dōngxián</notr>|Eastern Door|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>西咸</notr>|<notr>Xīxián</notr>|Western Door|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>日</notr>|<notr>Rì</notr>|Solar Star|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>从官</notr>|<notr>Cóngguān</notr>|Retinue|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|Heart Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>心宿</notr>|<notr>Xīnxiù</notr>|Heart|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>积卒</notr>|<notr>Jīzú</notr>|Group of Soldiers|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|Tail Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>尾宿</notr>|<notr>Wěixiù</notr>|Tail|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>神宫(附尾宿)</notr>|<notr>shéngōng</notr>|Changing Room (Vassal of Tail)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>龟</notr>|<notr>Guī</notr>|Tortoise|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天江</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiāng</notr>|Celestial River|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>傅说</notr>|<notr>Fùyuè</notr>|Fu Yue|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>鱼</notr>|<notr>Yú</notr>|Fish|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>箕宿</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|Winnowing Basket Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>箕宿</notr>|<notr>Jīxiù</notr>|Winnowing Basket|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>糠</notr>|<notr>Kāng</notr>|Chaff|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>杵</notr>|<notr>Chǔ</notr>|Pestle|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|Dipper Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>斗宿</notr>|<notr>Dǒuxiù</notr>|Dipper|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>建</notr>|<notr>Jiàn</notr>|Establishment|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天籥</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuè</notr>|Celestial Keyhole|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天弁</notr>|<notr>Tiānbiàn</notr>|Market Officer|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>鳖</notr>|<notr>Biē</notr>|River Turtle|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天鸡</notr>|<notr>Tiānjī</notr>|Celestial Cock|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>狗国</notr>|<notr>Gǒuguó</notr>|Territory of Dog|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天渊</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuān</notr>|Celestial Spring|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>狗</notr>|<notr>Gǒu</notr>|Dog|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>农丈人</notr>|<notr>Nóngzhàngrén</notr>|Peasant|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|Ox Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>牛宿</notr>|<notr>Niúxiù</notr>|Ox|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>天田</notr>|<notr>Tiāntián</notr>|Celestial Farmland|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>九坎</notr>|<notr>Jiǔkǎn</notr>|Nine Water Wells|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>河鼓</notr>|<notr>Hégǔ</notr>|Drum at the River|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>织女</notr>|<notr>Zhinǚ</notr>|Weaving Girl|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>左旗</notr>|<notr>Zuǒqí</notr>|Left Flag|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>30</notr>|
    |<notr>右旗</notr>|<notr>Yòuqí</notr>|Right Flag|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>天桴</notr>|<notr>Tiānfú</notr>|Celestial Drumstick|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>罗堰</notr>|<notr>Luóyàn</notr>|Network of Dykes|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>渐台</notr>|<notr>Jiàntái</notr>|Clepsydra Terrace|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>辇道</notr>|<notr>Niǎndào</notr>|Imperial Passageway|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|Girl Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>女宿</notr>|<notr>Nǚxiù</notr>|Girl|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>十二国</notr>|<notr>Shí'èrguó</notr>|Twelve States|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>离珠</notr>|<notr>Lízhū</notr>|Pearls on Ladies' Wear|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>败瓜</notr>|<notr>Bàiguā</notr>|Rotten Gourd|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>瓠瓜</notr>|<notr>Hùguā</notr>|Good Gourd|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>天津</notr>|<notr>Tiānjīn</notr>|Celestial Ford|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>40</notr>|
    |<notr>奚仲</notr>|<notr>Xīzhòng</notr>|Xi Zhong|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>扶筐</notr>|<notr>Fúkuāng</notr>|Basket for Mulberry Leaves|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|Emptiness Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>虚宿</notr>|<notr>Xūxiù</notr>|Emptiness|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>司命</notr>|<notr>Sīmìng</notr>|Deified Judge of Life|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司禄</notr>|<notr>Sīlù</notr>|Deified Judge of Rank|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司危</notr>|<notr>Sīwēi</notr>|Deified Judge of Disaster and Good Fortune|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司非</notr>|<notr>Sīfēi</notr>|Deified Judge of Right and Wrong|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>哭</notr>|<notr>Kū</notr>|Crying|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>泣</notr>|<notr>Qì</notr>|Weeping|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>天垒城</notr>|<notr>Tiānlěichéng</notr>|Celestial Ramparts|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>败臼</notr>|<notr>Bàijiù</notr>|Decayed Mortar|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>离瑜</notr>|<notr>Líyú</notr>|Jade Ornament on Ladies' Wear|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|Rooftop Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>危宿</notr>|<notr>Wēixiù</notr>|Rooftop|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>坟墓(附危宿)</notr>|<notr>Fénmù</notr>|Tomb (Vassal of Rooftop)|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>人</notr>|<notr>Rén</notr>|Humans|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>杵</notr>|<notr>Chǔ</notr>|Pestle|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>臼</notr>|<notr>Jiù</notr>|Mortar|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>车府</notr>|<notr>Chēfǔ</notr>|Big Yard for Chariots|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>20</notr>|
    |<notr>天钩</notr>|<notr>Tiāngōu</notr>|Celestial Hook|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>造父</notr>|<notr>Zàofù</notr>|Zaofu|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>盖屋</notr>|<notr>Gàiwū</notr>|Roofing|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>虚梁</notr>|<notr>Xūliáng</notr>|Temple|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天钱</notr>|<notr>Tiānqián</notr>|Celestial Money|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|Encampment Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>室宿</notr>|<notr>Shìxiù</notr>|Encampment|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>离宫(附室宿)</notr>|<notr>Lígōng</notr>|Resting Palace (Vassal of Encampment)|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>雷电</notr>|<notr>Léidiàn</notr>|Thunder and Lightning|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>垒壁阵</notr>|<notr>Lěibìzhèn</notr>|Line of Ramparts|<notr>12</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>羽林军</notr>|<notr>Yǔlínjūn</notr>|Palace Guard|<notr>45</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>𫓧钺</notr>|<notr>Fūyuè</notr>|Axe|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>北落师门</notr>|<notr>Běiluòshīmén</notr>|North Gate of the Military Camp|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>八魁</notr>|<notr>Bākuí</notr>|Net for Catching Birds|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天纲</notr>|<notr>Tiāngāng</notr>|Materials for Making Tents|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>土公吏</notr>|<notr>Tǔgōnglì</notr>|Official for Materials Supply|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>螣蛇</notr>|<notr>Téngshé</notr>|Flying Serpent|<notr>22</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>壁宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Wall Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>壁宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Wall|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>23</notr>|
    |<notr>霹雳</notr>|<notr>Pīlì</notr>|Thunderbolt|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>云雨</notr>|<notr>Yúnyǔ</notr>|Cloud and Rain|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>天厩</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiù</notr>|Celestial Stable|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>𫓧锧</notr>|<notr>Fūzhì</notr>|Sickle|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>土公</notr>|<notr>Tǔgōng</notr>|Official for Earthworks and Buildings|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|Legs Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>奎宿</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù</notr>|Legs|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>23</notr>|
    |<notr>外屏</notr>|<notr>Wàipíng</notr>|Outer Fence|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>天溷</notr>|<notr>Tiānhùn</notr>|Celestial Pigsty|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>土司空</notr>|<notr>Tǔsīkōng</notr>|Master of Constructions|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>军南门</notr>|<notr>Jūnnánmén</notr>|Southern Military Gate|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>阁道</notr>|<notr>Gédào</notr>|Flying Corridor|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>附路</notr>|<notr>Fùlù</notr>|Auxiliary Road|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>王良</notr>|<notr>Wángliáng</notr>|Wang Liang|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>14</notr>|
    |<notr>策</notr>|<notr>Cè</notr>|Whip|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|Bond Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>娄宿</notr>|<notr>Loúxiù</notr>|Bond|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>左更</notr>|<notr>Zuǒgēng</notr>|Official in Charge of the Forest|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>右更</notr>|<notr>Yòugēng</notr>|Official in Charge of Pasturing|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天仓 </notr>|<notr>Tiāncāng</notr>|Square Celestial Granary|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>天庾</notr>|<notr>Tiānyǔ</notr>|Ricks of Grain|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天大将军</notr>|<notr>Tiāndàjiāngjūn</notr>|Great General of Heaven|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>17</notr>|
    |<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|Stomach Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>胃宿</notr>|<notr>Wèixiù</notr>|Stomach|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天廪</notr>|<notr>Tiānlǐn</notr>|Celestial Foodstuff|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>天囷</notr>|<notr>Tiānqūn</notr>|Circular Celestial Granary|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>大陵</notr>|<notr>Dàlíng</notr>|Mausoleum|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>21</notr>|
    |<notr>天船</notr>|<notr>Tiānchuán</notr>|Celestial Boat|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>10</notr>|
    |<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>JīShī</notr>|Heap of Corpses|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>积水</notr>|<notr>Jīshuǐ</notr>|Stored Water|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|Hairy Head Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>昴宿</notr>|<notr>Mǎoxiù</notr>|Hairy Head|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>天阿</notr>|<notr>Tiān'ē</notr>|Celestial Concave|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>月</notr>|<notr>Yuè</notr>|Lunar Star|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>天阴</notr>|<notr>Tiānyīn</notr>|Celestial Yin Force|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>刍藁</notr>|<notr>Chúgǎo</notr>|Hay|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天苑</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuàn</notr>|Celestial Meadows|<notr>16</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>卷舌</notr>|<notr>Juǎnshé</notr>|Rolled Tongue|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天谗</notr>|<notr>Tiānchán</notr>|Celestial Slander|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>砺石</notr>|<notr>Lìshí</notr>|Whetstone|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Net Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>毕宿</notr>|<notr>Bìxiù</notr>|Net|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>18</notr>|
    |<notr>附耳(附毕宿)</notr>|<notr>Fù'ěr</notr>|Whisper (Vassal of Net)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天街</notr>|<notr>Tiānjiē</notr>|Celestial Street|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天节</notr>|<notr>Tiānjié</notr>|Celestial Tally|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>诸王</notr>|<notr>Zhūwáng</notr>|Feudal Kings|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天高</notr>|<notr>Tiāngāo</notr>|Celestial High Terrace|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>九州殊口</notr>|<notr>Jiǔzhōushūkǒu</notr>|Interpreters of Nine Dialects|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>五车</notr>|<notr>Wǔchē</notr>|Five Chariots|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>柱</notr>|<notr>Zhù</notr>|Pillars|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天潢</notr>|<notr>Tiānhuáng</notr>|Celestial Pier|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>咸池</notr>|<notr>Xiánchí</notr>|Pool of Harmony|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>天关</notr>|<notr>Tiānguān</notr>|Celestial Pass|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>参旗</notr>|<notr>Shēnqí</notr>|Banner of Three Stars|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>九斿</notr>|<notr>Jiǔyóu</notr>|Imperial Military Flag|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天园</notr>|<notr>Tiānyuán</notr>|Celestial Orchard|<notr>13</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|Turtle Beak Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>觜宿</notr>|<notr>Zīxiù</notr>|Turtle Beak|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>司怪</notr>|<notr>Sīguài</notr>|Deity in Charge of Monsters|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>座旗</notr>|<notr>Zuòqí</notr>|Seat Flags|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>参宿</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|Three Stars Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>参宿</notr>|<notr>Shēnxiù</notr>|Three Stars|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>39</notr>|
    |<notr>伐(附参宿)</notr>|<notr>Fá</notr>|Send Armed Forces To Suppress (Vassal of Three Stars)|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>玉井</notr>|<notr>Yùjǐng</notr>|Jade Well|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>屏</notr>|<notr>Píng</notr>|Screen|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>军井</notr>|<notr>Jūnjǐng</notr>|Military well|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>厕</notr>|<notr>Cè</notr>|Toilet|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>屎</notr>|<notr>Shǐ</notr>|Excrement|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|Well Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>井宿</notr>|<notr>Jǐngxiù</notr>|Well|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>钺(附井宿)</notr>|<notr>Yuè</notr>|Battle Axe (Vassal of Well)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>南河</notr>|<notr>Nánhé</notr>|South River|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>北河</notr>|<notr>Běihé</notr>|North River|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>天樽</notr>|<notr>Tiānzūn</notr>|Celestial Wine Cup|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>9</notr>|
    |<notr>五诸侯</notr>|<notr>Wǔzhūhóu</notr>|Five Feudal Kings|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>积水</notr>|<notr>Jīshuǐ</notr>|Accumulated Water|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>积薪</notr>|<notr>Jīxīn</notr>|Pile of Firewood|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>水府</notr>|<notr>Shuǐfǔ</notr>|Official for Irrigation|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>水位</notr>|<notr>Shuǐwèi</notr>|Water Level|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>12</notr>|
    |<notr>四渎</notr>|<notr>Sìdú</notr>|Four Channels|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>8</notr>|
    |<notr>军市</notr>|<notr>Jūnshì</notr>|Market for Soldiers|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>野鸡</notr>|<notr>Yějī</notr>|Wild Cockerel|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>丈人</notr>|<notr>Zhàngrén</notr>|Grandfather|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>子</notr>|<notr>Zǐ</notr>|Son|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>孙</notr>|<notr>Sūn</notr>|Grandson|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>阙丘</notr>|<notr>Quèqiū</notr>|Palace Gate|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>天狼</notr>|<notr>Tiānláng</notr>|Celestial Wolf|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>6</notr>|
    |<notr>弧矢</notr>|<notr>Húshǐ</notr>|Bow and Arrow|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>32</notr>|
    |<notr>老人</notr>|<notr>Lǎorén</notr>|Old Man|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|Ghosts Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>鬼宿</notr>|<notr>Guǐxiù</notr>|Ghosts|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>19</notr>|
    |<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>Jīshī</notr>|Cumulative Corpses|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>爟</notr>|<notr>Guàn</notr>|Beacon Fire|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>天狗</notr>|<notr>Tiāngǒu</notr>|Celestial Dog|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>外厨</notr>|<notr>Wàichú</notr>|Outer Kitchen|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>17</notr>|
    |<notr>天社</notr>|<notr>Tiānshè</notr>|Celestial Earth God's Temple|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天记</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Judge for Estimating the Age of Animals|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|Willow Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>柳宿</notr>|<notr>Liǔxiù</notr>|Willow|<notr>8</notr>|<notr>13</notr>|
    |<notr>酒旗</notr>|<notr>Jiǔqí</notr>|Banner of Wine Shop|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|Star Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>星宿</notr>|<notr>Xīngxiù</notr>|Star Mansion|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>15</notr>|
    |<notr>天相</notr>|<notr>Tiānxiàng</notr>|Celestial Premier|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>天稷*</notr>|<notr>Tiānjì</notr>|Celestial Cereals|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>轩辕</notr>|<notr>Xuānyuán</notr>|Xuanyuan|<notr>17</notr>|<notr>59</notr>|
    |<notr>内平</notr>|<notr>Nèipíng</notr>|High Judge|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>11</notr>|
    |<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|Extended Net Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>张宿</notr>|<notr>Zhāngxiù</notr>|Extended Net|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>天庙*</notr>|<notr>Tiānmiào</notr>|Celestial Temple|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|Wings Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>翼宿</notr>|<notr>Yìxiù</notr>|Wings|<notr>22</notr>|<notr>7</notr>|
    |<notr>东瓯*</notr>|<notr>Dōngōu</notr>|Dongou|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>轸宿</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|Chariot Mansion|   |   |
    |<notr>轸宿</notr>|<notr>Zhěnxiù</notr>|Chariot|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>5</notr>|
    |<notr>长沙(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Chángshā</notr>|Changsha (Vassal of Chariot)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>左辖(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Zuǒxiá</notr>|Left Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>右辖(附轸宿)</notr>|<notr>Yoùxiá</notr>|Right Linchpin (Vassal of Chariot)|<notr>1</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>青丘</notr>|<notr>Qīngqiū</notr>|Green Hill|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>军门*</notr>|<notr>Jūnmén</notr>|Military Gate|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>土司空*</notr>|<notr>Tǔsīkōng</notr>|Master of Constructions|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>器府*</notr>|<notr>Qìfǔ</notr>|House for Musical Instruments|<notr>/</notr>|<notr>/</notr>|
    |<notr>近南极星区</notr>|<notr>JìnnánJí Xīngqū</notr>|The Southern Sky|   |   |
    |<notr>海山</notr>|<notr>Hǎishān</notr>|Sea and Mountain|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>十字架</notr>|<notr>Shízìjià</notr>|Cross|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>马尾</notr>|<notr>Mǎwěi</notr>|Horse's Tail|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>马腹</notr>|<notr>Mǎfù</notr>|Horse's Abdomen|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蜜蜂</notr>|<notr>Mìfēng</notr>|Bee|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>三角形</notr>|<notr>Sānjiǎoxíng</notr>|Triangle|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>异雀</notr>|<notr>Yìquè</notr>|Exotic Bird|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>孔雀</notr>|<notr>Kǒngquè</notr>|Peafowl|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>4</notr>|
    |<notr>波斯</notr>|<notr>Bōsī</notr>|Persia|<notr>11</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇尾</notr>|<notr>Shéwěi</notr>|Snake's Tail|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇腹</notr>|<notr>Shéfù</notr>|Snake's Abdomen|<notr>4</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>蛇首</notr>|<notr>Shéshǒu</notr>|Snake's Head|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>鸟喙</notr>|<notr>Niǎohuì</notr>|Bird's Beak|<notr>7</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>鹤 </notr>|<notr>Hè</notr>|Crane|<notr>12</notr>|<notr>2</notr>|
    |<notr>火鸟</notr>|<notr>Huǒniǎo</notr>|Firebird|<notr>10</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>水委</notr>|<notr>Shuǐweǐ</notr>|Crooked Running Water|<notr>3</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>附白</notr>|<notr>Fùbái</notr>|White Patched Nearby|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>夹白</notr>|<notr>Jiābái</notr>|White Patches Attached|<notr>2</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>金鱼</notr>|<notr>Jīnyú</notr>|Goldfish|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>海石</notr>|<notr>Hǎishí</notr>|Sea Rock|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>3</notr>|
    |<notr>飞鱼</notr>|<notr>Fēiyú</notr>|Flying Fish|<notr>6</notr>|<notr>0</notr>|
    |<notr>南船</notr>|<notr>Nánchuán</notr>|Southern Boat|<notr>5</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    |<notr>小斗</notr>|<notr>Xiǎodǒu</notr>|Little Dipper|<notr>9</notr>|<notr>1</notr>|
    
    note 1: The Xingguans with "*", Was officially deleted in 1752.
    
    note 2: The vassal Xingguan is not a separate Xingguan, but a vassal of the parent Xingguan.
    
    ### Deep Space Objects
    
    Some deep space objects were also discovered in ancient China, which were also included in the Xingguans.
    
    Include the following:
    
    |General name|Chinese Name|Pinyin|Translation|Nick name|
    |------------|------------|------|-----------|---------|
    |<notr>NGC 6231</notr>|<notr>神宫</notr>|<notr>shéngōng</notr>|God's Palace|Northern Jewel Box Cluster|
    |<notr>NGC 6475/M 7</notr>|<notr>鱼</notr>|<notr>Yú</notr>|Fish|Ptolemy Cluster|
    |<notr>NGC 2632/M 44</notr>|<notr>积尸</notr>|<notr>JīShī</notr>|Cumulative Corpses|Beehive Cluster|
    |<notr>NGC 5139</notr>|<notr>库楼增一</notr>|<notr>Kùlóu Zēng I</notr>|Arsenal Added I|Omega Centauri|
    |<notr>NGC 224/M 31</notr>|<notr>奎宿增廿一</notr>|<notr>Kuíxiù Zēng XXI</notr>|Legs Mansion XXI|Andromeda Galaxy|
    |<notr>NGC 3372 </notr>|<notr>海山二</notr>|<notr>Hǎishān II</notr>|Sea and Mountain II|Homunculus Nebula, Eta Carinae|
    
    ### Notes
    
    This Sky Culture is Based on the information inside *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)* (Chinese: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) and *Complete Studies of Astronomical* (Chinese: 仪象考成).
    
    Thanks to Liu Chunbin for the collation of the *Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0 (Star Catalogue)*. He produced *Chinese Star Catalogue for Stellarium* (Chinese: Stellarium 中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) which is a very important reference.
    
    Some stars have been added according to *The History of Stellar Observation in China* (Chinese: 中国恒星观测史).
    
    For the translation of constellations, we use the *English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names* (Chinese: 中国星区、星官及星名英译表) by Hong Kong Space Museum. Only a small portion of the translation is changed, for example, when the translations of the two different Xingguans are the same.
    
    There are seven stars with Chinese star names without corresponding HIP numbers, so they cannot be displayed in Stellarium. They are Sea and Mountain II (η Car), Five Chariots Added XVIII (12 Aur), Recommending Virtuous Man Added VI (39 Vir) , Great Horn Added II (CN Boo), Hairy Head Added X (24 Tau), Heart Added VII (18 Oph), South River Added XI (GC 10303).
    
    The cultural connotations of the name cannot be explained perfectly, because thousands of years passed, the connotations behind some names are controversial. these are only possible translations. Chinese characters are ideographic characters, which leads to some completely different names having the same pronunciation. Therefore, the pinyin transliteration is provided only to make star names readable.
gl: Stellarium ofrece actualmente 300 Xingguans chineses e máis de 3000 nomes de estrelas chinesas tirados de *Estudios Completos de Astronomía* (Chinés: 仪象考成; pinyin: Yíxiàng kǎochéng) e *Continuación dos Estudos Completos de Astronomía* (Chinés: 仪象考成续编; pinyin: Yíxiàngkǎochéng xùbiān). *Estudos Completos de Astronomía*é un rexistro imperial de astronomía rematado en 1756. En 1844, o Observatorio Astronómico Imperial fixo unha revisión e publicou *Continuación dos Estudos Completos de Astronomía*, que é a principal referencia ós Xinguans tradicionais chineses e ós nomes de estrelas empregados hoxe. Yi Shitong realizou investigacións textuais e fixo o resumo destes rexistros no seu libro *Gráficos e Catálogo de estrelas contrastando as chinesas coas occidentais. 1950.0* (Chinés: 中西对照恒星图表1950.0; pinyin: Zhōngxī Duìzhào Héngxīng Túbiǎo).
    
    A cultura do ceo tradicional chinés baséase na información incluída en *Gráficos e Catálogo de estrelas contrastando as chinesas coas occidentais. 1950.0* e *Estudos Completos de Astronomía*.
    
    Ademais, algunhas estrelas engadíronse segundo *A Historia da Observación Estelar en China* (Chinés: 中国恒星观测史; pinyin: Zhōngguó Héngxīng Guāncèshǐ) de Pan Nai, cando non estaban verificadas en *Gráficos e Catálogo de estrelas contrastando as chinesas coas occidentais. 1950.0( Catálogo de Estrelas)*.
    
    Se o nome da estrela vai seguido dun "*", é unha estrela engadida de acordo con *Historia da observación estelar en China*.
    
    Se o nome da estrela vai seguido dun "?", é unha estrela engadida de acordo con *Historia da observación estelar en China*, pero non se pode certificar ó cen por cen.
    
    ### Sol, Lúa e Planetas
    
    Os países occidentais nomearon os planetas segundo personaxes míticos. A antiga comprensión chinesa de cinco planetas baséase nun concepto de cinco elementos. Polo tanto, Mercurio chámase Estrela da Auga, Venus chámase Estrela do Metal, Marte chámase Estrela do Lume, Xúpiter chámase Estrela da Madeira, Saturno chámase Estrela da Terra.
    
    En chinés, o sol e a lúa reciben o nome de Yin e Yang (co prefixo "grande" (chinés: 太; pinyin: tài)), respectivamente Taiyang (sol, chinés: 太阳; pinyin: Tàiyáng) e Taiyin (lúa, chinés : 太阴; pinyin: Tàiyīn). O seu outro nome pertence a caracteres pictográficos. Ri (sol, chinés: 日) e Yue (lúa, chinés: 月). Pero o nome máis utilizado para a lúa é Yueliang (chinés: 月亮; pinyin: Yuèliàng).
    
    O sol, a lúa e os cinco planetas forman sete luminarias (en chinés: 七曜; pinyin: qīyào), que se corresponden cos Cinco Elementos e o Yin e o Yang.
    
    ### Xingguans
    
    A astronomía tradicional chinesa ten un modo de dividir a esfera celeste en asterismos ou constelacións, coñecido como "Xinguan". As constelacións modernas refírense a áreas específicas da esfera celeste. Os Xinguans refírense só á forma de distribuír as estrelas, sen límites específicos entre eles.
    
    O nome e disposición dos Xingguans son moi sociais, o reino, as montañas, os bens, a industria, todo se leva ó ceo,; no ceo cópiase o mundo ó xeito da Terra.
    
     Os Xinguans son xeralmente máis pequenos cás constelacións da tradición helenística. Un Xinguan contén entre unha e varias ducias de estrelas. Os mapas astronómicos chineses medievais xeralmente mostran un total de 283 Xinguans, que comprenden un total de 1.464 estrelas individuais. Os Xinguans divídense en 31 rexións, as Vinte e Oito Mansións (en chinés: 二十八宿 ； pinyin: Èrshíbā Xiù) ó longo da eclíptica e os Tres Recintos (en chinés: 三 垣; pinyin: Sānyuán) do ceo norte. Debido á influencia da precesión, seis Xinguans preto do horizonte sur están cada vez máis ó sur. Xa non eran fáciles de observar polos astrónomos das dinastías Ming e Qing, polo que xa non se rexistraron en *Estudos Completos de Astronomía*.
    
    Antes da última dinastía Ming (século XVII), non había Xinguans arredor do polo celeste meridional. O ceo do sur (en chinés: 近 南极星 区; pinyin: JìnnánJí Xīngqū) foi engadido como a rexión 32 a finais da dinastía Ming, baseándose en cartas de estrelas europeas, que inclúe 23 Xinguans adicionais. O ceo do sur agora tamén se trata como parte do sistema tradicional chinés.
    
    Dende finais da dinastía Ming, os misioneiros occidentais entraron no Observatorio Astronómico Imperial. Mantiveron os nomes dos Xinguans, pero cambiaron as estrelas correspondentes a algúns Xinguans e engadiron algunhas estrelas a case todos os Xinguan, chamadas "estrelas engadidas" (chinés: 增 星; pinyin: zēngxīng). As estrelas orixinais chámanse "estrelas primarias" (chinés: 正 星; pinyin: zhèngxīng). Nun Xinguan de dúas ou máis estrelas, cada estrela ten un número. O nome das estrelas en *Continuación de Estudos Completos de Astronomía* é o Xinguan máis un número. Pero tamén hai algúns Xinguans nos que cada estrela ten un nome especial.
    
    Deste xeito, *Continuación de Estudos Completos de Astronomía* tiña 300 Xinguans e 3240 estrelas en total.
    
    Ata a Revolución de 1911, China xa non consideraba o Xinguan como o sistema oficial de constelacións. A diferenza dos Xinguans, os nomes de estrelas tradicionais chineses aínda se usan na astronomía chinesa moderna, aínda máis comúns cós nomes occidentais.
    
    ![](illustrations/yxkcxt.png)
    
    *Astronomical Map of Complete Studies of Astronomical (1757)*
    
    ### Tres Recintos
    
    Os Tres Recintos son tres rexións do ceo norte rodeadas pola eclíptica. Os Tres Recintos son o recinto prohibido de cor púrpura (chinés: 紫微 垣; pinyin: Zǐwēiyuán),o recinto do palacio supremo (chinés: 太微 垣; pinyin: Tàiwēiyuán) e o recinto do mercado celeste (chinés: 天 市 垣; pinyin: Tiānshìyuán).
    
    Cada recinto ten dous muros, chamados muro esquerdo e muro dereito, que son os principais Xingguans. As murallas están rodeadas de moitos Xingguans. Tamén hai Xingguans nas inmediacións do muro que pertencen a este Recinto.
    
    O recinto prohibido púrpura é o palacio interior do emperador, e cobre a zona máis setentrional do ceo nocturno. Dende o punto de vista dos antigos chineses, o recinto prohibido púrpura está no medio do ceo e está rodeado por todas as outras estrelas. Abarca as constelacións modernas Ursa Minor, Draco, Camelopardalis, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Auriga, Bootes e partes de Ursa Maior, Canes Venatici, Leo Minor, Hércules. O recinto prohibido púrpura ten 37 xingguans.
    
     - [Recinto Prohibido Púrpura (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Forbidden_enclosure)
    
    O recinto do palacio supremo é o lugar onde o emperador e os cortesáns tratan de política. O recinto do palacio supremo ten moitos funcionarios e axencias gobernamentais. Abarca as constelacións modernas Virxe, Cabeleira de Berenice e León, e partes de Cans de caza, Osa Maior e León Menor. O recinto do palacio supremo ten 20 xingguans.
    
     - [Recinto do Palacio Supremo (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Palace_enclosure)
    
    O Recinto do Mercado Celestial é un bazar no ceo, un lugar onde a xente común vive. O recinto do mercado celeste abarca as constelacións modernas Serpens, Ophiuchus, Aquila e Corona Borealis, e algunhas partes de Hércules. O recinto do mercado celeste conta con 19 xingguans. Foron nomeados segundo os participantes do bazar e das instalacións do bazar.
    
     - [Recinto do Mercado Celestial (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavenly_Market_enclosure)
    
    ### Vinte e oito Mansións
    
    As vinte e oito mansións (en chinés: 二十八宿; pinyin: Èrshíbā Xiù), tamén coñecidas como as 28 mansións lunares, son as antigas divisións de China da eclíptica e da zona do ceo preto do ecuador para dividir a ecliptica en 28 rexións segundo a ascensión recta. Cada rexión chámase mansión (en chinés: 宿; pinyin: Xiù). Os antigos deixaban que a Lúa cambiase de mansión todos os días para descansar.
    
    Cada mansión ten un Xinguan do mesmo nome preto da eclíptica, que é o Xinguan principal. Os Xinguans nesta zona pertencen á Mansión.
    
    Cada Xinguan ten unha estrela principal coñecida como estrela determinante (chinés: 距 星; pinyin: jùxīng). Na China antiga, as estrelas determinantes das Vinte e oito Mansións eran o punto de referencia para determinar a lonxitude do sistema de coordenadas ecuatoriais. A diferenza de ascensión recta entre as estrelas determinantes de dúas mansións adxacentes son os graos ecuatoriais da mansión (chinés: 宿 度; pinyin: xiùdù) da mansión do oeste. O sistema tradicional de coordenadas ecuatoriais de China divide o ecuador en 365,25 graos e o Sol percorre un grao por día, que tamén é a suma dos graos ecuatoriais da mansión das 28 Mansións.
    
    Debido á influencia da precesión, os graos ecuatoriais da mansión de cada Mansión foron mudando lentamente e algunhas estrelas determinantes tamén cambiaron ó longo da historia.
    
    Nos mapas tradicionais de estrelas chinesas hai 28 liñas que pasan polas estrelas determinantes das vinte e oito mansións desde o polo norte celeste como límites para facilitar o posicionamento dos corpos celestes.
    
    Se un corpo celeste está ó leste da estrela determinante dunha mansión e a súa ascensión recta non supera a estrela determinante da seguinte mansión, a diferenza na ascensión recta entre este corpo celeste e a estrela determinante coñécese como graos de distancia da mansión ( Chinés: 入 宿 度; pinyin: rùxiùdù).
    
    Xunto cos graos de distancia polar (chinés: 去 极度; pinyin: qùjídù), que é a distancia angular entre a estrela e o polo norte celeste, podemos determinar a posición dunha estrela sobre a esfera celeste. Os graos de distancia da mansión e os graos de distancia polar constitúen xuntos os dous compoñentes do antigo sistema de coordenadas ecuatoriais chinés.
    
    As Vinte e Oito Mansións agrúpanse en catro símbolos (chinés: 四象; pinyin: sìxiàng), cada un asociado a unha dirección de compás e que contén sete mansións, correspondente ás Sete luminarias. A correspondencia entre as vinte e oito mansións e os catro símbolos está baseada no ceo ó anoitecer no equinoccio de primavera nun determinado período dos tempos antigos. Neste momento, o Paxaro Vermellón está no sur, o Dragón Azul está no leste, a Tartaruga Negra está no norte e o Tigre Branco no oeste.
    
    ### A Listaxe das 28 Mansións (J2000)
    
    |Sete Luminarias|   |Madeira|Metal|Terra|Sol|Lúa|Lume|Auga|
    |---------------|---|-------|-----|-----|---|---|----|----|
    |Nome chinés|东方苍龙|角宿|亢宿|氐宿|房宿|心宿|尾宿|箕宿|
    |Pinyin|Dōngfāng Cānglóng|Jiǎoxiù|Kàngxiù|Dīxiù|Fángxiù|Xīnxiù|Wěixiù|Jīxiù|
    |Tradución|Dragón Celeste do Leste|Mansión do Corno|Mansión do Pescozo|Mansión da Raíz|Mansión da Habitación|Mansión do Corazón|Mansión do Rabo|Mansión da Cesta de Mazar|
    |Número de Xinguans|46|11|7|11|7|2|5|3|
    |Estrela Determinativa|   |α Vir|κ Vir|α2 Lib|π Sco|σ Sco|μ1 Sco|γ Sgr|
    |AR da Estrela Determinativa|   |13h25m11.6s|14h12m53.8s|14h50m52.8s|15h58m51.1s|16h21m11.3s|16h51m52.2s|18h05m48.5s|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 1|   |47m42s|37m59s|1h07m58s|22m20s|30m41s|1h13m57s|39m51s|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 2|   |12.10°|9.63°|17.24°|5.67°|7.78°|18.76°|10.11°|
    |Nome chinés|北方玄武|斗宿|牛宿|女宿|虚宿|危宿|室宿|壁宿|
    |Pinyin|Běifāng Xuánwǔ|Dǒuxiù|Niúxiù|Nǚxiù|Xūxiù|Wēixiù|Shìxiù|Bìxiù|
    |Tradución|Tartaruga Negra do Norte|Mansión do Cazo|Mansión do Boi|Mansión da Rapariga|Mansión do Baleiro|Mansión do Tellado|Mansión do Campamento|Mansión do Muro|
    |Número de Xinguans|65|10|11|8|10|10|10|6|
    |Estrela Determinativa|   |μ Sgr|β Cap|ε Aqr|β Aqr|α Aqr|α Peg|γ Peg|
    |AR da Estrela Determinativa|   |18h45m39.4s|20h21m0.7s|20h47m40.6s|21h31m33.5s|22h05m47.0s|23h04m45.7s|00h13m14.2s|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 1|   |1h35m21s|26m40s|43m53s|34m13s|58m59s|1h08s29s|43m58s|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 2|   |24.19°|6.76°|11.13°|8.68°|14.96°|17.37°|11.15°|
    |Nome chinés|西方白虎|奎宿|娄宿|胃宿|昴宿|毕宿|觜宿|参宿|
    |Pinyin|Xīfāng Báihǔ|Kuíxiù|Loúxiù|Wèixiù|Mǎoxiù|Bìxiù|Zīxiù|Shēnxiù|
    |Tradución|Tigre Branco do Oeste|Mansión das Pernas|Mansión do Vencello|Mansión do Estómago|Mansión da Cabeza Peluda|Mansión da Rede|Mansión do Peteiro de Tartaruga|Mansión das Tres Estrelas|
    |Número de Xinguans|54|9|6|7|9|14|3|6|
    |Estrela Determinativa|   |η And|β Ari|35 Ari|17 Tau|ε Tau|λ Ori|ζ Ori|
    |AR da Estrela Determinativa|   |00h57m12.3s|01h54m38.4s|02h43m27.1s|03h44m52.5s|04h28m37.0s|5h35m8.3s|05h40m45.5s|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 1|   |57m26s|48m49s|1h01m26s|43m44s|1h06m31s|5m32s|42m12s|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 2|   |14.57°|12.38°|15.58°|11.09°|16.87°|1.40°|10.70°|
    |Nome chinés|南方朱雀|井宿|鬼宿|柳宿|星宿|张宿|翼宿|轸宿|
    |Pinyin|Nánfāng Zhūquè|Jǐngxiù|Guǐxiù|Liǔxiù|Xīngxiù|Zhāngxiù|Yìxiù|Zhěnxiù|
    |Tradución|Paxaro Vermello do Sur|Mansión do Ben|Mansión da Pantasma|Mansión do Salgueiro|Mansión da Estrela|Mansión da Rede Extendida|Mansión das As|Mansión do Carro|
    |Número de Xinguans|42|19|7|2|5|2|2|5|
    |Estrela Determinativa|   |μ Gem|θ Cnc|δ Hya|α Hya|υ1 Hya|α Crt|γ Crv|
    |AR da Estrela Determinativa|   |6h22m57.6s|8h31m35.7s|8h37m39.4s|09h27m35.2s|09h51m28.7s|10h59m45.9s|12h15m48.4s|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 1|   |2h08m38s|6m3s|49m58s|23m54s|1h08m17s|1h16m02s|1h09m23s|
    |Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 2|   |32.63°|1.54°|12.67°|6.06°|17.32°|19.29°|17.60°|
    
    nota 1: Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 1:Moderno sistema de coordenadas ecuatoriais.
    
    nota 2: Graos da Mansión Ecuatorial 2: As coordenadas ecuatoriais tradicionais de China, divide o ecuador en 365.25 graos.
    
     - [Vinteoito Mansións (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Eight_Mansions)
    
    ### O Ceo do Sur
    
    O ceo arredor do polo sur celeste era descoñecido para os antigos chineses. Polo tanto, non se incluíron no sistema os Tres Recintos e as Vinte e Oito Mansións. Non obstante, a finais da dinastía Ming, Xu Guangqi (en chinés: 徐光启; pinyin: Xú Guāngqǐ) introduciu outros 23 Xinguans baseados nas listas de estrelas europeas. Estes Xinguans incorporáronse dende entón ós mapas tradicionais de estrelas chinesas. Estes Xinguans son en realidade variacións das constelacións occidentais, e levan principalmente nomes de animais.
    
    ### Listaxe de Xingguans
    
    |Nome chinés|Pinyin|Tradución|Número de Estrelas Primarias|Número de estrelas engadidas|
    |-----------|------|---------|----------------------------|----------------------------|
    |紫微垣|Zǐwēiyuán|Recinto Prohibido Púrpura|   |   |
    |北极|Běijí|Polo Norte|5|3|
    |四辅|Sìfǔ|Catro Conselleiros|4|1|
    |天乙|Tiānyǐ|O Grande Celestial|1|0|
    |太乙|Tàiyǐ|Primeiro O Grande|1|0|
    |紫微左垣|Zǐwēizuǒyuán|Muro Esquerdo do Prohibido Púrpura|8|12|
    |紫微右垣|Zǐwēiyòuyuán|Muro Dereito do Prohibido Púrpura|7|12|
    |阴德|Yīndé|Virtude Escondida|2|1|
    |尚书|Shàngshū|Secretario Real|5|2|
    |女史|Nǚshǐ|Protocolo Feminino|1|1|
    |柱史|Zhùshǐ|Oficial de Arquivos Reais|1|2|
    |御女|Yùnǚ|Criadas agardando|4|1|
    |天柱|Tiānzhù|Columna Celestial|5|6|
    |大理|Dàlǐ|Xuíz Xefe|2|1|
    |勾陈|Gōuchén|Matriz Curvada|6|10|
    |六甲|Liùjiǎ|Six Jia|6|1|
    |天皇大帝|Tiānhuángdàdì|Gran Emperador do Ceo|1|0|
    |五帝内座|WǔdìnèiZuò|Asentos Interiores dos Cinco Emperadores|5|3|
    |华盖|Huágài|Baldaquino do Emperador|7|0|
    |杠(附华盖)|Gàng|Soporte da Marquesiña (Vasalo da Marquesiña do Emperador)|9|1|
    |传舍|Chuánshè|Casa de Convidados|9|4|
    |内阶|Nèijiē|Chanzos Interiores|6|10|
    |天厨|Tiānchú|Cociña Celestial|6|2|
    |八谷|Bāgǔ|Oito tipos de cultivos|8|34|
    |天棓|Tiānbàng|Axitación Celestial|5|10|
    |内厨|Nèichú|Cociña Interior|2|2|
    |文昌|Wénchāng|Centro Administrativo|6|8|
    |三师|Sānshī|Tres Instrutores Principais|3|1|
    |三公|Sāngōng|Tres Excelencias|3|0|
    |天床|Tiānchuáng|Leito Celestial|6|2|
    |太尊|Tàizūn|Realeza|1|0|
    |天牢|Tiānláo|Prisión Celestial|6|2|
    |太阳守|Tàiyángshǒu|Gardián do Sol|1|1|
    |势|Shì|Eunuco|4|19|
    |相|Xiàng|Primeiro Ministro|1|3|
    |玄戈|Xuángē|Lanza Sombría|1|2|
    |天理|Tiānlǐ|Xulgado de Nobreza|4|1|
    |北斗|Běidǒu|Cullerón do Norte|7|16|
    |辅(附北斗)|Fǔ|Asistente (Vasalo do Cullerón do Norte)|1|3|
    |天枪|Tiānqiāng|Arpón Celestial|3|4|
    |太微垣|Tàiwēiyuán|Recinto do Palacio Supremo|   |   |
    |太微左垣|Tàiwēizuǒyuán|Muro Esquerdo do Palacio Supremo|5|9|
    |太微右垣|Tàiwēiyòuyuán|Muro Dereito do Palacio Supremo|5|5|
    |谒者|Yèzhě|Alguacil da Corte|1|2|
    |三公|Sāngōng|Tres Excelencias|3|0|
    |九卿|Jiǔqīng|Nove Oficiais Veteranos|3|9|
    |五诸侯|Wǔzhūhóu|Cinco Señores|5|7|
    |内屏|Nèipíng|Pantalla Interior|4|6|
    |五帝座|Wǔdìzuò|Asentos dos Cinco Emperadores|5|4|
    |幸臣|Xìngchén|Oficial de Honra|1|0|
    |太子|Tàizǐ|Príncipe Herdeiro|1|0|
    |从官|Cóngguān|Séquito|1|0|
    |郎将|Lángjiàng|Capitán dos Gardacostas|1|2|
    |虎贲|Hǔbēn|Gardacostas do Emperador|1|0|
    |常陈|Chángchén|Gardas Reais|7|7|
    |郎位|Lángwèi|Oficiais da Garda do Emperador|15|3|
    |明堂|Míngtáng|O Salón da Gloria|3|7|
    |灵台|Língtaí|Observatorio Astronómico|3|8|
    |少微|Shàowēi|Oficiais Novos|4|9|
    |长垣|Chángyuán|Muro Longo|4|9|
    |三台|Sāntái|Tres Chanzos|6|13|
    |天市垣|Tiānshìyuán|Recinto do Mercado do Ceo|   |   |
    |天市左垣|Tiānshìzuǒyuán|Muro Esquerdo do Mercado do Ceo|11|48|
    |天市右垣|Tiānshìyòuyuán|Muro Dereito do Mercado do Ceo|11|32|
    |市楼|Shìlóu|Oficina Municipal|6|1|
    |车肆|Chēsì|Mercado de Materias Primas|2|2|
    |宗正|Zōngzhèng|Oficial para o Clan Real|2|3|
    |宗人|Zōngrén|Oficial de Cerimonias Relixiosas|4|4|
    |宗|Zōng|Clan Patriarcal|2|0|
    |帛度|Bódù|Regra Téxtil|2|3|
    |屠肆|Túsì|Carnicerías|2|3|
    |候|Hòu|Astrólogo|1|6|
    |帝座|Dìzuò|Asento do Emperador|1|0|
    |宦者|Huànzhě|Oficial Eunuco|2|5|
    |列肆|Lièsì|Mercado de Xoias|2|4|
    |斗|Dǒu|Cullerón de Líquidos|5|11|
    |斛|Hú|Cullerón de Sólidos|4|7|
    |贯索|Guànsuǒ|Fita Envolvida|9|13|
    |七公|Qīgōng|Sete Excelencias|7|16|
    |天纪|Tiānjì|Disciplina Celestial|9|15|
    |女床|Nǚchuáng|Leito de Muller|3|0|
    |角宿|Jiǎoxiù|Mansión do Corno|   |   |
    |角宿|Jiǎoxiù|Corno|2|16|
    |平道|Píngdào|Estrada Chaira|2|0|
    |天田|Tiāntián|Terras Agrícolas Celestiais|2|7|
    |进贤|Jìnxián|Recomendando Homes Virtuosos|1|9|
    |周鼎|Zhōudǐng|Trespés de Zhou|3|0|
    |天门|Tiānmén|Porta Celestial|2|11|
    |平|Píng|Xustiza|2|4|
    |库楼|Kùlóu|Arsenal|10|1|
    |柱|Zhù|Columnas|11|0|
    |衡|Héng|Varandas|4|0|
    |南门|Nánmén|Porta do Sur|2|2|
    |亢宿|Kàngxiù|Mansión do Pescozo|   |   |
    |亢宿|Kàngxiù|Pescozo|4|12|
    |大角|Dàjiǎo|Gran Corno|1|2|
    |左摄提|Zuǒshètí|Condutor Esquerdo|3|4|
    |右摄提|Yòushètí|Condutor dereito|3|6|
    |顿顽|Dùnwán|Ensaios|2|1|
    |阳门|Yángmén|Porta de Yang|2|0|
    |折威|Zhéwēi|Execucións|7|7|
    |氐宿|Dīxiù|Mansión da Raíz|   |   |
    |氐宿|Dīxiù|Raíz|4|30|
    |天乳|Tiānrǔ|Leite Celestial|1|4|
    |招摇|Zhāoyáo|Indicador de Escintileo|1|0|
    |梗河|Gěnghé|Lanza Celestial|3|5|
    |帝席|Dìxí|Colchón do Emperador|3|1|
    |亢池|Kàngchí|Barcos e Lago|4|0|
    |阵车|Zhènchē|Carros de Batalla|3|2|
    |骑官|Qíguān|Gardas Imperiais|10|0|
    |车骑|Chēqí|Carros e Cabalería|3|0|
    |天辐|Tiānfú|Raios Celestiais|2|1|
    |骑阵将军|Qízhènjiāngjūn|Xeneral de Carros e Cabalería|1|0|
    |房宿|Fángxiù|Mansión da Habitación|   |   |
    |房宿|Fángxiù|Cuarto|4|6|
    |钩钤(附房宿)|Gōuqián|Pechadura (Vasalo de Cuarto)|2|0|
    |键闭|Jiànbì|Porlón|1|0|
    |罚|Fá|Castigo|3|3|
    |东咸|Dōngxián|Porta do leste|4|2|
    |西咸|Xīxián|Porta do Oeste|4|2|
    |日|Rì|Estrela Solar|1|1|
    |从官|Cóngguān|Séquito|2|1|
    |心宿|Xīnxiù|Mansión do Corazón|   |   |
    |心宿|Xīnxiù|Corazón|3|9|
    |积卒|Jīzú|Grupo de Soldados|2|2|
    |尾宿|Wěixiù|Mansión do Rabo|   |   |
    |尾宿|Wěixiù|Rabo|9|4|
    |神宫(附尾宿)|shéngōng|Vestiario (Vasalo de Rabo)|1|0|
    |龟|Guī|Sapoconcho|5|0|
    |天江|Tiānjiāng|Río Celestial|4|11|
    |傅说|Fùyuè|Fu Yue|1|0|
    |鱼|Yú|Peixe|1|0|
    |箕宿|Jīxiù|Mansión da Cesta de Mazar|   |   |
    |箕宿|Jīxiù|Cesta de mazar|4|0|
    |糠|Kāng|Palla|1|1|
    |杵|Chǔ|Pilón|3|1|
    |斗宿|Dǒuxiù|Mansión do Cazo|   |   |
    |斗宿|Dǒuxiù|Cullerón|6|5|
    |建|Jiàn|Estabelecemento|6|10|
    |天籥|Tiānyuè|Ollo da Pechadura Celestial|8|4|
    |天弁|Tiānbiàn|Oficial do mercado|9|6|
    |鳖|Biē|Tartaruga de río|11|0|
    |天鸡|Tiānjī|Galo Celestial|2|3|
    |狗国|Gǒuguó|Territorio de Can|4|3|
    |天渊|Tiānyuān|Primavera Celestial|3|3|
    |狗|Gǒu|Can|2|7|
    |农丈人|Nóngzhàngrén|Labrego|1|0|
    |牛宿|Niúxiù|Mansión do Boi|   |   |
    |牛宿|Niúxiù|Boi|6|14|
    |天田|Tiāntián|Terras Agrícolas Celestiais|4|0|
    |九坎|Jiǔkǎn|Nove Pozos de Auga|4|0|
    |河鼓|Hégǔ|Tambor no río|3|9|
    |织女|Zhinǚ|Tecelá|3|4|
    |左旗|Zuǒqí|Bandeira Esquerda|9|30|
    |右旗|Yòuqí|Bandeira Dereita|9|12|
    |天桴|Tiānfú|Pau de Tambor Celestial|4|2|
    |罗堰|Luóyàn|Rede de Dykes|3|1|
    |渐台|Jiàntái|Terraza de Clepsidra|4|7|
    |辇道|Niǎndào|Corredor Imperial|5|9|
    |女宿|Nǚxiù|Mansión da Rapariga|   |   |
    |女宿|Nǚxiù|Rapaza|4|5|
    |十二国|Shí'èrguó|Doce Estados|16|2|
    |离珠|Lízhū|Perlas sobre roupa de muller|4|1|
    |败瓜|Bàiguā|Cabaza Podre|5|3|
    |瓠瓜|Hùguā|Cabaza Sa|5|8|
    |天津|Tiānjīn|Vao Celestial|9|40|
    |奚仲|Xīzhòng|Xi Zhong|4|7|
    |扶筐|Fúkuāng|Cesto para Follas de Moreira|7|4|
    |虚宿|Xūxiù|Mansión do Baleiro|   |   |
    |虚宿|Xūxiù|Baleiro|2|8|
    |司命|Sīmìng|Xuíz de Vida Deificado|2|0|
    |司禄|Sīlù|Xuíz de Rango Deificado|2|0|
    |司危|Sīwēi|Xuíz Deificado de Desastre e Boa Fortuna|2|0|
    |司非|Sīfēi|Xuíz Deificado do Correcto e do Incorrecto|2|3|
    |哭|Kū|Choro|2|4|
    |泣|Qì|Pranto|2|2|
    |天垒城|Tiānlěichéng|Murallas Celestiais|13|2|
    |败臼|Bàijiù|Morteiro Deteriorado|4|1|
    |离瑜|Líyú|Ornamento de xade sobre roupa de muller|3|3|
    |危宿|Wēixiù|Mansión do Tellado|   |   |
    |危宿|Wēixiù|Azotea|3|14|
    |坟墓(附危宿)|Fénmù|Tumba (Vasalo de Azotea)|4|4|
    |人|Rén|Humanos|4|4|
    |杵|Chǔ|Pilón|3|2|
    |臼|Jiù|Morteiro|4|8|
    |车府|Chēfǔ|Gran Patio para Carros|7|20|
    |天钩|Tiāngōu|Gancho Celestial|9|18|
    |造父|Zàofù|Zaofu|5|5|
    |盖屋|Gàiwū|Tellado|2|0|
    |虚梁|Xūliáng|Templo|4|0|
    |天钱|Tiānqián|Diñeiro Celestial|5|3|
    |室宿|Shìxiù|Mansión do Campamento|   |   |
    |室宿|Shìxiù|Campamento|2|7|
    |离宫(附室宿)|Lígōng|Pazo de Descanso (Vasalo de Campamento)|6|8|
    |雷电|Léidiàn|Tronos e Lóstregos|6|8|
    |垒壁阵|Lěibìzhèn|Liña de Murallas|12|8|
    |羽林军|Yǔlínjūn|Garda do Palacio|45|0|
    |𫓧钺|Fūyuè|Machada|3|3|
    |北落师门|Běiluòshīmén|Porta Norte do Campo Militar|1|0|
    |八魁|Bākuí|Rede para Cazar Paxaros|6|0|
    |天纲|Tiāngāng|Materiais para Facer Tendas|1|0|
    |土公吏|Tǔgōnglì|Oficial de abastecemento de materiais|2|0|
    |螣蛇|Téngshé|Serpe Voadora|22|19|
    |壁宿|Bìxiù|Mansión do Muro|   |   |
    |壁宿|Bìxiù|Muro|2|23|
    |霹雳|Pīlì|Lóstrego|5|9|
    |云雨|Yúnyǔ|Nube e Choiva|4|10|
    |天厩|Tiānjiù|Corte Celestial|3|1|
    |𫓧锧|Fūzhì|Fouciño|5|0|
    |土公|Tǔgōng|Oficial para Movementos de Terras e Edificios|2|11|
    |奎宿|Kuíxiù|Mansión das Pernas|   |   |
    |奎宿|Kuíxiù|Pernas|16|23|
    |外屏|Wàipíng|Valo exterior|7|15|
    |天溷|Tiānhùn|Porqueira Celestial|4|6|
    |土司空|Tǔsīkōng|Mestre de Construcións|1|0|
    |军南门|Jūnnánmén|Porta Militar do Sur|1|0|
    |阁道|Gédào|Corredor Voante|6|5|
    |附路|Fùlù|Camiño Auxiliar|1|0|
    |王良|Wángliáng|Wang Liang|5|14|
    |策|Cè|Tralla|1|0|
    |娄宿|Loúxiù|Mansión do Vencello|   |   |
    |娄宿|Loúxiù|Ligazón|3|15|
    |左更|Zuǒgēng|Oficial a Cargo do Bosque|5|8|
    |右更|Yòugēng|Oficial a Cargo do Pastoreo|5|5|
    |天仓 |Tiāncāng|Celeiro Celestial Cadrado|6|21|
    |天庾|Tiānyǔ|Celeiros de Gran|3|3|
    |天大将军|Tiāndàjiāngjūn|Gran Xeneral do Ceo|11|17|
    |胃宿|Wèixiù|Mansión do Estómago|   |   |
    |胃宿|Wèixiù|Estómago|3|5|
    |天廪|Tiānlǐn|Alimentos Celestiais|4|3|
    |天囷|Tiānqūn|Celeiro Celestial Redondo|13|21|
    |大陵|Dàlíng|Mausoleo|8|21|
    |天船|Tiānchuán|Barco Celestial|9|10|
    |积尸|JīShī|Morea de Cadaveres|1|0|
    |积水|Jīshuǐ|Auga Almacenada|1|1|
    |昴宿|Mǎoxiù|Mansión da Cabeza Peluda|   |   |
    |昴宿|Mǎoxiù|Cabeza Peluda|7|13|
    |天阿|Tiān'ē|Cóncavo Celestial|1|0|
    |月|Yuè|Estrela Lunar|1|1|
    |天阴|Tiānyīn|Forza Yin Celestial|5|6|
    |刍藁|Chúgǎo|Feo|6|5|
    |天苑|Tiānyuàn|Prados Celestiais|16|18|
    |卷舌|Juǎnshé|Lingua enrolada|6|7|
    |天谗|Tiānchán|Calumnia Celestial|1|0|
    |砺石|Lìshí|Pedra de afiar|4|0|
    |毕宿|Bìxiù|Mansión da Rede|   |   |
    |毕宿|Bìxiù|Rede|8|18|
    |附耳(附毕宿)|Fù'ěr|Murmurio (Vasalo de Rede)|1|4|
    |天街|Tiānjiē|Rúa Celestial|2|4|
    |天节|Tiānjié|Reconto Celestial|8|0|
    |诸王|Zhūwáng|Reis Feudais|6|4|
    |天高|Tiāngāo|Alta Terraza Celestial|4|4|
    |九州殊口|Jiǔzhōushūkǒu|Intérpretes de Nove Dialectos|6|11|
    |五车|Wǔchē|Cinco carros|5|19|
    |柱|Zhù|Columnas|9|0|
    |天潢|Tiānhuáng|Peirao Celestial|5|2|
    |咸池|Xiánchí|Piscina de Harmonía|3|0|
    |天关|Tiānguān|Paso Celestial|1|6|
    |参旗|Shēnqí|Estandarte de tres estrelas|9|12|
    |九斿|Jiǔyóu|Bandeira Militar Imperial|9|7|
    |天园|Tiānyuán|Horta Celestial|13|6|
    |觜宿|Zīxiù|Mansión do Peteiro de Tartaruga|   |   |
    |觜宿|Zīxiù|Peteiro de Tartaruga|3|0|
    |司怪|Sīguài|Deidade a Cargo de Monstros|4|6|
    |座旗|Zuòqí|Bandeiras de Asento|9|11|
    |参宿|Shēnxiù|Mansión das Tres Estrelas|   |   |
    |参宿|Shēnxiù|Tres Estrelas|7|39|
    |伐(附参宿)|Fá|Enviar forzas armadas para reprimir (Vasalo de Tres Estrelas)|3|2|
    |玉井|Yùjǐng|Pozo de xade|4|3|
    |屏|Píng|Pantalla|2|0|
    |军井|Jūnjǐng|Pozo Militar|4|2|
    |厕|Cè|Baños|4|8|
    |屎|Shǐ|Excremento|1|0|
    |井宿|Jǐngxiù|Mansión do Ben|   |   |
    |井宿|Jǐngxiù|Well|8|19|
    |钺(附井宿)|Yuè|Machada de Batalla (Vasalo de Pozo)|1|1|
    |南河|Nánhé|Río do Sur|3|11|
    |北河|Běihé|Río do Norte|3|4|
    |天樽|Tiānzūn|Cunca de Viño Celestial|3|9|
    |五诸侯|Wǔzhūhóu|Cinco Reis Feudais|5|4|
    |积水|Jīshuǐ|Auga Acumulada|1|0|
    |积薪|Jīxīn|Pía de Leña|1|3|
    |水府|Shuǐfǔ|Oficial de Irrigación|4|8|
    |水位|Shuǐwèi|Nivel de Auga|4|12|
    |四渎|Sìdú|Catro Canles|4|8|
    |军市|Jūnshì|Mercado para Soldados|6|7|
    |野鸡|Yějī|Pita do Monte|1|0|
    |丈人|Zhàngrén|Avó|2|0|
    |子|Zǐ|Fillo|2|1|
    |孙|Sūn|Neto|2|4|
    |阙丘|Quèqiū|Porta do palacio|2|7|
    |天狼|Tiānláng|Raposo Celestial|1|6|
    |弧矢|Húshǐ|Arco e Frechas|9|32|
    |老人|Lǎorén|Home vello|1|4|
    |鬼宿|Guǐxiù|Mansión da Pantasma|   |   |
    |鬼宿|Guǐxiù|Pantasmas|4|19|
    |积尸|Jīshī|Cadáveres Amoreados|1|3|
    |爟|Guàn|Lume de Faro|4|11|
    |天狗|Tiāngǒu|Can Celestial|7|0|
    |外厨|Wàichú|Cociña exterior|6|17|
    |天社|Tiānshè|Templo do Deus da Terra|6|5|
    |天记|Tiānjì|Xuíz para Estimar a Idade dos Animais|1|2|
    |柳宿|Liǔxiù|Mansión do Salgueiro|   |   |
    |柳宿|Liǔxiù|Vimbio|8|13|
    |酒旗|Jiǔqí|Estandarte de Tenda de Viño|3|5|
    |星宿|Xīngxiù|Mansión da Estrela|   |   |
    |星宿|Xīngxiù|Mansión da Estrela|7|15|
    |天相|Tiānxiàng|Primeiro Ministro Celestial|3|11|
    |天稷*|Tiānjì|Cereais Celestiais|/|/|
    |轩辕|Xuānyuán|Xuanyuan|17|59|
    |内平|Nèipíng|Alto Xuíz|4|11|
    |张宿|Zhāngxiù|Mansión da Rede Extendida|   |   |
    |张宿|Zhāngxiù|Rede Extendida|6|5|
    |天庙*|Tiānmiào|Templo Celestial|/|/|
    |翼宿|Yìxiù|Mansión das As|   |   |
    |翼宿|Yìxiù|Ás|22|7|
    |东瓯*|Dōngōu|Dongou|/|/|
    |轸宿|Zhěnxiù|Mansión do Carro|   |   |
    |轸宿|Zhěnxiù|Carro|4|5|
    |长沙(附轸宿)|Chángshā|Changsha (Vasalo de Carro)|1|0|
    |左辖(附轸宿)|Zuǒxiá|Eixe Esquerdo (Vasalo de Carro)|1|0|
    |右辖(附轸宿)|Yoùxiá|Eixe Dereito (Vasalo de Carro)|1|0|
    |青丘|Qīngqiū|Outeiro Verde|7|3|
    |军门*|Jūnmén|Porta Militar|/|/|
    |土司空*|Tǔsīkōng|Mestre de Construcións|/|/|
    |器府*|Qìfǔ|Casa de Instrumentos Musicais|/|/|
    |近南极星区|JìnnánJí Xīngqū|O Ceo do Sur|   |   |
    |海山|Hǎishān|Mar e Montaña|4|2|
    |十字架|Shízìjià|Cruz|4|0|
    |马尾|Mǎwěi|Rabo de Cabalo|3|0|
    |马腹|Mǎfù|Abdome do Cabalo|3|0|
    |蜜蜂|Mìfēng|Abella|4|0|
    |三角形|Sānjiǎoxíng|Triángulo|3|4|
    |异雀|Yìquè|Paxaro Exótico|9|0|
    |孔雀|Kǒngquè|Pavo Real|11|4|
    |波斯|Bōsī|Persia|11|0|
    |蛇尾|Shéwěi|Rabo de Serpe|4|0|
    |蛇腹|Shéfù|Abdome de Serpe|4|0|
    |蛇首|Shéshǒu|Cabeza de Serpe|2|0|
    |鸟喙|Niǎohuì|Peteiro de Paxaro|7|1|
    |鹤 |Hè|Guindastre|12|2|
    |火鸟|Huǒniǎo|Paxaro de Lume|10|1|
    |水委|Shuǐweǐ|Auga Corrente Corrupta|3|0|
    |附白|Fùbái|Mancha Branca Próxima|2|0|
    |夹白|Jiābái|Manchas Brancas Ligadas|2|0|
    |金鱼|Jīnyú|Peixe Dourado|5|1|
    |海石|Hǎishí|Con do Mar|5|3|
    |飞鱼|Fēiyú|Peixe Voador|6|0|
    |南船|Nánchuán|Barco do Sur|5|1|
    |小斗|Xiǎodǒu|Pequeno Cullerón|9|1|
    
    nota 1: Os Xinguans con "*", elimináronse oficialmente en 1752.
    
    nota 2: O Xinguan vasalo non é un Xinguan separado, senón un fillo do Xinguan pai.
    
    ### Obxectos do ceo profundo
    
    Na China antiga tamén se descubriron algúns obxectos do espazo profundo, que foron incluídos nos Xinguans.
    
    Inclúe o seguinte:
    
    |Nome xeral|Nome chinés|Pinyin|Tradución|Alias|
    |----------|-----------|------|---------|-----|
    |NGC 6231|神宫|shéngōng|Palacio dos Deuses|Cúmulo da Caixa de Xoias do Norte|
    |NGC 6475/M 7|鱼|Yú|Peixe|Cúmulo de Ptolomeu|
    |NGC 2632/M 44|积尸|JīShī|Cadáveres Amoreados|Cúmulo da Colmea|
    |NGC 5139|库楼增一|Kùlóu Zēng I|Arsenal Engadido I|Omega Centauri|
    |NGC 224/M 31|奎宿增廿一|Kuíxiù Zēng XXI|Mansión das Pernas XXI|Galaxia de Andrómeda|
    |NGC 3372 |海山二|Hǎishān II|Mar e Montaña II|Homunculus Nebula, Eta Carinae|
    
    ### Notas
    
    Esta cultura do ceo está baseada na información incluída en *Gráfico de estrelas de contraste chinés e occidental e catálogo de estrelas 1950.0(Catálogo de estrelas)* (Chinés：中西对照恒星图表1950.0(星表分册)) e *Estudos Completos de Instrumentos Astronómicos* (Chinés：仪象考成).
    
    Grazas a Liu Chunbin pola colaboración do *Gráfico de estrelas de contraste chinés e occidental e catálogo de estrelas 1950.0(Catálogo de estrelas)*. El produciu o *Catálogo de estrelas chinesas para Stellarium* (Chinés：Stellarium 中国星官体系下中文星名扩展包) que é unha moi importante referencia.
    
    Algunhas estrelas foron engadidas da *Historia da Observación de Estrelas en China* (Chinés：中国恒星观测史).
    
    Para traducir as constelacións usamos o *English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names* (Chinés：中国星区、星官及星名英译表) do Hong Kong Space Museum. Só se modifica unha pequena parte da tradución, por exemplo, cando as traducións de dous xingguans diferentes é a mesma.
    
    Hai sete estrelas con nomes de estrelas chinesas sen os números HIP correspondentes, polo que non se poden mostrar en Stellarium. Son Mar e Montaña II (η Car), Cinco Carros Engadidos XVIII (12 Aur), Home Virtuoso Recomendado Engadido VI (39 Vir), Gran Corno Engadido II (CN Boo), Cabeza Peluda Engadida X (24 Tau), Corazón Engadido VII (18 Oph), Río do Sur Engadido XI (GC 10303).
    
    As connotacións culturais do nome non se poden explicar perfectamente, porque pasaron miles de anos, as connotacións que hai tras certos nomes son controvertidas. estas só son traducións posibles. Os caracteres chineses son caracteres ideográficos, o que leva a que algúns nomes completamente diferentes teñan a mesma pronuncia. Polo tanto, a transliteración en pinyin só se proporciona para que os nomes das estrelas sexan lexibles.

note: Chinese sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was initially contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on Hong Kong Space Museum star maps (no longer available online).
    
    Sun Shuwei [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com) replenishes more than 200 Xingguans and more than 3,000 stars, based primarily on the book*Chinese and Western Contrast Star Chart and Catalogue 1950.0* by Yi Shitong, and add the description.
gl:  Esta cultura do ceo foi contribuída inicialmente por Karrie Berglund de Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. baseada en mapas estrela do Museo do Espazo de Hong Kong (xa non está dispoñible en liña).
    
    Sun Shuwei [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com) repón máis de 200 Xinguans e máis de 3,000 estrelas, baseándose principalmente no libro *Gráfico de estrelas de contraste chinés e occidental e catálogo de estrelas 1950.0* de Yi Shitong, e engade a descrición.

note: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century) sky culture name
en: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century)
gl: Ceo Chinés Chenzhuo (século III)

note: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: This sky culture, based on the Chen Zhuo Star Catalog, the *Three Schools’ Star Canons*, the *Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido* and other star maps, strives to faithfully reconstruct the celestial landscape of the 3rd century CE. It represents the earliest state of the constellations (or star officials, xingguan星官) compiled by Chen Zhuo.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo, baseada no Catálogo Estelar de Chen Zhuo, os *Canóns Estelares das Tres Escolas*, o *Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido* e outros mapas estelares, esfórzase por reconstruír fielmente a paisaxe celeste do século III d.C. Representa o estado máis antigo das constelacións (ou oficiais de estrelas, xingguan星官) compilados por Chen Zhuo.

note: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### The Evolution of Chen Zhuo Constellations
    
    The integration of the Three Schools constellations by Chen Zhuo (230s-320s CE) is a milestone in the history of Chinese astronomy. The "Three Schools constellations" refer to those created by Shi school, Gan school, and Wu Xian school, named after Shishen (石申) and Gande (甘德) from the Warring States period and Wuxian (巫咸), a legendary astronomer from the Shang dynasty (1600 BCE - 1046 BCE). Research suggests the formation of these constellation systems occurred during the Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE). Later, during the Three Kingdoms (220 CE - 280 CE) or Western Jin (265 CE - 316 CE) period, the Grand Historian Chen Zhuo synthesized these traditions into a new system, encompassing 283 constellations and 1,464 stars.
    
    However, over this long transmission period, the positions and shapes of Chen Zhuo constellations underwent noticeable changes due to transcription errors on star maps. The Northern Song constellations, as reflected in the Huangyou Star Catalog, the *Xin yixiang fayao* star map, and the Suzhou Star Map already show clear differences from those of Chen Zhuo and the original Three Schools in Han dynasty.
    
    ### Reconstruction of the Earliest Chen Zhuo Constellations
    
    The primary works of Chen Zhuo and the Three Schools have been lost, and much of the early documentation of their constellations is no longer extant. While some data from the Shi school survived in Tang dynasty texts like the *Kaiyuan zhanjing* (开元占经, Divination Canon of Kaiyuan Reign) and the *Tiandi ruixiangzhi* (天地瑞祥志, Treatise on Celestial and Terrestrial Omens), early positional descriptions for the Gande and Wuxian constellations exist only in fragments. This scarcity of materials has long hindered scholars' efforts to reconstruct and understand early Chinese sky.
    
    Recently, Boshun YANG discovered new records of stellar coordinates that differ from previously known star catalogs like Jingyou and Huangyou. These records encompass the 28 lodges (xiu) as well as constellations from the three schools. After research, he found it is a star catalog formed by Chen Zhuo based on the integration of the coordinate data of the three schools in the Han Dynasty. The Shi School data not only correct Tang Dynasty records but also include previously unrecorded information. More significantly, the Gande and Wuxian data are entirely novel and originate from Han dynasty observations. Further research indicates that these data were primarily observed during the Han Dynasty, aligning well with descriptions in the *Three Schools’ Star Canons* and early star maps like the *Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido*, the Dunhuang Star Map, and the *Gezi yuejin tu*. This discovery has proven crucial for reconstructing the early Chinese sky.
    
    The majority of the early celestial officials can be reliably restored by combining the Chen Zhuo catalogue, the *Three Schools’ Star Canons*, and the early star maps. Due to the errors in the star tables and maps, as well as the ambiguity in the early text descriptions, a small number of constellations may require further improvement.
    
    ### Scientific Value and Cultural Significance of Early Constellations
    
    The Chinese constellation system offers unique contributions to modern astronomical research. Ancient Chinese astronomers conducted detailed and prolonged observations, leaving extensive records of phenomena like meteors, comets, guest stars, and auroras, all referenced against constellations. Restoring early constellations aids in accurately locating these events, enhancing the application of ancient records in contemporary astronomy. For instance, the early Purple Palace in this sky culture has been instrumental in identifying the ancient counterpart of the nova remnant Z Cam.
    
    This sky culture preserves the original appearances and positions of numerous star groupings, with some examples highlighted below.
    
     - **Shape**: The *Huagai* (华盖, Canopy of the Emperor) constellation initially resembled some ceremonial parasols used by Han emperors, while later depictions evolved into circular or irregular shapes, losing their cultural connotation. The *Neijie* (内阶, Inner Steps) was modeled after the *Santai* (三台, Three Steps; also known as *Tianjie* (天阶, the Heavenly Steps); they serve as paths that connected the *Zigong* (紫宫, Purple Palace), *Taiwei* (太微, Supreme Palace), and *Wenchang* (文昌, Administrative Centre), symbolizing imperial pathways. Thus, it has a shape of staircase.
     - **Position**: The *Tianfu* (天桴, Celestial Drumstick) was originally located near the *Hegu* (河鼓, Drum at the River) and this position is in line with its astrological meaning. Over time, it was gradually moved downward, and its connection with *Hegu* gradually weakened. Similarly, the *Lishi* (砺石, Whetstone) was initially placed near the *Wuche* (五车, Five Chariots), whose northwest star, *Tianku* (天库, Celestial Arsenal), represented generals and military affairs. Since *Lishi* can sharpen blades, it was located below *Tianku* to assist it, aiming to make weapons sharp and achieve victory. After the Song dynasty, the Whetstone moved near the *Juanshe* (卷舌, Rolled Tongue), diverging from its original intent.
    
    The initial shapes and arrangements of the Three Schools constellations were meticulously designed by their creators, with some configurations mirroring the forms of real-world objects, and spatial relationships encoding astrological meanings. These original meanings were often lost as the constellations evolved over time.
    
    This sky culture is thus invaluable for uncovering the original scientific and cultural meanings embedded in early Chinese constellations.
gl: ### A evolución das constelacións de Chen Zhuo
    
    A integración das constelacións das Tres Escolas por Chen Zhuo (230s-320s CE) é un fito na historia da astronomía chinesa. As "constelacións das Tres Escolas" refírense ás creadas pola escola Shi, a escola Gan e a escola Wu Xian, que reciben o nome de Shishen (石申) e Gande (甘德) do período dos Reinos Combatentes e Wuxian (巫咸), un astrónomo lendario da dinastía Shang (1600 a. C. - 1046 a. C.). A investigación suxire que a formación destes sistemas de constelacións ocorreu durante a dinastía Han (202 a. C. - 220 d.C.). Máis tarde, durante o período dos Tres Reinos (220 CE - 280 CE) ou Jin Occidental (265 CE - 316 CE), o Gran Historiador Chen Zhuo sintetizou estas tradicións nun novo sistema, que abarca 283 constelacións e 1.464 estrelas.
    
    Non obstante, durante este longo período de transmisión, as posicións e formas das constelacións de Chen Zhuo sufriron cambios notables debido a erros de transcrición nos mapas estelares. As constelacións Northern Song, como se reflicte no Catálogo de estrelas de Huangyou, o mapa estelar *Xin yixiang fayao* e o Mapa estelar de Suzhou xa mostran claras diferenzas coas de Chen Zhuo e as Tres Escolas orixinais da dinastía Han.
    
    ### Reconstrución das primeiras constelacións de Chen Zhuo
    
    As obras primarias de Chen Zhuo e as Tres Escolas perdéronse, e gran parte da primeira documentación das súas constelacións xa non existe. Aínda que algúns datos da escola Shi sobreviviron nos textos da dinastía Tang como o *Kaiyuan zhanjing* (开元占经, Canon de adiviñación do reinado de Kaiyuan) e o *Tiandi ruixiangzhi* (天地瑞祥志, Tratado sobre os celestes e terrestres), a única posición e descrición de Gandelas existen nas primeiras descricións de Wusxian. fragmentos. Esta escaseza de materiais dificultou durante moito tempo os esforzos dos estudosos para reconstruír e comprender o ceo chinés primitivo.
    
    Recentemente, Boshun YANG descubriu novos rexistros de coordenadas estelares que difieren dos catálogos de estrelas anteriormente coñecidos como Jingyou e Huangyou. Estes rexistros abarcan as 28 loxas (xiu) así como as constelacións das tres escolas. Despois da investigación, descubriu que se trata dun catálogo de estrelas formado por Chen Zhuo baseado na integración dos datos de coordenadas das tres escolas da dinastía Han. Os datos da Escola Shi non só corrixen os rexistros da dinastía Tang senón que tamén inclúen información non rexistrada anteriormente. O máis significativo é que os datos de Gande e Wuxian son totalmente novos e proceden de observacións da dinastía Han. Investigacións posteriores indican que estes datos foron observados principalmente durante a dinastía Han, aliñando ben coas descricións dos *Canons de estrelas das Tres Escolas* e nos primeiros mapas estelares como o *Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido*, o mapa estelar de Dunhuang e o *Gezi yuejin tu*. Este descubrimento resultou crucial para reconstruír o ceo chinés primitivo.
    
    A maioría dos primeiros oficiais celestes pódense restaurar de forma fiable combinando o catálogo de Chen Zhuo, os *Canons de estrelas das Tres Escolas* e os primeiros mapas estelares. Debido ós erros nas táboas e mapas de estrelas, así como á ambigüidade nas primeiras descricións do texto, un pequeno número de constelacións pode requirir melloras.
    
    ### Valor científico e significado cultural das primeiras constelacións
    
    O sistema de constelacións chinés ofrece contribucións únicas á investigación astronómica moderna. Os antigos astrónomos chineses realizaron observacións detalladas e prolongadas, deixando amplos rexistros de fenómenos como meteoros, cometas, chuvias de estrelas e auroras, todos referidos a constelacións. Restaurar as primeiras constelacións axuda a localizar con precisión estes eventos, mellorando a aplicación dos rexistros antigos na astronomía contemporánea. Por exemplo, o primeiro palacio vermello desta cultura do ceo foi fundamental para identificar a antiga contraparte do remanente de nova Z Cam.
    
    Esta cultura do ceo conserva as aparencias e posicións orixinais de numerosas agrupacións estelares, destacando algúns exemplos a continuación.
    
    - **Forma**: a constelación *Huagai* (华盖, Dosel do Emperador) representaba inicialmente a algúns parasoles cerimoniais usados ​​polos emperadores Han, mentres que as representacións posteriores evolucionaron cara a formas circulares ou irregulares, perdendo a súa connotación cultural. O *Neijie* (内阶, Pasos Interiores) foi modelado despois do *Santai* (三台, Tres Pasos; tamén coñecido como *Tianjie* (天阶, os Pasos Celestiais); serven como camiños que conectaban o *Zigong* (紫宫, Palacio Vermello), *宫, *Palacio Vermello), *宾, *Palacio Taiwei) (文昌, Centro Administrativo), que simboliza os camiños imperiais Así, ten forma de escaleira.
    - **Posición**: o *Tianfu* (天桴, Baqueta celeste) estaba orixinalmente situado preto do *Hegu* (河鼓, Tambor no río) e esta posición está en consonancia co seu significado astrolóxico. Co paso do tempo, foi movido gradualmente cara abaixo, e a súa conexión con *Hegu* debilitouse gradualmente. Do mesmo xeito, o *Lishi* (砺石, Pedra de afilar) foi inicialmente colocado preto do *Wuche* (五车, Cinco carros), cuxa estrela noroeste, *Tianku* (天库, Arsenal Celestial), representaba os xenerais e os asuntos militares. Dado que *Lishi* pode afiar as armas, estaba situado debaixo de *Tianku* para axudalo, co obxectivo de facer as armas afiadas e lograr a vitoria. Despois da dinastía Song, a pedra de afilar trasladouse preto de *Juanshe* (卷舌, Lingua enrolada), diverxendo da súa intención orixinal.
    
    As formas e disposicións iniciais das constelacións das Tres Escolas foron deseñadas meticulosamente polos seus creadores, con algunhas configuracións que reflicten as formas de obxectos do mundo real e as relacións espaciais que codifican significados astrolóxicos. Estes significados orixinais perdéronse moitas veces a medida que as constelacións evolucionaron co paso do tempo.
    
    Esta cultura do ceo é, polo tanto, inestimable para descubrir os significados científicos e culturais orixinais incorporados nas primeiras constelacións chinesas.

note: Chinese Chenzhuo Sky (3rd Century) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Dr. YANG Boshun (杨伯顺). [bsyang@ustc.edu.cn](mailto:bsyang@ustc.edu.cn)
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi achegada polo doutor YANG Boshun (杨伯顺). [bsyang@ustc.edu.cn](mailto:bsyang@ustc.edu.cn)

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture name
en: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky
gl: Ceo Chinés da Dinastía Song

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: This sky culture is based on the observation data of Huangyou four years (1052 AD), and presents the medieval Chinese sky map as faithfully as possible. This sky culture includes 283 Xingguans (星官, Chinese Constellations) and 1464 stars (including clusters M7, M44) of the *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map*. And the determinative star is marked for each Xingguan that can determine the determinative star. The boundaries of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions are based on 1052 AD.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo baséase nos datos de observación de Huangyou en catro anos (1052 AD) e presenta o mapa do ceo medieval chinés o máis fielmente posible. Esta cultura do ceo inclúe 283 xingguans (星 官, constelacións chinesas) e 1464 estrelas (incluídos os cúmulos M7, M44) do *Mapa de Estrelas de Xinyixiangfayao*. E a estrela determinativa está marcada para cada Xingguan, o que pode determinar a estrela determinativa. Os límites das Vinte e oito mansións lunares baséanse no 1052 d.C.

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Medieval Xingguans
    
    From the Three Kingdoms Period to the Ming Dynasty, covering the whole of the Middle Ages, China's star map is similar.
    
    The Xingguans originated in ancient times. Wuxian (巫咸) of Shang Dynasty(16th century BC-1046 BC), Gan De (甘德) and Shi Shen (石申) of The Warring States Period (475–221 BC), created their own Xingguan system respectively. During the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), Chen Zhuo (陈卓) summarized the Xingguans system of Gan De, Shi Shen and Wuxian, including 283 Xingguans and 1464 stars. Since then, Xingguan system has been basically defined, and after a thousand years, there has not been much change. Since the 17th century, Western astronomy has had an impact on Chinese astronomy, and the shape and number of Xingguans have changed significantly. Only about half of the constellations maintained the medieval style.
    
    Determinative star is an important concept. In the Middle Ages, Chinese astronomers did not name all stars, and each Xingguans was chosen as a major star called determinative star. In ancient China, astronomical measurements measured its coordinate position, and other stars in the Xingguan were rarely mentioned. However, some important constellations will be selected more stars for observation and recording. In ancient China, astronomers used mansion distance degrees (determinative star distance) and polar distance degrees to record the position of stars. **In ancient China, the determinative stars of Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions was the benchmark for determining the longitude of the equatorial coordinate system**.
    
    The *Song of the Sky Pacers* (步天歌) is an early Chinese star catalogue in the form of poem in heptasyllabic verse, enumerating the names of stars.
    
    Below is *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map* from Su Song(苏颂, 1020-1101 AD).
    
    ![](illustrations/xyxfy.png)
    
    *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map(1088 AD)*
    
    ### Restore Sky Map
    
    The sky map of the Song dynasty is typical of the Chinese medieval sky map. In 1052 AD, the Song Dynasty official conducted accurate stellar measurements, leaving a lot of data.
    
    Pan Nai(潘鼐) collated these astronomical observations data and based on the *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map*, he restored most of the Song Dynasty's Xingguan in his masterpiece *The History of Stellar Observation in China*, which is the most important reference book. Qi Rui (齐锐) and Wan Haoyi (万昊宜) also restored the Xingguans of the Song Dynasty in the book *Roving China Heavens*, which is also an important reference book.
    
    Due to the limitation of observation conditions in Song Dynasty, combined with instruments, circulated errors and other reasons, different scholars restored the sky map is somewhat different.
    
    Based on these books, Stellarium can almost truly present the Chinese medieval sky map of Huangyou four years (1052 AD).
    
    ### Planets
    
    Taiyang (太阳), Sun. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of yang,
    
    Taiyin (太阴), Moon. The name comes from yin and yang, meaning a lot of Yin,
    
    Chen Star (辰星), Mercury. Chen is an angle unit, which refers to about 30 degrees. Mercury is always within 30 degrees of the sun.
    
    Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai means big and white.
    
    Yinghuo (荧惑), Mars. The colors of Mars are like fire, and movement is confusing.
    
    Sui Star (岁星), Jupiter. It means the old star. Jupiter travels around the celestial sphere for a week every 12 years. The ancients took Jupiter's position as the standard of the chronology.
    
    Zhen Star (填星), Saturn. Zhen, means passing Lunar Mansions. Saturn travels around the celestial sphere about every 28 years. Saturn will pass through a Lunar Mansion every year.
gl: ### Xingguans Medievais
    
    Dende o período dos tres reinos ata a dinastía Ming, que abarca toda a Idade Media, o mapa das estrelas de China é similar.
    
    Os xingguans orixináronse na antigüidade. Wuxian (巫咸) da dinastía Shang (século XVI a.C.-1046 a.C.), Gan De (甘德) e Shi Shen (石 Período) do período dos Estados en Guerra (475-221 a. C.), crearon o seu propio sistema Xingguan respectivamente. Durante o período dos Tres Reinos (220-280 dC), Chen Zhuo (陈卓) resumiu o sistema xingguan de Gan De, Shi Shen e Wuxian, incluíndo 283 xingguans e 1464 estrelas. Desde entón, o sistema Xingguan quedou basicamente definido e despois de mil anos non se produciron moitos cambios. Dende o século XVII a astronomía occidental tivo un impacto na astronomía chinesa, e a forma e o número de xingguans cambiaron significativamente. Só preto da metade das constelacións mantiveron o estilo medieval.
    
    A estrela determinativa é un concepto importante. Na Idade Media os astrónomos chineses non nomearon todas as estrelas, e en cada Xingguan foi elixida unha estrela principal chamada estrela determinativa. Na China antiga as medidas astronómicas mediron a súa posición de coordenadas e raramente se mencionaron outras estrelas no Xingguan. Non obstante, nalgunhas constelacións importantes seleccionáronse máis estrelas para a súa observación e rexistro. Na antiga China os astrónomos empregaron os graos de aloxamento lunar (distancia da estrela determinativa) e os graos da distancia polar para rexistrar a posición das estrelas. **Na China antiga as estrelas determinativas das Vinte e oito mansións lunares foron o referente para determinar a lonxitude do sistema de coordenadas ecuatorial.**.
    
    A *Canción dos ceos*  (步天歌) é un catálogo de estrelas chinés en forma de poema en verso heptasílabo, que enumera os nomes das estrelas.
    
    A continuación móstrase o *Mapa de estrelas de Xinyixiangfayao* de Su Song(苏颂, 1020-1101 AD).
    
    ![](illustrations/xyxfy.png)
    
    *Mapa de estrelas de Xinyixiangfayao(1088 AD)*
    
    ### Restaurar Mapa do Ceo
    
    O mapa do ceo da dinastía Song é o típico do mapa medieval do ceo chinés. No 1052 d.C, o funcionario da Dinastía Song realizou medicións estelares precisas, deixando moitos datos.
    
    Pan Nai(潘鼐) engadiu estes datos de observacións astronómicas e baseouse no *Mapa de estrelas de Xinyixiangfayao* , restaurou a maior parte dos Xingguans da dinastía Song na súa obra mestra *A Historia da Observación Estelar en China* , que é o libro de referencia máis importante. Qi Rui (齐锐) e Wan Haoyi (万昊宜) tamén restauraron os Xingguans da dinastía Song no libro *Ceos de China* , que tamén un importante libro de referencia.
    
    Debido á limitación das condicións de observación na dinastía Song, combinada con instrumentos, erros nos círculos e outras razóns, diferentes estudosos restauraron o mapa do ceo.
    
    Con base nestes libros, Stellarium pode presentar realmente o mapa do ceo medieval chinés de catro anos de Huangyou (1052 AD).
    
    ### Planetas
    
    Taiyang (太阳), Sol. O nome vén de yin e yang, que significa unha morea de yang,
    
    Taiyin (太阴), Lúa. O nome provén de yin and yang, que significa unha morea de Yin,
    
    Chen Star (辰星), Mercurio. Chené unha unidade angular que se refire máis ou menos a 30 graos. Mercurio está tamén a 30 graos do Sol.
    
    Taibai (太白), Venus. Taibai significa grande e branco.
    
    Yinghuo (荧惑), Marte. As cores de Marte son coma o lume, e o seu movemento confuso.
    
    Estrela Sui (岁星), Xúpiter. Significa a vella estrela. Xúpiter viaxa arredor da esfera celeste durante unha semana cada 12 anos. Os antigos tomaron a posición de Xúpiter como estándar da cronoloxía.
    
    Estrela Zhen (填星), Saturno. Zhen significa pasar mansións lunares. Saturno viaxa arredor da esfera celeste aproximadamente cada 28 anos. Saturno pasará por unha mansión lunar cada ano.

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Pan Nai. The History of Stellar Observation in China
     - [#2]: Qi Rui and Wan Haoyi. Roving China Heavens
     - [#3]: Su Song. *Xinyixiangfayao Star Map*
     - [#4]: *Records of the Grand Historian*
     - [#5]: *Book of Sui*
     - [#6]: *History of Song*
    
    ### External links
    
     - [wikipedia - Su Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song)
     - [History of Song](http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html)
     - [Records of the Grand Historian](http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html)
     - [(Chinese) Song of the Sky Pacers](https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm)
     - [wikipedia - Song of the Sky Pacers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers)
     - [(Chinese) Chinese Heaven in WWT Community Beijing](http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm)
gl:  - [#1]: Pan Nai. The History of Stellar Observation in China
     - [#2]: Qi Rui and Wan Haoyi. Roving China Heavens
     - [#3]: Su Song. *Mapa de estrelas de Xinyixiangfayao*
     - [#4]: *Records of the Grand Historian*
     - [#5]: *Libro de Sui*
     - [#6]: *Historia de Song*
    
    ### Ligazóns externas
    
     - [wikipedia - Su Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song)
     - [Histooria de Song](http://chinesenotes.com/songshi.html)
     - [Records of the Grand Historian](http://chinesenotes.com/shiji.html)
     - [(Chinés) Canción do líder do ceo](https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/archive/Research/Literature/c_research_literature_9.htm)
     - [wikipedia - Canción do líder do ceo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sky_Pacers)
     - [(Chinese) Ceo Chinés en WWT Community Beijing](http://wwt.china-vo.org/why/chineseheaven.htm)

note: Chinese Song Dynasty Sky sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Sun Shuwei* (孙殳玮) . [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com)
gl: A esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium contribuíu *Sun Shuwei* (孙殳玮) . [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com)

note: Egyptian sky culture name
en: Egyptian
gl: Exipcio

note: Egyptian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Late Egyptian astronomy/astrology follows that of Greco/Roman culture. The belief that the stars could influence human destiny does not appear to have reached Egypt until the Ptolemaic period. The temple of Hathor at Denderah dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE, and has a wonderful illustration of the sky that illustrates this point.
gl: A astronomía / astroloxía exipcia tardía segue a da cultura grecorromana. A crenza de que as as estrelas puidesen influír no destino humano non chegou a Exipto ata o período ptolemaico. O templo de Hathor en Denderah data da época ptolemaica, probablemente do século I a.C., e ten unha marabillosa ilustración do ceo que mostra este punto.

note: Egyptian sky culture description section in markdown format
en: However there were differences in names. For example, Cancer the Crab is represented by the Scarab Beetle. The figure of the Lion near the Scales (which is not the zodiacal Lion) is the constellation Centaurus [#1].
    
    Earlier constellations are more problematic, but some indications exist that some modern zodiac signs are very ancient indeed [#2], although the constellations did change significantly over time [#3].
    
    The Egyptians recognized five planets and called them the "stars that knew no rest". Their movement across the heavens reminded the Egyptians of the five gods sailing across the sky in their solar barque (boat). The planet now known as Jupiter was called "Horus Who Limits the Two Lands"; Mars was "Horus of the Horizon"; Mercury was "Sebegu", associated with Set; Saturn was "Horus the Bull of the Sky"; and Venus was "the God of the Morning" [#7].
gl: Non obstante houbo diferenzas nos nomes. Por exemplo, Cancer o Cangrexo está representado polo Escaravello Scarab. A figura do león preto das escamas (que non é o león zodiacal) é a constelación de Centauro [#1].
    
    As constelacións anteriores son máis problemáticas, pero hai algúns indicios de que algúns signos do zodiaco modernos son moi antigos [#2], aínda que as constelacións mudaron significativamente co paso do tempo [#3].
    
    Os exipcios recoñeceron cinco planetas e chamáronlles as "estrelas que non teñen descanso". O seu movemento polos ceos recordoulles os cinco deuses que navegaban polo ceo na súa barca solar. O planeta agora coñecido como Xúpiter foi chamado "Horus que limita con dúas terras"; Marte era "Horus do Horizonte"; Mercurio era "Sebegu", asociado a Set; Saturno era "Horus o touro do ceo"; e Venus era "o deus da mañá" [#7].

note: Egyptian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 17: *Mithraic uranography*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-17.html).
     - [#2]: [Three archaic Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?](http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm)
     - [#3]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 15: *Farnese celestial globe*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-15.html).
     - [#4]: [http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html](http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm](http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm)
     - [#6]: [http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html](http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html)
     - [#7]: <notr>Pat Remler: Egyptian mythology A to Z / 3rd ed., 2010, Chelsea House, ISBN 978-1-60413-926-6</notr>
gl:  - [#1]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 17: *Mithraic uranography*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-17.html).
     - [#2]: [Three archaic Egyptian constellations used as seasonal markers?](http://www.catchpenny.org/thoth/3arch.htm)
     - [#3]: Gary D. Thompson. *Ancient Zodiacs, Star Names, and Constellations: Essays and Annotated Bibliographies*. Section 11: *Episodic survey of the history of the Occidental/Oriental constellations, and significant investigators.* [Illustration 15: *Farnese celestial globe*](http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/page11-15.html).
     - [#4]: [http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html](http://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/diglib/science/cultural_astronomy/cultures_egypt-2.html)
     - [#5]: [http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm](http://www.egyptologyonline.com/astronomy.htm)
     - [#6]: [http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html](http://www.starteachastronomy.com/egyptian.html)
     - [#7]: Pat Remler: Egyptian mythology A to Z / 3rd ed., 2010, Chelsea House, ISBN 978-1-60413-926-6

note: Egyptian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based on the paper "A Map of the Ancient Egyptian Firmament” by Juan Antonio Belmonte.
    
    This sky culture was updated by misibacsi (names of planets)
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíu *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. a partir de "Un mapa do antigo firmamento exipcio” de Juan Antonio Belmonte.
    
    Esta cultura do ceo foi adaptada por misibacsi (nomes de planetas)

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture name
en: Egyptian (Dendera)
gl: Exipcio (Dendera)

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p>The sculptured Dendera zodiac (or Denderah zodiac) is a widely known Egyptian bas-relief from the ceiling of the pronaos (or portico) of a chapel dedicated to Osiris in the Hathor temple at Dendera. This chapel was begun in the late Ptolemaic period when Egypt was ruled by (Greek) successors of Alexander the Great (hellenistic Egypt: 305-30 BCE). Its <i>pronaos</i> (a hall in front of the holy chamber) was added by the Roman emperor Tiberius (14-37 CE). This led Jean-François Champollion (18th century) to date the relief to the Greco-Roman period (while most of his contemporaries believed it to be of a millennium earlier because of the Egyptian style of the figures - this is not believed anymore). Today, French archaeologists date it to exactly 54 BCE [1].  The relief is now on display at the Musée du Louvre, Paris (France).</p>
gl: <p>O zodíaco esculpido de Dendera (ou zodíaco de Denderah) é un baixorrelevo
    exipcio moi coñecido do teito do pronaos (ou pórtico) dunha capela dedicada
    a Osiris no templo de Hathor en Dendera. Esta capela comezou a finais do
    período ptolemaico cando Exipto estaba gobernado polos sucesores (gregos) de
    Alexandre Magno (Exipto helenístico: 305-30 a.C.). O seu <i>pronaos</i> (un
    salón fronte á cámara santa) foi engadido polo emperador romano Tiberio
    (14-37 d.C.). Isto levou a Jean-François Champollion (século XVIII) a datar
    o relevo no período grecorromano (mentres que a maioría dos seus
    contemporáneos crían que era dun milenio antes polo estilo exipcio das
    figuras -xa non se cre). Hoxe, os arqueólogos franceses datan exactamente no
    54 a. C. [1]. O relevo está agora exposto no Musée du Louvre, París
    (Francia). </p>

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The temple in (today's) Egypt probably dates to the Roman (or Late Greek) time of Egypt and, thus, does not show the original Egyptian sky but a mixture of Greco-Roman, Egyptian and Babylonian figures, all drawn in an Egyptian style.
    
    <p><img width="600" src="illustrations/Dendera_zodiac_Louvre.jpg"/></p>
    <p><i>Photograph for the display in Musée du Louvre (Paris), Public Domain/ CC0. The plate is 255 x 253 cm in size.</i></p>
    
    ### List of constellation figure
    
    <p><table>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td> <img width="255" src="illustrations/ari.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Aries</b><br />a ram (not the Babylonian Hired Man, not the Roman ram that jumps through a ring)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/tau.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Taurus</b><br />a bull (not the Babylonian halfed bull)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/gem.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Gemini</b><br />a couple (Shu & Tefnut), i.e. a woman and a man (neither the Babylonian warriors nor the Greek heroes)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cnc.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Cancer</b><br />a crab (as usual)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/leo+erua.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Leo</b><br />a lion (as usual)<br />with a woman whose head is at Coma Berenices</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/vir.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Virgo</b><br />a maiden, depicted like the Babylonian goddess Shala (clay tablet AO 6448 from Uruk)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lib.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Libra</b><br />a balance (as usual)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sco.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Scorpius</b><br />a scorpion (as usual)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sgr.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Sagittarius</b><br />this figure is an Egyptised version of the Babylonian god Pabilsang; the double-head indicates a mythical context</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cap.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Capricornus</b><br />a goat-fish (Babylonian)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aqr+psa.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Aquarius</b><br />Egyptian god of the Nile, Hapi</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/psc.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodiac</td>
    	<td><b>Pisces</b><br />two fish (not the Babylonian "tails of the Giant Swallow" and not "Swallow-Fish")</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/uma_wagon+fox+ewe+yoke.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Ursa Major</b><br />the Bull's Thigh is Egyptian (also depicted on diagonal star clocks, two millennia earlier),
      the Jackal and the Sheep are at the places of the Babylonian asterisms "Fox" and "Ewe"</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lup+cen.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>Lupus</b><br />the beast is at the place of the Babylonian "Mad Dog" (rabid dog) and the Greco-Roman Lupus</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/nilpferd.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Bootes, Corona Borealis and others</b><br />the hippo goddess is an old Egyptian goddess who guards the celestial pole and the Bull's Thigh (constellation)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/hya+crv.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Hydra and Corvus</b><br />the huge snake with the bird on its tail is the new interpretation of the Babylonian constellations Snake (Mush-Dragon) and Raven</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ori.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>Orion</b><br />Osiris is a deified Egyptian king</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/horusfalke_canopus.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>southwesternmost part of Argo plus Columba</b><br />a falcon sitting on a canopy - obviously an Egyptian constellation that remains today as a star name</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sirius_bow+arrow.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>Canis Major</b><br />Sothis is the Egyptian name of a constellation around Sirius; in Babylon, there is a goddess with Bow and Arrow at this place</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/himmelskuh_sirius.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>Canis Minor</b><br />as all other bright stars in the area are already decorated, this heavenly cow apparently needs to be placed on Procyon</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lep.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>Lepus</b><br />in Babylonian uranology, a rooster is placed below the Orion-constellation in the modern Lepus; this bird is apparently the Egyptian version of it</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/peg.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Pegasus area</b><br />the Babylonian constellation of The Field is a quadrilateral of bright stars. It looks like the Egyptian hieroglyph for "water" which makes sense in the neighbourhood of fish.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aql_gegend.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Aquila area</b><br />this small dark bird (a duck?) apparently is located in the area of Aquila. For the time being, I put it on the bright star (Altair).</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/corpse.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Delphinus area</b><br />next to this bird, there is a cadaver of an animal - interestingly at the place of the Babylonian constellation of "the Corpse"</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cyg_gegend.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Cygnus / Cepheus area</b><br />?</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lyr_gula.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Lyra / Ophiuchus area</b><br />there is a huge Egyptian figure in the area of Lyra and Ophiuchus. In Lyra was the Babylonian constellation of the goddess of medicine, while Ophiuchus is the Greek equivalent. Thus, this might possibly be the Egyptian mythological founder of medicine, Imhotep.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cet_unterAri.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>Cetus area</b><br />?</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/Leo_below_3.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>Centaurus area</b><br />the Egyptian figure shows a landworker and at this place, there is the Babylonian god of agriculture and war (Ningirsu), so this might be a very strange depiction of the Egyptian god Min who was merged with Greek Pan in late epochs</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/Leo_below_2.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td><td>
    	<b>eastern and southern Argo area</b><br />the image shows a mother goddess, in Egyptian this is Isis and in Babylonian this would be Ninmakh (who is indeed positioned at this place)</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/Leo_below.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>northwestern Argo area</b><br />the hat of this woman resembles the Egyptian goddess Anuket, the goddess of the Nile flood. In Babylonian uranology of the middle first millennium, there is the goddess Nunki at this area: due to the sound of the names, an exchange or transfer is likely.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/goat.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Auriga</b><br />goat is at the position of the constellation Auriga (neither in Babylonian nor in Greek tradition, there is a goat at this place. Highly likely, the Roman star name Capella (the Goat) resembles this Egyptian constellation.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/alfCen_512.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>alpha Centauri area</b><br />the ceiling clearly depicts an Egyptian Chenti Irti figure: this little creature should be positioned in the area around/ above the bright star alpha Centauri, and there is no Greek or Babylonian equivalent. The meaning of Chenti Irti is unclear but a suggestion is "the sharp sighted one" which could make sense for a bright star that is only roughly 5° above the horizon (2nd c. BCE in Egypt)</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/udjat.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>"above" Aries</b><br />the udjat eye in this context probably refers to the spring equinox</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/affe.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Perseus area</b><br />the baboon is an attribute or representation of the Egyptian god Thoth and therefore worshipped. However, it is uncertain whether this particular baboon is connected to Thoth.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/vogel.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Ursa Minor area</b><br />a falcon (one of the many falcon deities)</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cas_grp.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Cassiopeia area (or Cas/And)</b><br />?</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    </p>
    
    ### Planets
    
    In this sky culture, some Egyptian names are attached to the planets. Honestly, each planet had many names, sometimes depending on the context (e.g. Venus as morning star and evening star). We cannot include all names in the Stellarium name but they are stored in other database. On the Dendera ceiling, the planets are represented at fixed positions and as deities.
    
    The planets are depicted as deities in their "standard position". As planets move, they can only be presented in the sky by defining fixed positions where the figurative representation is found in every celestial map, every star list and catalogue.
    
    <p>These standard positions:
     <table class="layout">
      <tr><td>Sun</td> <td>Aries</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Moon</td> <td>Taurus</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Venus</td> <td>Pisces</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Jupiter</td> <td>Cancer (or betw. Cnc and Leo)</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Mercury</td> <td>Virgo</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Mars</td> <td>Capricornus</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Saturn</td> <td>Libra</td></tr>
     </table>
    These positions are equal to the "secret places" in Babylonian astrology and the "hypsomata" (exaltation points) in Greek astrology.</p>
    
    Additionally, the equinoxes are marked with great disks: One in Libra and one Aries.
gl: O templo do Exipto (actual) probablemente data da época romana (ou grega tardía) de Exipto e, polo tanto, non mostra o ceo exipcio orixinal senón unha mestura de figuras grecorromanas, exipcias e babilónicas, todas elas debuxadas nun estilo exipcio.
    
    <p><img width="600" src="illustrations/Dendera_zodiac_Louvre.jpg"/></p>
    <p><i>Fotografía para a exposición no Museo do Louvre (París), Dominio Público/ CC0. A placa mide 255 x 253 cm.
    </i></p>
    
    ### Listaxe das figuras das constelacións
    
    <p><table>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td> <img width="255" src="illustrations/ari.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Aries</b><br />un carneiro (non o carneiro babilónico, nin o carneiro romano que salta por un anel)
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/tau.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Taurus</b><br />un touro (non o medio touro babilónico)
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/gem.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Gemini</b><br />unha parella (Shu e Tefnut), é dicir, unha muller e un home (nin os guerreiros babilonios nin os heroes gregos)
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cnc.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Cancer</b><br />un cangrexo (como é habitual)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/leo+erua.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco
    	<td><b>Leo</b><br />un león (como de costume) <br />
    cunha muller cuxa cabeza está en Coma Berenices</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/vir.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Virgo</b><br />unha doncela, representada como a deusa babilónica Shala (tableta de arxila AO 6448 de Uruk)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lib.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Libra</b><br />unha balanza (como de costume)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sco.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Scorpius</b><br />un escorpión (como de costume)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sgr.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Sagittarius</b><br />esta figura é unha versión exipizada do deus babilónico Pabilsang; a dobre cabeza indica un contexto mítico</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cap.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Capricornus</b><br />un peixe-cabra (babilónico)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aqr+psa.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Aquarius</b><br />deus exipcio do Nilo, Hapi</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/psc.png" /></td>
    	<td>zodíaco</td>
    	<td><b>Pisces</b><br />dous peixes (non os babilónicos "colas da anduriña xigante" e non "Peixe-Anduriña")</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/uma_wagon+fox+ewe+yoke.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Ursa Major</b><br />a Coxa de Touro é exipcia (tamén representada en reloxos de estrelas diagonais, dous milenios antes), o Chacal e a ovella están nos lugares dos asterismos babilónicos "Raposo" e "Ovella"
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lup+cen.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Lupus</b><br />a besta está no lugar do "can tolo" babilónico (can rabioso) e do lupus grecorromano.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/nilpferd.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Bootes, Corona Borealis e outras</b><br />a deusa hipopótamo é unha antiga deusa exipcia que garda o polo celeste e a Coxa do Touro (constelación)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/hya+crv.png" /></td>
    	<td>north</td>
    	<td><b>Hidra e Corvus</b><br />a enorme serpe co paxaro na cola é a nova interpretación das constelacións babilónicas Serpe (Dragón) e Corvo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ori.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Orion</b><br />Osiris é un rei exipcio deificado</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/horusfalke_canopus.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>parte máis sudoeste de Argo e máis Columba</b><br />un falcón sentado nun dosel - obviamente unha constelación exipcia que permanece hoxe como un nome de estrela</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sirius_bow+arrow.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Canis Major</b><br />Sothis é o nome exipcio dunha constelación arredor de Sirio; en Babilonia, hai unha deusa con arco e frecha neste lugar</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/himmelskuh_sirius.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Canis Minor</b><br />como todas as demais estrelas brillantes da zona xa están situadas, esta vaca celestial aparentemente debe ser colocada en Procion</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lep.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur </td>
    	<td><b>Lepus</b><br />na uranoloxía babilónica, un galo colócase debaixo da constelación de Orión na Lebre moderna; este paxaro é aparentemente a versión exipcia dela </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/peg.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Pegasus </b><br />a constelación babilónica do Campo é un cuadrilátero de estrelas brillantes. Parece o xeroglífico exipcio para "auga" que ten sentido na contorna dos peixes.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aql_gegend.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Aquila </b><br />este pequeno paxaro escuro (un pato?) aparentemente está situado na zona da Aquila. Polo momento, púxeno na estrela brillante (Altair).</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/corpse.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Delphinus </b><br />onda este paxaro, hai un cadáver dun animal, curiosamente no lugar da constelación babilónica do "Cadáver".</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cyg_gegend.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Cignus / Cefeus </b><br />?</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lyr_gula.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Lira / Ophiuchus </b><br />hai unha enorme figura exipcia na zona de Lira e Ofiúco. En Lira estaba a constelación babilónica da deusa da medicina, mentres que Ofiuco é o equivalente grego. Así, este podería ser posiblemente o fundador mitolóxico exipcio da medicina, Imhotep.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cet_unterAri.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Cetus </b><br />?</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/Leo_below_3.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Centaurus </b><br />a figura exipcia mostra un traballador da terra e neste lugar está o deus babilónico da agricultura e da guerra (Ningirsu), polo que esta podería ser unha representación moi estraña do deus exipcio Min, que se fusionou co grego Pan nas épocas finais.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/Leo_below_2.png" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td><td>
    	<b>Área do leste e sur de Argo </b><br />a imaxe mostra unha deusa nai, en exipcio esta é Isis e en babilónico sería Ninmakh (que de feito está situada neste lugar)
    </td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/Leo_below.png" /></td>
    	<td>south</td>
    	<td><b>Área do noroeste de Argo </b><br />o sombreiro desta muller aseméllase á deusa exipcia Anuket, a deusa da enchente do Nilo. Na uranoloxía babilónica de mediados do primeiro milenio, está a deusa Nunki nesta zona: debido ó son dos nomes, é probable un intercambio ou transferencia.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/goat.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Auriga</b><br />cabra está na posición da constelación de Auriga (nin na tradición babilónica nin na grega hai unha cabra neste lugar. É moi probable que o nome da estrela romana Capella (a cabra) se asemelle a esta constelación exipcia.
    </td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/alfCen_512.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>sur</td>
    	<td><b>Área de alpha Centauri </b><br />o teito representa claramente unha figura exipcia de Chenti Irti: esta pequena criatura debería situarse na zona arredor/enriba da brillante estrela alfa Centauri, e non hai un equivalente grego ou babilónico. O significado de Chenti Irti non está claro, pero unha suxestión é "o vidente" que podería ter sentido para unha estrela brillante que está só aproximadamente 5° sobre o horizonte (s. II a. C. en Exipto)</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/udjat.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>"sobre" Aries</b><br />o ollo udjat neste contexto probablemente se refire ó equinoccio de primavera</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/affe.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Perseus </b><br />o babuino é un atributo ou representación do deus exipcio Thoth e polo tanto adorado. Non obstante, non está claro se este babuino en particular está conectado con Thoth.</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/vogel.jpg" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Ursa Minor </b><br />
    un falcón (unha das moitas divindades falcón)</td>
    </tr>
     <tr valign="middle">
    	<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cas_grp.png" /></td>
    	<td>norte</td>
    	<td><b>Área de Cassiopeia (ou Cas/And)</b><br />?</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    </p>
    
    ### Planetas
    
    Nesta cultura do ceo, algúns nomes exipcios están unidos ós planetas. Sinceramente, cada planeta tiña moitos nomes, ás veces dependendo do contexto (por exemplo, Venus como estrela da mañá e estrela da noite). Non podemos incluír todos os nomes en Stellarium pero gárdanse noutra base de datos. No teito de Dendera, os planetas están representados en posicións fixas e como divindades.
    
    Os planetas represéntanse como divindades na súa "posición estándar". A medida que os planetas se moven, só poden presentarse no ceo definindo posicións fixas onde a representación figurativa se atopa en cada mapa celeste, cada lista de estrelas e cada catálogo.
    
    <p>Estas son as posicións estándar:
     <table class="layout">
      <tr><td>Sol</td> <td>Aries</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Lúa</td> <td>Taurus</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Venus</td> <td>Pisces</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Xúpiter</td> <td>Cancer (ou entre Cnc e Leo)</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Mercurio <td>Virgo</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Marte</td> <td>Capricornus</td></tr>
      <tr><td>Saturno</td> <td>Libra</td></tr>
     </table>
    Estas posicións son iguais ós "lugares secretos" na astroloxía babilónica e ós "hypsomata" (puntos de exaltación) na astroloxía grega.
    </p>
    
    Ademais, os equinoccios están marcados con grandes discos: un en Libra e outro en Aries.

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: ### Zodiac
    
    The zodiac came to Greece from Babylonian sources. It is unknown whether or not the Egyptians had similar figures: The origin of the zodiac is the path of the Moon and was, thus, important for the Egyptian calendar, too. However, the zodiac depicted in Dendera is definitely the Greek (partially misunderstood) interpretation of the Babylonian one.
    
    The Zodiac is the Babylonian one with the semi-exception of Pisces: Pisces are depicted as two fish which is never found in Babylon and only an analogon is known in Late Babylonian epoch in the city of Uruk. In Uruk, the constellation  was changed to the constellation of the Swallow-Fish connecting a swallow and a fish. In contrast, in Babylon it has always been "The Tails of the Giant Swallow" (Steele 2018).
    
     The other constellations of the zodiac are the Babylonian versions, partially egyptized. Virgo is depicted as the Babylonian Goddess Shala with the Ear of Grain, Capricornus as a Goat-Fish accompanying the Babylonian god of witchcraft (Aquarius), Sagittarius as the Babylonian god Pabilsang. Scorpion, Aries and Cancer leave rather no room for interpretation. Leo is depicted as a usual lion but carries the Egyptian queen Berenice (whose name was given to the constellation Coma Berenices) at his tail. Gemini are not depicted as Twins but as a couple, the Bull is not halved.
    
    ### Outside the Zodiac
    
    The rest of the sky  also shows a mixture of several cultures: The hippo goddess who guards the Ox Thigh is a clearly Egyptian constellation. Interestingly, there is a desert fox and a sheep next to the ox thigh which refers to same positions in the sky as the Babylonian constellations of the Fox and the Ewe.
    
    In contrast to these native Egyptian constellations, there are also native Sumerian ones that are depicted in an Egyptized way: This is marked in the "Translation" of the Stellarium labels.
    
    Interestingly, this depiction explains several Greek names of single stars: e.g. at the position of Capella, there is a whitish Goat in the Dendera ceiling, and at the position of the star Canopus whose name is already attested in Ptolemy's Almagest, there is a Horus-falcon on a canopy jar. It suggests that these were originally Egyptian images that have been transformed to star names in a later epoch in order to commemorate the outdated constellations.
    
    ### Source(s)
    
    <p>This <em>sky culture</em> is a mapping of historical figures onto the stars. The figures are directly copied by hand from the digital photographs that are provided by the Louvre and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zodiaque_de_Denderah_aux_couleurs_d'origine.jpg">colours follow roughly the reconstruction by Alexandre N.Isis  (wikicommons, 2013)</a>.</p>
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    This sky culture originates from research. We provide this for free but the authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited according to the common rules. Thank you!
gl: ### Zodíaco
    
    O zodíaco chegou a Grecia dende fontes babilónicas. Descoñécese se os
    exipcios tiñan ou non figuras similares: a orixe do zodíaco é o camiño da
    Lúa e, polo tanto, tamén foi importante para o calendario exipcio. Non
    obstante, o zodíaco representado en Dendera é definitivamente a
    interpretación grega (parcialmente mal entendida) do babilónico.
    
    O zodíaco é o babilónico coa semi-excepción de Peixes: os peixes
    represéntanse como dous peixes que nunca se atopan en Babilonia e só se
    coñece un análogo na época babilónica tardía na cidade de Uruk. En Uruk, a
    constelación cambiouse pola constelación do Peixe-Andoriña que conecta unha
    andoriña e un peixe. Pola contra, en Babilonia sempre foi "Os rabos da
    andoriña xigante" (Steele 2018).
    
     As outras constelacións do zodíaco son as versións babilónicas, parcialmente
    pasadas ó exipcio. Virxe é representada coma a deusa babilónica Shala coa
    espiga, Capricornio coma un peixe-cabra que acompaña o deus babilónico da
    bruxería (Augadeiro), Arqueiro coma o deus babilónico Pabilsang. Escorpión,
    Carneiro e Cangrexo non deixan lugar á interpretación. León é representado
    coma un león pero leva á raíña exipcia Berenice (cuxo nome foi dado á
    constelación Coma Berenices) no seu rabo. Os Xemelgos non se representan
    como xemelgos, senón como parella, o Touro non se reduce á metade.
    
    ### Fóra do Zodíaco
    
    O resto do ceo tamén mostra unha mestura de varias culturas: A deusa
    hipopótamo que garda a Coxa do Boi é unha constelación claramente
    exipcia. Curiosamente, hai un raposo do deserto e unha ovella xunto á coxa
    do boi que se refiren ás mesmas posicións no ceo cás constelacións
    babilónicas do raposo e da ovella.
    
    En contraste con estas constelacións exipcias nativas, tamén hai outras
    sumerias nativas que se representan ó xeito exipcio: isto está marcado na
    "Tradución" das etiquetas de Stellarium.
    
    Curiosamente, esta representación explica varios nomes gregos de estrelas
    únicas: por exemplo, na posición de Capela, hai unha cabra esbrancuxada no
    teito de Dendera, e na posición da estrela Canopus, cuxo nome xa está
    atestiguado no Almaxesto de Ptolomeo, hai un Horus-Falcón nun cadro do
    dosel. Suxire que estas foron orixinalmente imaxes exipcias que foron
    transformadas en nomes de estrelas nunha época posterior para conmemorar as
    constelacións obsoletas.
    
    ### Fonte(s)
    
    <p>Esta <em>cultura do ceo</em> é unha cartografía de personaxes históricos
    sobre as estrelas. As figuras son copiadas directamente a man das
    fotografías dixitais que proporcionan o Louvre e as <a
    href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zodiaque_de_Denderah_aux_couleurs_d'origine.jpg">cores
    seguen aproximadamente a reconstrución de Alexandre N.Isis (wikicommons,
    2013) </a>.</p>
    
    ### Uso correcto
    
    Esta cultura do ceo provén da investigación. Proporcionámola de forma
    gratuíta, pero os autores das contribucións certamente merecen ser citados
    segundo as regras comúns. Grazas!

note: Egyptian (Dendera) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This Greco-Egyptian sky culture was painted and added to Stellarium by:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M. Hoffmann:   service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
    <p>Written in English: <em>SMH</em></p>
gl: Esta cultura celeste greco-exipcia foi ilustrada e engadida a Stellarium
    por:
    
    <p><em>Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com </em></p>
    <p>Escrito en inglés: <em>SMH</em></p>

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture name
en: Greek (Almagest)
gl: Grego (Almagest)

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <p>This ancient Greek sky culture is compiled in a book that is today known by its Arabic title "Almagest".
    This book was written in Roman time (under the reign of Roman emperor Hadrian) at Alexandria (Africa) in
    Greek language, with dates given in Egyptian month names and years counted after a Babylonian king,
    so it is clearly a multi-cultural compendium of knowledge. It is a compilation of
    astronomical knowledge of former astronomers including results from
    observations and mathematical astronomy. Pieced together by Claudius
    Ptolemy, using older, as well as his own, observations, it was written
    in Greek, published in the Second Century and remained the main
    astronomical work for the following 1500 years. It was originally written
    with the title <i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, in Ancient Greek.
    The name <i>Almagest</i>, meaning &ldquo;The Largest [Book]&rdquo;, was
    developed from Arabian translations. To create this sky culture we used
    the English translation by Toomer (1984), reworked it in some details
    (e.g. using more literal translations from Greek instead of Latin terms that
    are common today) and we made use of computer readable tables prepared
    by Ernie Wright.</p>
gl: <p>Esta cultura do ceo da Grecia antiga está recompilada nun libro que hoxe se
    coñece polo seu título árabe "Almagest". Este libro foi escrito na época
    romana (baixo o reinado do emperador romano Adriano) en Alexandría (África)
    en lingua grega, con datas indicadas en nomes de meses exipcios e anos
    contados despois dun rei babilónico, polo que é claramente un compendio
    multicultural de coñecemento. É unha compilación de coñecementos
    astronómicos de antigos astrónomos, incluíndo resultados de observacións e
    astronomía matemática. Reunido por Claudio Ptolomeo, utilizando observacións
    máis antigas e propias, escribiuse en grego, publicouse no século II e
    mantívose coma a principal obra astronómica durante os seguintes 1500
    anos. Foi escrito orixinalmente co título <i>Mathematike Syntaxis</i>, en
    grego antigo.  O nome <i>Almagest</i>, que significa &ldquo;O [Libro] máis
    grande&rdquor;, foi desenvolvido a partir de traducións ó árabe. Para crear
    esta cultura do ceo empregamos a tradución ó inglés de Toomer (1984),
    reelaborámola nalgúns detalles (por exemplo, utilizando traducións máis
    literais do grego en lugar de termos latinos que son comúns hoxe en día) e
    fixemos uso de táboas lexibles por ordenador preparadas por Ernie Wright.</p>

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The Almagest consists of 13 sections, called books. In the seventh
    and eighth book, Ptolemy listed a total of 1022 stars in 48 constellations
    (among which are about 5 star-like objects like globular star clusters).
    It is a table of coordinates of the stars with a description of their
    position in the constellation (such as "star at the elbow of X, longitude,
    latitude, magnitude"). With regard to precession, Ptolemy used ecliptic
    coordinates. As one of the first of his time, Ptolemy included the
    magnitude, a quantitative scale of stellar brightness, probably adopted
    from Hipparchus (which is not certain because Hipparchus&rsquo; catalog
    is not preserved). The scale starts with the brightest star with the
    magnitude of 1, going down to magnitude of 6, for the faintest stars
    visible.
    
    <p>For the computation of planet positions Ptolemy used a geocentric model
    (which is allowed because the observer always stands on Earth) and, thus,
    contributed to the scientific belief that the heliocentric model by
    Aristarch was not needed. However, for the star catalogue of the
    <i>Almagest</i> this does not matter at all because a star catalogue
    always represents a sort of inventory of the fixed dots in the sky and
    Ptolemy's proclaimed aim of the catalogue is to provide a list for making
    a celestial globe (see Alm., VIII, 3). Being aware of precession he wants
    to ease the business of future globemakers by using ecliptical coordinates:
    Precession as known to Ptolemy shifts all stars parallel to the ecliptic,
    therefore updates to the epoch of the respective globemaker could be
    applied by a simple subtraction of the value for ecliptic longitude.</p>
    
    ### How this sky culture was made
    
    ### Star names
    
    Out of more than 1,000 stars, Ptolemy mentions a proper name for only 15.
    The rest are identified by fairly long descriptions such as "The star on
    the end of the tail" for the Polaris. In order to avoid displaying such long
    strings across the screen in Stellarium, we invented short labels for all
    Almagest stars based on the constellation and the order in which they appear in
    the catalogue.  For example, Polaris is given a designation "UMi 1" because
    it is the first star in the constellation of Small Bear (UMi).  See the table
    below for the correspondence between Ptolemy constellations and IAU abbreviations.
    In addition, where Ptolemy describes a star as lying outside of the figure,
    we use lowercase letters in the corresponding label. To see the long description
    for a given star, users should enable "Use additional names of stars" in the
    "View [F4]/Sky" settings and click on the star. The long description will then
    be displayed at the top of the screen.
    
    ### Constellation lines
    
    The process can be described as sketched here with the example of
    Corvus:
    
    In the constellation of Corvus (Raven), &alpha; Crv is the star in
    the &quot;head of the raven&quot;. It is connected with the &quot;star
    in the neck&quot;, &epsilon; Crv.  This one is connected with &quot;the
    star in the breast&quot; &zeta; Crv.  From there two lines go to the
    tips of the wings. &gamma; Crv is the star in the advanced wing and
    &delta; Crv the star in the rear wing. From the star in the breast
    another line goes to the &quot;foot of the raven&quot;, the star &beta;
    Crv.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/corvus_s.png" /></p>
    <p>After identifying the stars based on their coordinates and names, we
    reconnected the stars according to the descriptions in the table
    presented in the <i>Almagest</i>.</p>
    <p>The names of stars and names of deep sky objects rely on the Almagest
    only, e.g. Ptolemy uses the name &quot;&lambda;&alpha;&mu;&pi;&alpha;&delta;&#943;&alpha;&sigmaf;
    (The Torch-like)&quot; for Aldebaran in his other work, the
    <i>Tetrabiblos</i>, but this is not implemented in this sky culture because
    it doesn't show up in the Almagest.</p>
    
    The following table displays the original constellation name in Greek and its
    English translation (column 2 and 3) and denotes our uncertainties in
    the reconstruction (column 6).
    
    <table>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><b>Abbreviation</b></td>
    	<td><b>Original name</b></td>
    	<td><b>Translation</b> (direct)</td>
    	<td><b>IAU (Latin) name</b></td>
    	<td><b>hints to constellation</b></td>
    	<td><b>freedom of art</b></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>UMi</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Small She-Bear</td>
    	<td><notr>Ursa Minor</notr></td>
    	<td>like IAU constellation</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>UMa</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Great She-Bear</td>
    	<td><notr>Ursa Major</notr></td>
    	<td>like IAU constellation</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Dra</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Dragon</td>
    	<td><notr>Draco</notr></td>
    	<td>all triangles or squares are vertebra or parts of the body; line at the head is the tongue</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cep</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Kepheus</td>
    	<td><notr>Cepheus</notr></td>
    	<td>king, upside down </td>
    	<td>three head stars are tiara; &beta; seen as part of the belt, although Almagest says beneath belt</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Boo</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Ploughman</td>
    	<td><notr>Bo&ouml;tes</notr></td>
    	<td>has a shepherd's staff in his hand (&omega;)</td>
    	<td>star HIP 72582 added as neck star</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CrB</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Crown</td>
    	<td><notr>Corona Borealis</notr></td>
    	<td>like IAU constellation; no details for lines in the text</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Her</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Kneeler</td>
    	<td><notr>Hercules</notr></td>
    	<td>one of the foot stars is top of staff of Bootes</td>
    	<td>star HIP 82764 added as neck star</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lyr</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</notr></td>
    	<td>Lyre</td>
    	<td><notr>Lyra</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cyg</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Bird</td>
    	<td><notr>Cygnus</notr></td>
    	<td>swan with legs</td>
    	<td>Tips of wings connected with tail</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cas</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</notr></td>
    	<td>Kassiepeia</td>
    	<td><notr>Cassiopeia</notr></td>
    	<td>Queen sitting on a throne</td>
    	<td>to avoid confusion we did not draw the throne</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Per</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Perseus</td>
    	<td><notr>Perseus</notr></td>
    	<td>Double star cluster NGC 869 and NGC 884 as Deep Sky Object - &gt;one of the stars in the cluster was used for drawing</td>
    	<td>one of the stars in Gorgon-head is added to make the head look more spherical</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Aur</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Charioteer</td>
    	<td><notr>Auriga</notr></td>
    	<td>wears long garment; garment limited through shoulders and hem</td>
    	<td>&omicron; Aur added as neck star; 1 Aur added as hem star</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Oph</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Serpent Bearer</td>
    	<td><notr>Ophiuchus</notr></td>
    	<td>has serpent in his hand</td>
    	<td>a star added as neck star</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ser</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Snake</td>
    	<td><notr>Serpens</notr></td>
    	<td>two separate parts of the snake (head and tail); square is head</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Sge</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Arrow</td>
    	<td><notr>Sagitta</notr></td>
    	<td>Like IAU constellation, &eta; Sge is missing </td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Aql</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Eagle</td>
    	<td><notr>Aquila</notr></td>
    	<td>&tau; Aql as head star, &beta; as neck, Altair is between shoulders, &gamma; and &mu; are shoulders</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Del</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Dolphin</td>
    	<td><notr>Delphinus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>refined shape</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Equ</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&tau;&omicron;&mu;&#942;</notr></td>
    	<td>Bust [of a horse]</td>
    	<td><notr>Equuleus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Peg</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Horse</td>
    	<td><notr>Pegasus</notr></td>
    	<td>with mane and one wing</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>And</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</notr></td>
    	<td>Andromeda</td>
    	<td class='latin'><notr>Andromeda</notr></td>
    	<td>dress and belt</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Tri</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Triangle</td>
    	<td><notr>Triangulum</notr></td>
    	<td>four given stars &#61664; middle star of one side</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ari</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Ram</td>
    	<td><notr>Aries</notr></td>
    	<td>turned head; only one horn</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Tau</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Bull</td>
    	<td><notr>Taurus</notr></td>
    	<td>half body, only two legs visible; direction of view to observer</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</notr></td>
    	<td>Twins</td>
    	<td><notr>Gemini</notr></td>
    	<td>one star in common; touching each other with hands</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cnc</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Crab</td>
    	<td><notr>Cancer</notr></td>
    	<td>square body</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Lion</td>
    	<td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    	<td>opens jaw</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Vir</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Maiden</td>
    	<td><notr>Virgo</notr></td>
    	<td>no separate head</td>
    	<td>fainter stars added to draw the wings</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lib</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</notr></td>
    	<td>Claws [of the Scorpion]</td>
    	<td><notr>Libra</notr></td>
    	<td>Ptolemy always uses the term &quot;claws&quot;, never &quot;the balance&quot;.</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Sco</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Scorpion</td>
    	<td><notr>Scorpius</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>arms added around the head: &nu; and &rho;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Sgr</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Archer</td>
    	<td><notr>Sagittarius</notr></td>
    	<td>a centaur with  bow ahead; &bdquo;cloak&ldquo; behind</td>
    	<td>we included many faint stars in our stick figure in order to make the picture clear.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cap</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>The One with the Goat's Horn</td>
    	<td><notr>Capricornus</notr></td>
    	<td>fish tail; two legs visible</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Aqr</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Water-Carrier</td>
    	<td><notr>Aquarius</notr></td>
    	<td>water out of jug</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>[2] Fish</td>
    	<td><notr>Pisces</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>northern fish: 68(h), 67(k), and 65(i) described as head in Almagest but we took them as fin because mouth should be at g and &tau; Psc. Additional change on tail fin: extended to &rho;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cet</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Sea Monster</td>
    	<td><notr>Cetus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>Body does not go through star &tau;, but through star &upsilon;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ori</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Orion</td>
    	<td class='latin'><notr>Orion</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>The &quot;head&quot; is labeled as &quot;nebulous&quot; which means Ptolemy interpreted &phi;<sub>1</sub>, &phi;<sub>2</sub>, and  &lambda;, together with fainter stars between them as a &quot;cluster&quot; (or association which is more extended than the modern &quot;&lambda; Ori Assoc.&quot;). Head does not have direct connection to the shoulder stars anymore, but a connection to a star between the stars in the shoulders.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Eri</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&omicron;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>River [nameless]</td>
    	<td><notr>Eridanus</notr></td>
    	<td>Like IAU constellation, but shorter</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lep</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Hare</td>
    	<td><notr>Lepus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>took the "4 stars over the ear" as ear</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CMa</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Dog</td>
    	<td><notr>Canis Major</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CMi</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>The One before the Dog</td>
    	<td><notr>Canis Minor</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>In Almagest, the name of the constellation is &quot;The One before the Dog&quot; or &quot;Harbinger of Sirius&quot; as Toomer puts it. However, &beta; CMi is called &quot;the neck&quot; (of whom is unknown).</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Arg</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</notr></td>
    	<td>Ship &quot;Argo&quot;</td>
    	<td><notr>Argo</notr></td>
    	<td>smaller than the sum of the IAU-constellations Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel</td>
    	<td>Many stars not integrated in the constellation, to create a boat-like shape; in many depictions (including the ancient Farnese globe), only a half of a ship is painted.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Hya</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Water Snake</td>
    	<td><notr>Hydra</notr></td>
    	<td>like IAU constellation</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Crt</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#768;&eta;&rho;</notr></td>
    	<td>Krater (vessel)</td>
    	<td><notr>Crater</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>a Krater is special Greek wine mixing vessel which looks like an amphora or vase: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a> Ptolemy describes only one star in the foot (&alpha; Crt) and two handles (&eta;, &theta; Crt)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Crv</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</notr></td>
    	<td>Raven</td>
    	<td><notr>Corvus</notr></td>
    	<td>like IAU constellation</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cen</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Kentauros</td>
    	<td><notr>Centaurus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>deviation from description: HIP 65373 instead of &omega; Cen (cluster) taken as star on the back. &lsquo;Thyrsus&lsquo; not drawn (to avoid confusion), backward arm added.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lup</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Beast</td>
    	<td><notr>Lupus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>&beta; described as &lsquo;End of hind leg&lsquo; -> taken as star in the belly; &tau;<sub>1</sub> as hindleg; &chi; in head, because otherwise shapelessness arises; HIP 73493 taken as foreleg</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ara</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Altar</td>
    	<td><notr>Ara</notr></td>
    	<td>like IAU constellation</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CrA</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Southern Crown</td>
    	<td><notr>Corona Australis</notr></td>
    	<td>like IAU constellation; only uncertainty with stars that only got a BSC number in the Almagest, because these are not clearly to identify in Stellarium</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>PsA</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Southern Fish</td>
    	<td><notr>Piscis Austrinus</notr></td>
    	<td>the fish is laying on his back</td>
    	<td>the fish is apparently dead: the belly up, or an eelwith twisted spine; we added a few stars to mark the tail fin whose tip is given as &beta; PsA.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    This sky culture originates from a student's year of research. We provide this for free but
    authors of contributions certainly deserve to be cited according to the common rules. Thank you!
    
    ### Thanks
    
    The authors thank Patrick Gleason and Georg Zotti for English proofreading and interesting discussions.
gl: O Almaxesto consta de 13 seccións, chamadas libros. No sétimo e oitavo libro, Ptolomeo enumerou un total de 1022 estrelas en 48 constelacións. (entre os cales hai uns 5 obxectos similares a estrelas como cúmulos de estrelas globulares). É unha táboa de coordenadas das estrelas cunha descrición das súas posicións na constelación (como "estrela no cóbado de X, lonxitude, latitude, magnitude"). Con respecto á precesión, Ptolomeo utilizou as coordenadas da eclíptica. Como un dos primeiros da súa época, Ptolomeo incluíu a magnitude, unha escala cuantitativa de brillo estelar, probablemente adoptada de Hiparco (o que non é seguro porque o catálogo de Hiparco non se conserva). A escala comeza coa estrela máis brillante coa magnitude 1, baixando a magnitude 6, para as estrelas visibles máis tenues.
    
    <p>Para o cálculo das posicións dos planetas Ptolomeo utilizou un modelo xeocéntrico (que está permitido porque o observador sempre está na Terra) e, polo tanto, contribuíu á crenza científica de que o modelo heliocéntrico de Aristarco non era necesario. Porén, para o catálogo de estrelas do <i>Almaxesto</i> isto non importa nada porque un catálogo de estrelas representa sempre unha especie de inventario dos puntos fixos no ceo e o obxectivo proclamado por Ptolomeo do catálogo é proporcionar unha listaxe para facer un globo celeste (véxase Alm., VIII, 3). Era consciente da precesión que quería para facilitar o negocio dos futuros fabricantes de globos mediante coordenadas eclípticas: A precesión coñecida por Ptolomeo move todas as estrelas paralelas á eclíptica, polo tanto, as actualizacións á época do respectivo fabricante de globos podería ser aplicada mediante unha simple resta do valor da lonxitude da eclíptica.</p>
    
    ### Como se fixo esta cultura do ceo
    
    ### Nomes de estrelas
    
    De máis de 1.000 estrelas, Ptolomeo menciona un nome propio para só 15. O resto identifícanse mediante descricións bastante longas como "A estrela encendida no extremo da cola" para Polaris. Para evitar mostrar etiquetas tan longas pola pantalla en Stellarium, inventamos etiquetas curtas para todas ass estrelas do Almaxesto en función da constelación e da orde na que aparecen no catálogo. Por exemplo, Polaris recibe a designación "UMi 1" porque é a primeira estrela da constelación da Osa Menor (UMi). Comproba a táboa a continuación para a correspondencia entre as constelacións de Ptolomeo e as abreviaturas IAU. Ademais, onde Ptolomeo describe unha estrela como situada fóra da figura, utilizamos letras minúsculas na etiqueta correspondente. Para ver a descrición longa para unha estrela determinada, os usuarios deberían activar "Usar nomes adicionais de estrelas" no ficheiro "Ver a configuración [F4]/Ceo" e facer clic na estrela. A descrición longa aparecerá entón na parte superior da pantalla. 
    
    ### Liñas de constelación O proceso pódese describir como se indica aquí co exemplo de Corvus:
    
    Na constelación de Corvus (Corvo), &alpha; Crv é a estrela na &quot;cabeza do corvo&quot;. Está conectada coa &quot;estrela do pescozo&quot;, &epsilon; Crv. Esta está conectada coa &quot;estrela do peito&quot; &zeta; Crv. Dende alí van dúas liñas ata as puntas das ás. &gamma; Crv é a estrela da á avanzada e &delta; Crv a estrela na á traseira. Da estrela no peito outra liña vai ó &quot;pé do corvo&quot;, a estrela &beta; Crv.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/corvus_s.png" /></p>
    <p>Despois de identificar as estrelas en función das súas coordenadas e nomes, nós volveu conectar as estrelas segundo as descricións da táboa presentado no <i>Almaxesto</i>.</p>
    <p>
    Os nomes das estrelas e os nomes dos obxectos do ceo profundo dependen só do Almaxesto, p.e. Ptolomeo usa o nome &quot;&lambda;&alpha;&mu;&pi;&alpha;&delta;&#943;&alpha;&sigmaf; (O Facho)&quot; para Aldebarán na súa outra obra, o<i>Tetrabiblos</i>, pero isto non se aplica nesta cultura do ceo porque non aparece no Almaxesto.</p>
    
    A seguinte táboa mostra o nome orixinal da constelación en grego e a súa tradución ó galego (columnas 2 e 3) e indica as nosas incertezas na reconstrución (columna 6).
    
    <table>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><b>Abreviatura</b></td>
    	<td><b>Nomer orixinasl</b></td>
    	<td><b>Tradución</b> (directa)</td>
    	<td><b>Nome IAU (Latín)</b></td>
    	<td><b>Suxestións sobre a constelación</b></td>
    	<td><b>Liberdade artística</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>UMi</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Osa Menor</td>
    	<td><notr>Ursa Minor</notr></td>
    	<td>como a constelación IAU</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>UMa</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Osas maior</td>
    	<td><notr>Ursa Major</notr></td>
    	<td>como a constelación IAU</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Dra</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Dragón</td>
    	<td><notr>Draco</notr></td>
    	<td>todos os triángulos ou cadrados son vértebras ou partes do corpo; a liña na cabeza é a lingua</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cep</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Cefeo</td>
    	<td><notr>Cefeus</notr></td>
    	<td>rei, boca abaixo </td>
    	<td>tres estrelas de cabeza forman unha tiara; &beta; vista como parte do cinto, aínda que o Almaxesto di debaixo do cinto
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Boo</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Labrego</td>
    	<td><notr>Bo&ouml;tes</notr></td>
    	<td>ten un caxato de pastor na man (&omega;)</td>
    	<td>a estrela HIP 72582 engadiuse como estrela do pescozo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CrB</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Coroa</td>
    	<td><notr>Corona Borealis</notr></td>
    	<td>como a constelación IAU; non hai detalles para as liñas no texto</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Her</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Axeonllado</td>
    	<td><notr>Hercules</notr></td>
    	<td>unha das estrelas do pé é a parte superior dos acompañantes de Bootes
    </td>
    	<td>a estrela HIP 82764 engadiuse como estrela do pescozo
    </td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lyr</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</notr></td>
    	<td>Lira</td>
    	<td><notr>Lyra</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cyg</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Paxaro</td>
    	<td><notr>Cygnus</notr></td>
    	<td>cisne con patas</td>
    	<td>Puntas das ás cvonectadas coa cola</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cas</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</notr></td>
    	<td>Casiopea</td>
    	<td><notr>Cassiopeia</notr></td>
    	<td>Raíña sentada nun trono</td>
    	<td>para evitar confusións non debuxamos o trono</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Per</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Perseo</td>
    	<td><notr>Perseus</notr></td>
    	<td>Cúmulo estelar dobre NGC 869 e NGC 884 como Obxectos do Ceo Profundo - &gt;unha das estrelas do cúmulo utilizouse para oi debuxo</td>
    	<td>Unha das estrelas na cabeza da gorgona engadiuse para que a cabeza pareza máis esférica</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Aur</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Auriga</td>
    	<td><notr>Auriga</notr></td>
    	<td>leva roupa longa; prenda limitada nos ombreiros e no baixo</td>
    	<td>&omicron; Aur engadiuse como estrela do pescozo; 1 Aur engadiuse como estrela da basta</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Oph</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Portador da serpe</td>
    	<td><notr>Ophiuchus</notr></td>
    	<td>ten unha serope na man</td>
    	<td>engadiuse unha estrela como estrela do pescozo</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ser</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Serpe</td>
    	<td><notr>Serpens</notr></td>
    	<td>dúas partes diferenciadas (cabeza e cola); o cadrado é cabeza
    </td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Sge</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Frecha</td>
    	<td><notr>Sagitta</notr></td>
    	<td>Como a constelacióñn IAU, &eta; falta Sge</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Aql</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Aguia</td>
    	<td><notr>Aquila</notr></td>
    	<td>&tau; Aql como estrela principal, &beta; como pescozo, Altair está entre os ombreiros, &gamma; e &mu; son os ombreiros</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Del</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Golfiño</td>
    	<td><notr>Delphinus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>forma refinada</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Equ</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&tau;&omicron;&mu;&#942;</notr></td>
    	<td>Busto [de cabalo]</td>
    	<td><notr>Equuleus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Peg</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Cabalo</td>
    	<td><notr>Pegasus</notr></td>
    	<td>con melena e unha á</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>And</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</notr></td>
    	<td>Andrómeda</td>
    	<td class='latin'><notr>Andromeda</notr></td>
    	<td>dress and belt</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Tri</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Triángulo</td>
    	<td><notr>Triangulum</notr></td>
    	<td>hai catro estrelas &#61664; a estrela media está nun lado</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ari</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Carneiro</td>
    	<td><notr>Aries</notr></td>
    	<td>cabeza virada; só un corno</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Tau</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Touro</td>
    	<td><notr>Taurus</notr></td>
    	<td>medio corpo, só dúas patas visibles; dirección da vista cara ó observador</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</notr></td>
    	<td>Xemelgos</td>
    	<td><notr>Gemini</notr></td>
    	<td>unha estrela en común; tocándose coas mans</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cnc</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Cangrexo</td>
    	<td><notr>Cancer</notr></td>
    	<td>corpo cadrado</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>León</td>
    	<td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    	<td>mandíbulas abertas</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Vir</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Doncela</td>
    	<td><notr>Virgo</notr></td>
    	<td>sen a cabeza separada</td>
    	<td>estrelas máis débiles engadidas para debuxar as ás</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lib</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</notr></td>
    	<td>Poutas [do Escopión]</td>
    	<td><notr>Libra</notr></td>
    	<td>Ptolomeo sempre usa o termo &quot;poutas&quot;, nunca &quot;balanza&quot;.</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Sco</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Escorpión</td>
    	<td><notr>Scorpius</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td> brazos engadidos arredor da cabeza: &nu; e &rho;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Sgr</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Arqueiro</td>
    	<td><notr>Sagittarius</notr></td>
    	<td>un centauro con arco por diante; or detrás un &bdquo;manto&ldquo;</td>
    	<td>incluímos moitas estrelas tenues figura do pau para que a imaxe sexa clara.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cap</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>O do corno de cabra</td>
    	<td><notr>Capricornus</notr></td>
    	<td>cola de peixe; dúas patas visibles</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Aqr</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Augador</td>
    	<td><notr>Aquarius</notr></td>
    	<td>auga fóra da xerra</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>[2] Peixe</td>
    	<td><notr>Pisces</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>peixe do norte: 68(h), 67(k) e 65(i) descrito como cabeza no Almaxesto pero tomámolos como aleta porque a boca debería estar en g e &tau; Psc. Cambio adicional na aleta caudal: estendido a &rho;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cet</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Monstro mariño</td>
    	<td><notr>Cetus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>O corpo non pasa pola estrela &tau;, senón pola estrela &upsilon;</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ori</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Orión</td>
    	<td class='latin'><notr>Orion</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>A &quot;cabeza&quot; está etiquetada como &quot;nebulosa&quot; o que significa que Ptolomeo interpretou &phi;<sub>1</sub>, &phi;<sub>2</sub>, e &lambda;, xunto con estrelas máis tenues ntre elas coma un &quot;cúmulo&quot; (ou asociación que está máis extendida cá moderna &quot;&lambda; Ori Assoc.&quot;). A cabeza xa non ten conexión directa coas estrelas dos ombreiros, senón unha conexión cunha estrela entre as estrelas dos ombreiros.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Eri</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&omicron;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Río [sen nome</td>
    	<td><notr>Eridanus</notr></td>
    	<td>Como a constelación IAU, pero máis curta</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lep</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Lebre</td>
    	<td><notr>Lepus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>tómanse as "4 estrelas sobre a orella" como orella</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CMa</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Can</td>
    	<td><notr>Canis Major</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CMi</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>A anterior ó can</td>
    	<td><notr>Canis Minor</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>No Almaxesto, o nome da constelación é &quot;A anterior ó can&quot; ou &quot;Presaxio de Sirio&quot; como di Toomer. Non obstante, &beta; CMi chámase &quot;o pescozo&quot; (descoñécese de quen).</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Arg</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</notr></td>
    	<td>O barco &quot;Argo&quot;</td>
    	<td><notr>Argo</notr></td>
    	<td>menor cá suma das constelacións IAU Pup+Pyx+Car+Vel</td>
    	<td>Moitas estrelas non integradas na constelación, para crear unha forma de barco; en moitas representacións (incluíndo o antigo globo farnese), só se pinta a metade dun barco.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Hya</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Serpe de auga</td>
    	<td><notr>Hydra</notr></td>
    	<td>como as constelación IAU</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Crt</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#768;&eta;&rho;</notr></td>
    	<td>Krater (vaso)</td>
    	<td><notr>Crater</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>un Krater é un recipiente grego para mesturar viño, semella unha ánfora ou vaso: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krater</a> Ptolomeo describe só unha estrela no pé (&alpha; Crt) e dúas asas (&eta;, &theta; Crt)</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Crv</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</notr></td>
    	<td>Corvo</td>
    	<td><notr>Corvus</notr></td>
    	<td>como a constelación IAU</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Cen</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Centauro</td>
    	<td><notr>Centaurus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>desviación da descrición: HIP 65373 en lugar de &omega; Cen (cúmulo) tomouna como estrela na parte traseira. &lsquo;Thyrsus&lsquo; non se puxo (para evitar confusións); engadiuse un brazo cara atrás.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Lup</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Besta</td>
    	<td><notr>Lupus</notr></td>
    	<td></td>
    	<td>&beta; descrita como &lsquo;Final da patas traseira&lsquo; -> tomada como estrela na barriga; &tau;<sub>1</sub> como pata traseira; &chi; na cabeza, porque doutro xeito non teria forma; HIP 73493 considñérase a pata dianteira.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>Ara</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    	<td>Altar</td>
    	<td><notr>Ara</notr></td>
    	<td>como a constelación IAU</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>CrA</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Coroa do sur</td>
    	<td><notr>Corona Australis</notr></td>
    	<td>como a constelación IAU; hai incerteza coas estrelas que só obtiveron un número BSC no Almaxest, porque non se identifican claramente no Stellarium</td>
    	<td></td>
    </tr>
    <tr valign="top">
    	<td><notr>PsA</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    	<td>Peixe do sur</td>
    	<td><notr>Piscis Austrinus</notr></td>
    	<td>o peixe está deitado de costas</td>
    	<td>o peixe está aparentemente morto: a barriga cara arriba, ou pode ser unha anguía coa espiña retorcida; engadimos algunhas estrelas para marcar a aleta caudal cuxa punta se dá como &beta; PsA</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ### Uso correcto
    
    Esta cultura do ceo débese a un ano de investigación dun estudante. Ofrecemos isto de balde pero os autores das contribucións certamente merecen ser citados segundo as regras comúns. Grazas!
    
    ### Grazas
    
    Os autores agradecen a Patrick Gleason e Georg Zotti a corrección de probas en inglés e as interesantes discusións.

note: Greek (Almagest) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was compiled and added to Stellarium by Alina Schmidt, Lea Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern and Susanne M. Hoffmann: service@uhura-uraniae.com
    
    Written in English: the authors
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi compilada e engadida a Stellarium por Alina Schmidt,
    Lea Jabschinski, Marie von Seggern e Susanne M. Hoffmann:
    service@uhura-uraniae.com
    
    Escrito en Inglés: os autores

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture name
en: Greek (Dante)
gl: Grego (Dante)

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Dante Alighieri mentions several stars and a few constellations: predominantly, the zodiacal constellation of Gemini. The Twins occurs in his texts (in the comedia as well as his poems). As Dante is not an astronomer but a person with broad knowledge, his view of the constellations is highly like not based upon observations of the sky but on manuscripts that he read. Therefore, we chose to take the zodiacal constellation images from Michael Scotus whose manuscript was very popular in Dante's time.
    
    Dante Alighieri was a citizen of Florence, Italy, who was later banned and lived at several places in Northern Italy. The comedia was written around 1300 but finished only short before his death in 1321. It is commonly assumed that the story plays in around the Christian festival of Easter in 1300 CE.
gl: Dante Alighieri menciona varias estrelas e algunhas constelacións: predominantemente, a constelación zodiacal de Géminis. Os xemelgos aparecen nos seus textos (na comedia así como nos seus poemas). Como Dante non é un astrónomo senón unha persoa con amplos coñecementos, a súa visión das constelacións non se basea en observacións do ceo senón en manuscritos que leu. Por iso, optamos por tomar as imaxes da constelación zodiacal de Michael Scotus, cuxo manuscrito era moi popular na época de Dante.
    
    Dante Alighieri era un cidadán de Florencia, Italia, que máis tarde foi prohibido e viviu en varios lugares do norte de Italia. A comedia foi escrita arredor do 1300 pero rematouna pouco antes da súa morte en 1321. Normalmente asúmese que a historia se desenvolve arredor da festa cristiá da Pascua en 1300 d.C.

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### How this Sky Culture was made
    
    The Dante experts of the German Dante Society selected some text passages with astronomical references in order to present them at Planetarium Jena in the dome. Professor Blume's suggestion that Dante likely had Michael Scotus's drawings of the constellations in mind was accepted. Therefore, we copied these drawings and mapped them onto the stars. The "16" bright stars that are mentioned by Dante are usually interpreted by romanists as the stars of first magnitude in the Almagest. Therefore, these stars where highlighted with the "star"-symbol in Stellarium. Additionally, we painted a chariot (wagon) and a horn.
    
    Dante calls the seven bright stars of Ursa Major "The Chariot", the constellation of Ursa Minor "The Horn", and possibly refers to Corona Borealis when he mentions a ring of stars. The latter interpretation is in our view unlikely but is discussed among researchers which is why we marked the stars of Corona Borealis as it is described in the Almagest.
gl: ### Como se fixo esta Cultura do Ceo
    
    Os expertos en Dante da Sociedade Alemá Dante seleccionaron algunhas pasaxes de texto con referencias astronómicas para presentalas no Planetario Jena na cúpula. A suxestión do profesor Blume de que Dante probablemente tiña en mente os debuxos das constelacións de Michael Scotus foi aceptada. Por iso, copiamos estes debuxos e mapeámolos nas estrelas. As "16" estrelas brillantes que menciona Dante adoitan ser interpretadas polos romanistas como as estrelas de primeira magnitude no Almaxesto. Polo tanto, estas estrelas foron destacadas co símbolo "estrela" en Stellarium. Ademais, pintamos un carro (vagón) e un corno.
    
    Dante chama ás sete estrelas brillantes da Osa Maior "O Carro", á constelación da Osa Menor "O Corno", e posiblemente se refire á Coroa Boreal cando menciona un anel de estrelas. Esta última interpretación é, ao noso xuízo, improbable, pero é discutida entre os investigadores, polo que marcamos as estrelas da Coroa Boreal tal e como se describe no Almaxesto.

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture references section in markdown format
en: The Italian Dante Society (Societá Dantesca Italiana) provides Dante's work online: [Dante_Online](https://danteonline.it/opere/index.php).
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be cited according to the usual rules. Thank you!
    
    Susanne M Hoffmann, Dieter Blume, Karl Ph. Ellerbrock, Eduardo Castadura, Bodo Zöll (2022)
gl: A Sociedade Dante Italiana (Societá Dantesca Italiana) ofrece o traballo de Dante en liña: [Dante_Online](https://danteonline.it/opere/index.php).
    
    ### Uso correcto
    
    Ofrecemos esta cultura do ceo gratuitamente, pero os autores merecen ser citados segundo as normas habituais. Grazas!
    
    Susanne M Hoffmann, Dieter Blume, Karl Ph. Ellerbrock, Eduardo Castadura, Bodo Zöll (2022)

note: Greek (Dante) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com) as a byproduct of a collaboration with Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany), The German Dante Society (Deutsche Dante Gesellschaft) and Planetarium Jena.
    
    Written in English: Susanne M. Hoffmann.
    
    ### Notes
    
    Region of origin: Florence, Italy; this single sky culture was made for use in research.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi engadida a Stellarium por Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com) como subproduto dunha colaboración co Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Historia da Arte, FSU Jena, Alemaña), The German Dante Society (Deutsche Dante Gesellschaft) e Planetarium Jena.
    
    Escrito en inglés: Susanne M. Hoffmann.
    
    ### Notas
    
    Rexión de orixe: Florencia, Italia; esta cultura do ceo única foi feita para o seu uso na investigación.

note: Greek (Farnese + Almagest) sky culture name
en: Greek (Farnese + Almagest)
gl: Grego (Farnese + Almagest)

note: Greek (Farnese + Almagest) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: This ancient Greek celestial culture is based on the marble globe of the Atlas statue in the Villa Farnese (Naples). The statue dates to the 2nd century AD, i.e. Roman times. However, it is a copy of an older Greek model, which itself has not survived.
gl: Esta antiga cultura celeste grega está baseada no globo de mármore da
    estatua do Atlas na Vila Farnese (Nápoles). A estatua data do século II
    d.C., é dicir, época romana. Non obstante, é unha copia dun modelo grego
    máis antigo que non sobreviviu.

note: Greek (Farnese + Almagest) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The marble globe only depicts figures and no stars. The globe has a diameter of about 65 cm. The figures were not aligned according to exact point coordinates, but in a grid: the ecliptic, the celestial equator, the tropics and the polar circles provide orientation in terms of position in "latitude circles" on the celestial sphere, while the coluric circles provide a four-way division in "longitude circles". Ancient globe makers used this very coarse-meshed grid to adjust the figure drawings.
    
    The images of the globe therefore clearly show that the stonemason who created the globe had the popular doctrinal poem by Aratos of Soloi (~300 BCE) in mind. There is no reason for the claim - often inflated by popular science - that this marble globe was carved according to Hipparchus' star catalogue. This thesis has been repeatedly raised over the past ~200 years, but regularly dismissed: Both mathematical arguments and artistic representations speak against it.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/Atlas_(Farnese_Globe).jpg"/></p>
    <p><i>Photograph of the reconstructed statue of the Atlas Farnese (Gabriel Seah, CC BY-SA-3.0, 9. Juli 2006, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples).</i></p>
    
    Only the torso of the man was preserved and with broken elbows: everything below the hip has been supplemented in a modern way. In this form, the sculpture is 2.10 m high. The sculpture of the globe with constellations, which is important for us, is original, but has a large hole at the north pole - presumably it was anchored there to other parts of the architecture. Therefore, the circumpolar constellations of the two she-bears and parts of the dragon are missing.
    
    ### How was this Sky Culture made?
    
    The illustrations of the individual figures were copied from the marble globe as pencil sketches. Stellarium works with point coordinates of the modern HIPPARCOS catalogue (produced by an astrometry satellite), so that the historical drawings have to be locked at three points (stars) each. Since this sometimes leads to distortions in historical figures (the marble globe is not a perfect sphere, the figures were not fitted according to point coordinates), this was done here "by eye" - just as by the historical stonemason.
    
    The names of the constellations and individual stars were taken from the Almagest star catalogue, which also dates from the 2nd century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) and - as was customary at the time - was written in Greek as scientific literature.
    
    The marble globe was a decorative element in a building, probably a particularly elaborate capital. It has no scientific accuracy. Therefore, some drawings in relief deviate from the exact star positions of the star catalogue: e.g. the Twins (Gemini) are moved slightly to the side to show the figure completely, although the lower part of this celestial region would be covered by the hand of the Atlas statue. There are similar distortions in the Scorpion.
    
    The following table lists the original Greek names of the constellations in columns 2 and 3, and in column 4 the image on the globe.
    
    <p>
    <table>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><b>Abbreviation</b></td>
    		<td><b>Original Name</b></td>
    		<td><b>Translation</b> (literally)</td>
    		<td><b>Picture</b></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>UMi</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Little She-Bear</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>UMa</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Great She-Bear</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Dra</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Dragon</td>
    		<td>only the head and one bend are depicted<br /><img width="255" src="illustrations/dra_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cep</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>King Kepheus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cep_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Boo</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ploughing Man</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/boo_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>CrB</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Wreath</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/crb_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Her</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Kneeler</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/her_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Lyr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Lyre (a Greek instrument)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lyr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cyg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Bird [not specified]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cyg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cas</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Queen Kassiepeia</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cas_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Per</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Perseus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/per_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aur</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Charioteer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aur_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Oph + Ser</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf; + &#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Snake Carrier, Snake</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/oph_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Sge</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Arrow</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aql</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Eagle</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aql_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Del</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Dolphin</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/del_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Equ</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&tau;&omicron;&mu;&#942;</notr></td>
    		<td>Bust [of a horse]</td>
    		<td>missing (stars belong to Dolphin)</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Peg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Horse [unnamed]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/peg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>And</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Princess Andromeda</td>
    		<td><img width="355" src="illustrations/and_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Tri</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Triangle</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ari</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ram</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ari_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Tau</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Bull</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/tau_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Gem</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</notr></td>
    		<td>Twins</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/gem_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cnc</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Cancer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cnc_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Leo</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Lion</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/leo_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Vir</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Young Lady</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/vir_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Lib</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</notr></td>
    		<td>Claws [of the Scorpion carrying a Balance]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lib.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Sco</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Scorpion</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sco_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Sgr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Archer (two legs: this is satyr Kroton, not the centaur Cheiron)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sgr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cap</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>the One with Horns of a Goat</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cap.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aqr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Water-Pourer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aqr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Psc</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Two Fishes</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/psc_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cet</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Sea Monster</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cet_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ori</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Orion</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ori_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Eri</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>River [unnamed]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/eri.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr>
    		<td><notr>Lep</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Hare</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lep_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>CMa</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Dog</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cma_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>CMi</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>The asterism before the Dog</td>
    		<td>missing [covered by the hand of Atlas]</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Arg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ship &quot;Argo&quot;</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/arg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Hya + Crt + Crv</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; + &Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho; + &Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</notr></td>
    		<td>Watersnake + Crater + Raven</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/hya_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cen</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Kentauros</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cen_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Lup</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Monster</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lup_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ara</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Altar</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ara_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>CrA</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Southern Wreath</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cra_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>PsA</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Southern Fish</td>
    		<td>missing [covered by the shoulder of Atlas]</td>
    	</tr>
    </table></p>
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be cited according to the usual rules. Thank you!
gl: O globo de mármore só representa figuras e non estrelas. O globo terráqueo
    ten un diámetro duns 65 cm. As figuras non estaban aliñadas segundo
    coordenadas puntuais exactas, senón nunha cuadrícula: a eclíptica, o ecuador
    celeste, os trópicos e os círculos polares proporcionan orientación en
    termos de posición nos "círculos de latitude" da esfera celeste, mentres que
    os círculos colúricos proporcionan unha división de catro vías en "círculos
    de lonxitude". Os fabricantes de globos antigos utilizaban esta cuadrícula
    de malla moi grosa para axustar os debuxos das figuras.
    
    As imaxes do globo mostran claramente que o canteiro que creou o globo
    terrestre tiña en mente o popular poema doutrinal de Aratos de Soloi (~ 300
    a.C.). Non hai ningunha razón - a miúdo inflada pola ciencia popular - para
    afirmar que este globo de mármore foi esculpido segundo o catálogo de
    estrelas de Hiparco. Esta tese foi plantexada repetidamente nos últimos ~
    200 anos, pero rexeitada regularmente: tanto os argumentos matemáticos coma
    as representacións artísticas falan en contra.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/Atlas_(Farnese_Globe).jpg"/></p>
    <p><i>Photograph of the reconstructed statue of the Atlas Farnese (Gabriel
    Seah, CC BY-SA-3.0, 9. Juli 2006, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples).</i></p>
    
    Só se conservou o torso do home cos cóbados rotos: todo debaixo da cadeira
    complementouse de xeito moderno. A escultura ten unha altura de 2,10 m. A
    escultura do globo terráqueo con constelacións, que é importante para nós, é
    orixinal, pero ten un gran burato no polo norte, presuntamente estaba
    ancorada alí a outras partes da arquitectura. Polo tanto, faltan as
    constelacións circumpolares das dúas osas e partes do dragón.
    
    ### Como se fixo esta cultura do ceo?
    
    As ilustracións das figuras individuais copiáronse do globo de mármore como
    borradores a lapis. Stellarium funciona coas coordenadas puntuais do
    catálogo moderno HIPPARCOS (producido por un satélite de astrometría), de
    xeito que os debuxos históricos teñen que estar ancorados en tres puntos
    (estrelas) cada un. Dado que ás veces isto leva a distorsións en figuras
    históricas (o globo de mármore non é unha esfera perfecta, as figuras non se
    axustaban segundo as coordenadas dos puntos), isto fíxose aquí "a ollo",
    igual que o canteiro histórico.
    
    Os nomes das constelacións e das estrelas individuais tomáronse do catálogo
    de estrelas de Almagest, que tamén data do século II (é dicir, o reinado do
    emperador romano Adriano) e - como era costume na época - foi escrito en
    grego como literatura científica.
    
    O globo de mármore era un elemento decorativo nun edificio, probablemente un
    capitel especialmente elaborado. Non ten exactitude científica. Polo tanto,
    algúns debuxos en relevo desvíanse das posicións das estrelas exactas do
    catálogo de estrelas: por exemplo. os xemelgos (Gemini) móvense lixeiramente
    para un lado para amosar a figura completamente, aínda que a parte inferior
    desta rexión celeste estaría cuberta pola man da estatua do Atlas. Hai
    distorsións similares no Escorpión.
    
    A seguinte táboa enumera os nomes gregos orixinais das constelacións nas
    columnas 2 e 3 e na columna 4 a imaxe do globo.
    
    <p>
    <table>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><b>Abreviatura</b></td>
    		<td><b>Nome Orixinal</b></td>
    		<td><b>Tradución</b> (literalmente)</td>
    		<td><b>Imaxe</b></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>UMi</td>
    		<td>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Pequena Osa</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>UMa</td>
    		<td>&Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Gran Osa</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Dra</td>
    		<td>&Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Dragón</td>
    		<td>só se representa a cabeza e unha curva<br /><img width="255" src="illustrations/dra_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cep</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Rei Kepheus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cep_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Boo</td>
    		<td>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Home arando</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/boo_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>CrB</td>
    		<td>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Coroa de flores</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/crb_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Her</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Axeonllado</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/her_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Lyr</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Lira (un instrumento grego)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lyr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cyg</td>
    		<td>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Paxaro [non especificado]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cyg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cas</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Raíña Kassiepeia</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cas_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Per</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Perseus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/per_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Aur</td>
    		<td>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Auriga</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aur_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Oph + Ser</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf; + &#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Portador de serpes, Serpe</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/oph_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Sge</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Frecha</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Aql</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Aguia</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aql_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Del</td>
    		<td>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Golfiño</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/del_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Equ</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&tau;&omicron;&mu;&#942;</td>
    		<td>Busto [dun cabalo]</td>
    		<td>faltan (estrelas pertencentes a Golfiño)</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Peg</td>
    		<td>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Cabalo [sen nome]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/peg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>And</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Princesa Andrómeda</td>
    		<td><img width="355" src="illustrations/and_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Tri</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Triángulo</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Ari</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Carneiro</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ari_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Tau</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Touro</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/tau_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Gem</td>
    		<td>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</td>
    		<td>Xemelgos</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/gem_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cnc</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Cancer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cnc_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Leo</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>León</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/leo_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Vir</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Mociña</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/vir_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Lib</td>
    		<td>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</td>
    		<td>Poutas [do Escorpión que leva unha Balanza]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lib.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Sco</td>
    		<td>&Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Escorpión</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sco_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Sgr</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Arqueiro (dúas patas: este é o sátiro Kroton, non o centauro Cheiron)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/sgr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cap</td>
    		<td>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>O que ten cornos de cabra</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cap.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Aqr</td>
    		<td>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Vertedor de Auga</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/aqr_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Psc</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Dous Peixes</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/psc_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cet</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Monstro do mar</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cet_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Ori</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Orion</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ori_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Eri</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Río [sen nome]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/eri.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr>
    		<td>Lep</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Lebre</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lep_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>CMa</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Can</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cma_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>CMi</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>O asterismo antes do Can</td>
    		<td>falta [cuberta pola man de Atlas]</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Arg</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</td>
    		<td>Barco &quot;Argo&quot;</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/arg_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Hya + Crt + Crv</td>
    		<td>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; + &Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho; + &Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</td>
    		<td>Serpe de auga + Cráter + Corvo</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/hya_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cen</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Centauro</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cen_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Lup</td>
    		<td>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Monstro</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/lup_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Ara</td>
    		<td>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Altar</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/ara_sw_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>CrA</td>
    		<td>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Coroa do Sur</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/cra_bg.png"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>PsA</td>
    		<td>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Peixe do Sur</td>
    		<td>falta [cuberta polo ombreiro de Atlas]</td>
    	</tr>
    </table></p>
    
    ### Uso correcto
    
    Ofrecemos esta cultura do ceo gratuitamente, pero os autores merecen ser
    citados segundo as normas habituais. Grazas!

note: Greek (Farnese + Almagest) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com).
    
    Written in English: the author.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi achegada a Stellarium por Susanne M. Hoffmann
    (service@uhura-uraniae.com).
    
    Escrito en inglés: o autor.

note: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest) sky culture name
en: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest)
gl: Grego (Leiden Aratea + Almagest)

note: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: This is a manuscript from the Carolingian period, two copies of which are known so far. One was found in Metz (France), the other in Leiden (Netherlands). It dates to the reign of the Carolingian king Louis the Pious (778-840), who may have been the patron himself (or his wife).
    
    The manuscript was probably created around 816 to 825 in Aachen or Metz (Lorraine) and was made with such expensive material that a royal patron is suspected. It comprises 99 parchment leaves, each of which measures 22.5 by 20.0 cm (i.e. approximately square with the width of DIN A4). In addition to graphic representations of planetary orbits and other didactic visualisations, this manuscript also contains 35 full-page miniatures depicting the ancient figures behind the constellations.
gl: Trátase dun manuscrito do período carolinxio, do que se coñecían ata agora
    dúas copias. Un atopouse en Metz (Francia), o outro en Leiden (Países
    Baixos). Data do reinado do rei carolinxio Luís o Piadoso (778-840), que
    puido ser o propio financiador (ou a súa muller).
    
    O manuscrito creouse probablemente arredor do 816 ou o 825 en Aquisgrán ou
    Metz (Lorena) e foi feito con material tan caro que se sospeita dun
    finaciamento real. Comprende 99 follas de pergamiño, cada unha das cales
    mide 22,5 por 20,0 cm (é dicir, aproximadamente cadrada co ancho de DIN
    A4). Ademais de representacións gráficas de órbitas planetarias e outras
    visualizacións didácticas, este manuscrito tamén contén 35 miniaturas de
    páxina completa que representan as figuras antigas detrás das constelacións.

note: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The figures are drawn from a non-preserved Roman model, but not from a globe, so that there is no fit to the stars. The stars themselves are only symbolically distributed on the figures, i.e. the number of stars per figure is marked in the manuscript in the form of applied gold leaves. The gold leaves, however, are not located at the true places of the stars in view of the figure in the sky, but are only indicated summarily. Elly Decker's essay discusses her proposed identifications in detail.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Aratea fol. 3v und 4r.jpg"/></p>
    <p><i>A sample page from the medieval manuscript shows the three cushion images Draco, Ursa Maior and Ursa Minor with the text opposite.</i></p>
    
    ### How this Sky Culture was made
    
    The illustrations of the individual figures were taken directly from the manuscript (provided by Prof. D. Blume, Jena, for planetarium applications). Stellarium works with point coordinates for stars in the catalogue of the astrometry satellite HIPPARCOS, so that the historical drawings have to be locked at three points each. Some of the flat book illustrations had to be distorted slightly on the planetarium dome to fit the stars. Except for the illustration of Scorpius and Ophiuchus, an approximate adjustment was possible.
    
     In a planetarium dome, i.e. against a dark background, the dark blue and black parts of the manuscript are not recognisable. That is why these parts (e.g. the crab as a figure, the horns of the ibex, the goats of the carter...) were colour-inverted. The female bears, which are supposed to be dark, have only been shifted slightly into the red. How the image looks in the original (with its lapis lazuli blue background and the original dark colours) is shown in the table below.
    
    There are some constellations in the Leiden Aratea, in particular Cen + Lup, Vir, Lib are leaving a huge gap in the sky.
    Both, Virgo and Centaur are probably not painted because the painter thought it were variants of the images of Sgr (Cen) and And (Vir).
    The artist of the Leiden Aratea never mapped the images onto the stars.
    In order to make these depictions understandable for us, I mapped them in Stellarium and added the names and stickfigures of the constellations and the names of individual stars from the Almagest.
    The Almagest is a book of mathematical astronomy of the 2nd century (i.e. the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian) while Aratos's poem describes a much earlier (~300 BCE) Greek sky culture.
    Both, the Almagest and the poem, are written in Greek originally but the Leiden Aratea presumably refers to a Latin translation of Aratus' poem and Roman artwork.
    
    The following table lists the original names of the constellations in columns 2 and 3. constellations, in column 4 the illustration in the manuscript.
    
    <p>
    <table>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><b>Latin Name, Abbreviation</b></td>
    		<td><b>Original Greek Name</b></td>
    		<td><b>Translation</b> (literally)</td>
    		<td><b>Picture</b></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ursa Minor, Ursa Maior, Draco<br />UMi, UMa, Dra</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Little She-Bear, Great She-Bear, Dragon (Latin) / Snake (Greek)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_dra.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>King Cepheus, Cep</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Kepheus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cep.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Bootes, Boo</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ox driver (Latin), Ploughing Man (Greek)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_boo.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Northern Crown, CrB</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Crown (Latin), Wreath (Greek)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_crB.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Hercules, Her</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Hercules (Latin), Kneeler (Greek)<br />The star between the legs is a well-known mistake in the picture: for this figure the draughtsman obviously took Bootes as a model; leg position, shepherd's crook (instead of club for Hercules) and star between the knees are the same.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_her.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Lyra, Lyr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Lyre</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_lyr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cygnus, Cyg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Bird [not specified]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cyg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cassiopeia, Cas</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Queen Kassiepeia </td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cas.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Perseus, Per</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Perseus<br />mirrored depiction</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_per.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Auriga, Aur</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Charioteer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aur.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aquila et Sagitta,<br />Aql </notr>and<notr> Sge</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf; </notr>and<notr> &#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Eagle with Arrow</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aql.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Delphinus, Del</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Dolphin <br /> In the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), there was no constellation Equuleus. The Farnese Globe (as well as the Mainz Globe and the Kugel Globe) depicts the Dolphin rather largely, covering the space of Equ. That is why I chose to follow this Aratean tradition also for the Leiden Aratea.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_del.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Pegasus, Peg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Pegasus (name of a winged horse; Latin), a Horse (Greek)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_peg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Andromeda, And</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</notr></td>
    		<td>Princess Andromeda</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_and.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Triangulum, Tri</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Triangle</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_tri.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aries, Ari</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ram<br />(jumping through a ring which is a symbol for the year; Roman new year was in spring).</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ari.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Taurus, Tau</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Bull</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_tau.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>M45, </notr>Pleiades</td>
    		<td></td>
    		<td>The Pleiades<br />or Seven Sisters</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_plei.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Gemini, Gem</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</notr></td>
    		<td>Twins</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_gem.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cancer, Cnc</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Cancer<br /><i>The cancer was lightened.</i></td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cnc.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Leo, Leo</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Lion<br />mirrored depiction</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_leo.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Virgo, Vir</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Young Lady<br />Apparently, the manuscript only contains one drawing for figures that are depicted twice: like Sagittarius is depicted as centaur and the constellation Centaur is missing, Andromeda is painted as young lady but the second young lady for the constellation of Virgo is missing.</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Libra, Lib</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</notr></td>
    		<td>Balance (Latin, since 1st century CE in Geminos and Manilius; transferred in a style epoch of Babylonian revival),
    		<br />Claws [of the Scorpion] (Greek)<br />The claws of the Scorpion indeed to cover this area.</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ophiuchus et Serpens, Scorpius,<br />Oph + Ser </notr>and<notr> Sco</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf; </notr>and<notr> &Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Snake Carrier and Scorpion (both in the zodiac ever since)<br />mirrored depiction</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_oph.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Sagittarius, Sgr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Archer</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_sgr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Capricornus, Cap</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>The Goat-Horned One</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cap.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aquarius, Aqr</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Water Pourer<br />mirrored depiction (although front view)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aqr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Pisces, Psc</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Fishes</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_psc.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Cetus, Cet</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>a Sea Monster named Cetus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cet.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Orion, Ori</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Orion<br /><i>mirrored depiction</i><br />The Hare in this depiction had been deleted and replaced by the Hare from his own single-page painting.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ori.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Eridanus, Eri</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&#972;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>the river Eridanus (Latin), an unnamed River (Greek);<br />here a river god is depicted</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_eri.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr>
    		<td><notr>Lepus, Lep</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Hare<br /><i>shown twice: once between Orion's legs, once separately; for the visualisation we have removed the hare between Orion's legs. The separately illustrated hare runs in the direction of writing, but the hare between Orion's legs runs in the direction of the true course of the sun. The constellation figure should therefore be thought of as mirrored in relation to the illustration in the book: this can be seen in the sketch of the hare between Orion's legs.</i></td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_lep.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Canis Maior, CMa</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Dog<br />mirrored depiction of a little dog</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cma.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Canis Minor (Procyon), CMi</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>The star in front of the dog <br /> mirrored depiction<br />(an asterism of three stars forming a small dog is already mentioned by Eratosthenes, but the name of the figure was always "Prokyon"). Procyon is a Greek term (with "k") latinized.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cmi.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Argo, Arg</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</notr></td>
    		<td>Ship &quot;Argo&quot;<br />mirrored depiction</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_arg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Hydra, Crater, Corvus<br />Hya, Crt, Crv</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;, &Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</notr></td>
    		<td>Water Snake, a particular vessel (crater), Raven</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_hya.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Centaurus, Cen</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Kentauros<br />apparently the constellations that are double have been painted only once: Sagittarius is depicted as centaur in the manuscript, the constellation Centaurus (a centaur with a sacrificial animal) is not depicted<br />(likewise, Andromeda is depicted but not Virgo)</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Lupus, Lup</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>monster<br />(in the Greek original (Aratos, ~300 BCE), Lupus is not a standalone constellation but a composite of the constellation of Centaurus that is missing here).</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ara, Ara</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</notr></td>
    		<td>Altar</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ara.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Corona Australis, CrA</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Southern Crown (Latin), Southern Wreath (Greek)</td>
    		<td>missing</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Piscis Austrinus, PsA</notr></td>
    		<td><notr>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</notr></td>
    		<td>Southern Fish<br />(had been "Great Fish" for Eratosthenes and Aratus in Greek)<br />It is so darkly drawn here that you would not recognise it in the stars. That is why the colours have been dipped into a blue-green scheme instead of the original red-purple one.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_psA.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    </table>
    </p>
gl: As figuras están extraídas dun modelo romano non conservado, pero non dun
    globo terráqueo, de xeito que non hai axuste das estrelas. As estrelas en si
    só se distribúen simbolicamente nas figuras, é dicir, o número de estrelas
    por figura márcase no manuscrito en forma de follas de ouro aplicadas. Non
    obstante, as follas de ouro non se atopan nos verdadeiros lugares das
    estrelas á vista da figura do ceo, senón que só se indican de forma
    resumida. O ensaio de Elly Decker discute en detalle as identificacións que
    propón.
    
    <p><img width="800" src="illustrations/descr_pics/Aratea fol. 3v und 4r.jpg"/></p>
    <p><i>Unha páxina de mostra do manuscrito medieval mostra as tres imaxes do
    coxín Draco, Ursa Maior e Ursa Minor co texto oposto.</i></p>
    
    ### Como se fixo esta Cultura do Ceo
    
    As ilustracións das figuras individuais tomáronse directamente do manuscrito
    (proporcionadas polo profesor D. Blume, Jena, para aplicacións de
    planetario). Stellarium funciona con coordenadas puntuais para as estrelas
    no catálogo do satélite de astrometría HIPPARCOS, de xeito que os debuxos
    históricos teñen que estar ancorados en tres puntos cada un. Algunhas das
    ilustracións de libros planos tiveron que distorsionarse lixeiramente na
    cúpula do planetario para axustarse ás estrelas. Salvo a ilustración de
    Escorpio e Ofiúco, foi posible un axuste aproximado.
    
     Nunha cúpula de planetario, é dicir, contra un fondo escuro, as partes azul
    escuro e negras do manuscrito non se recoñecen. É por iso que estas partes
    (por exemplo, o cangrexo como figura, os cornos da cabra montesa, as cabras
    do carreteiro ...) foron invertidas na cor. As osas femia, que se supón que
    son escuras, só se cambiaron lixeiramente ó vermello. Na táboa seguinte
    móstrase o aspecto da imaxe no orixinal (co seu fondo azul lapislázuli e as
    cores escuras orixinais).
    
    Hai algunhas constelacións en Leiden Aratea, en particular Cen + Lup, Vir,
    Lib que deixan un enorme oco no ceo. Ambos, Virgo e Centauro, probablemente
    non estean pintados porque o pintor pensou que eran variantes das imaxes de
    Sgr (Cen) e And (Vir). O artista de Leiden Aratea nunca debuxou nas estrelas
    imaxes. Para que estas representacións fosen comprensibles para min,
    mapeinas en Stellarium e engadín os nomes e as figuras das constelacións e
    os nomes de estrelas individuais do Almagest. O Almagest é un libro de
    astronomía matemática do século II (é dicir, o reinado do emperador romano
    Adriano) mentres que o poema de Aratos describe unha cultura do ceo grega
    moi anterior (~ 300 a.C.). Ambos, o Almagest e o poema, están escritos en
    grego orixinalmente, pero o Leiden Aratea presuntamente refírese a unha
    tradución latina do poema de Aratus e das obras de arte romanas.
    
    A seguinte táboa lista os nomes orixinais das constelacións nas columnas 2 e
    3, constelacións, na columna 4 a ilustración do manuscrito.
    
    <p>
    <table>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><b>Nome latino, Abreviatura</b></td>
    		<td><b>Nome Orixinal Grego</b></td>
    		<td><b>Tradución</b> (literalmente)</td>
    		<td><b>Imaxe</b></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ursa Minor, Ursa Maior, Draco<br />UMi, UMa, Dra</notr></td>
    		<td>&Mu;&iota;&kappa;&rho;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Mu;&epsilon;&gamma;&alpha;&lambda;&#942; &#702;&#714;&Alpha;&rho;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Delta;&rho;&#940;&kappa;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Osa pequena, gran osa, dragón (latín) / serpe (grego)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_dra.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>King Cepheus, Cep</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&eta;&phi;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Cefeo</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cep.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Bootes, Boo</td>
    		<td>&Beta;&omicron;&#974;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Condutor de boi (latín), Home fo arado (grego)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_boo.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Northern Crown, CrB</td>
    		<td>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Coroa (latín), coroa de flores (grego)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_crB.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Hercules, Her</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Epsilon;&nu;&gamma;&#972;&nu;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Hércules (latín), Xeonllo (grego)<br />A estrela entre as pernas é un erro ben coñecido na imaxe: para esta figura,
    o debuxante obviamente tomou a Bootes como modelo; a posición das pernas, o
    caxato de pastor (en vez de porra para Hércules) e a estrela entre os
    xeonllos son iguais.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_her.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Lyra, Lyr</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&#973;&rho;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Lira</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_lyr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cygnus, Cyg</td>
    		<td>&#702;&#714;&Omicron;&rho;&nu;&iota;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Paxaro [non especificado]</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cyg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cassiopeia, Cas</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&iota;&#941;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Raíña Kassiepeia </td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cas.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Perseus, Per</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&epsilon;&rho;&sigma;&epsilon;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Perseus<br />representación especular</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_per.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Auriga, Aur</td>
    		<td>&#703;&Eta;&nu;&#943;&omicron;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Auriga</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aur.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Aquila et Sagitta,<br />Aql </notr>e Sge</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&epsilon;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf; e &#702;&Omicron;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Aguia con Frecha</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aql.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Delphinus, Del</td>
    		<td>&Delta;&epsilon;&lambda;&phi;&#943;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Golfiño <br /> No orixinal grego (Aratos, ~ 300 a.C.), non había ningunha constelación
    Equuleus. O Globo Farnese (así como o Globo de Mainz e o Globo Kugel)
    representa o Golfiño en gran parte, cubrindo o espazo de Equ. Por iso
    escollín seguir esta tradición arateana tamén para o Leiden Aratea.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_del.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Pegasus, Peg</td>
    		<td>&#703;&#714;&Iota;&pi;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Pegaso (nome dun cabalo alado; latín), un Cabalo (grego)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_peg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Andromeda, And</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&mu;&#941;&delta;&alpha;</td>
    		<td>Princesa Andrómeda</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_and.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Triangulum, Tri</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&rho;&#943;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Triángulo</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_tri.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Aries, Ari</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&rho;&iota;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Carneiro<br />(saltando por un anel que é un símbolo do ano; o ano novo romano era en
    primavera).</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ari.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Taurus, Tau</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&#771;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Touro</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_tau.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>M45, Pleiades</td>
    		<td></td>
    		<td>As Pléiades<br />ou Sete Irmás</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_plei.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Gemini, Gem</td>
    		<td>&Delta;&#943;&delta;&upsilon;&mu;&omicron;&iota;</td>
    		<td>Xemelgos</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_gem.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cancer, Cnc</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#943;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Cancer<br /><i>O cangrexo foi alixeirado.</i></td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cnc.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Leo, Leo</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&#941;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>León<br />representación especular</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_leo.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Virgo, Vir</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&alpha;&rho;&theta;&#941;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Mociña<br />Ó parecer, o manuscrito só contén un debuxo para figuras que se representan
    dúas veces: deste xeito Arqueiro é representado como centauro e falta a
    constelación Centauro, Andrómeda está pintada como unha moza pero falta a
    segunda moza da constelación de Virgo.</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Libra, Lib</td>
    		<td>&Chi;&eta;&lambda;&alpha;&#943;</td>
    		<td>Balanza (latín, dende o século I d.C. en Geminos e Manilius; transferido
    nunha época de estilo de renacemento babilónico),
    		<br />Poutas [do Escorpión] (grego)<br />As poutas do Escorpión cobren esta zona.</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Ophiuchus et Serpens, Scorpius,<br />Oph + Ser </notr>e Sco</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&omicron;&#973;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &#702;&#714;&Omicron;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf; e &Sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&pi;&#943;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>O que leva a serpe e Escorpión (ambos no zodíaco dende entón)<br />representación especular</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_oph.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Sagittarius, Sgr</td>
    		<td>&Tau;&omicron;&xi;&#972;&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Arqueiro</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_sgr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Capricornus, Cap</td>
    		<td>&Alpha;&#943;&gamma;&#972;&kappa;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>A dos cornos de cabra</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cap.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Aquarius, Aqr</td>
    		<td>&#703;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#972;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>O que verte a auga<br />representación especular (aínda que vista de fronte)</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_aqr.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Pisces, Psc</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&epsilon;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Peixes</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_psc.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Cetus, Cet</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&eta;&#771;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Un monstro mariño chamado Cetus</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cet.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Orion, Ori</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Omega;&rho;&#943;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Orion<br /><i>representación especular</i><br />A lebre desta representación fora eliminada e substituída pola lebre da súa
    propia pintura dunha soa páxina.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ori.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Eridanus, Eri</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&omicron;&tau;&alpha;&mu;&#972;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>o río Eridanus (Latín), un Río sen nome (Grego);<br />aquí represéntase o deus río</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_eri.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr>
    		<td>Lepus, Lep</td>
    		<td>&Lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&omega;&#771;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Lebre<br /><i>amosado dúas veces: unha entre as pernas de Orión e outra por separado;
    para a visualización eliminamos a lebre entre as pernas de Orión. A lebre
    ilustrada por separado corre na dirección da escritura, pero a lebre entre
    as pernas de Orión corre na dirección do verdadeiro curso do sol. Polo
    tanto, a figura da constelación debería considerarse como espello en
    relación coa ilustración do libro: pódese ver no esbozo da lebre entre as
    pernas de Orión.</i></td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_lep.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Canis Maior, CMa</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Can<br />representación especular dun can pequeno</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cma.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Canis Minor (Procyon), CMi</td>
    		<td>&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;&#973;&omega;&nu;</td>
    		<td>A estrela diante do can pequeno <br /> representación especular<br />(Eratóstenes xa menciona un asterismo de tres estrelas que forman un can
    pequeno, pero o nome da figura sempre foi "Prokyon"). Procyon é un termo
    grego (con "k") latinizado.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_cmi.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Argo, Arg</td>
    		<td>&#702;&Alpha;&rho;&gamma;&omega;</td>
    		<td>Barco &quot;Argo&quot;<br />representación especular</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_arg.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td><notr>Hydra, Crater, Corvus<br />Hya, Crt, Crv</notr></td>
    		<td>&#703;&#714;&Upsilon;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;, &Kappa;&oacute;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</td>
    		<td>Serpe de auga, un recipiente particular (cráter), Corvo</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_hya.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Centaurus, Cen</td>
    		<td>&Kappa;&#941;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Centauro<br />ó parecer, as constelacións que son dobres só se pintaron unha vez: Arqueiro
    é representado como centauro no manuscrito, a constelación Centaurus (un
    centauro cun animal sacrificado) non se representa<br />(do mesmo xeito, Andromeda está representada pero non Virxe)</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Lupus, Lup</td>
    		<td>&Theta;&eta;&rho;&#943;&omicron;&nu;</td>
    		<td>monstro<br />(no orixinal grego (Aratos, ~ 300 a.C.), Lupus non é unha constelación
    autónoma senón unha parte da constelación de Centauro que falta aquí).</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Ara, Ara</td>
    		<td>&Theta;&upsilon;&mu;&iota;&alpha;&tau;&#942;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</td>
    		<td>Altar</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_ara.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Corona Australis, CrA</td>
    		<td>&Sigma;&tau;&#941;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Coroa do Sur (Latín), Coroa de flores do Sur (Grego)</td>
    		<td>desaparecida</td>
    	</tr>
    	<tr valign="top">
    		<td>Piscis Austrinus, PsA</td>
    		<td>&Nu;&#972;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; &#702;&Iota;&chi;&theta;&#973;&sigmaf;</td>
    		<td>Peixe do Sur<br />(fora "Gran Peixe" para Eratóstenes e Aratus en grego)<br />Está debuxado aquí tan escuro que non o recoñecerías entre as estrelas. É
    por iso que as cores se mesturaron nun esquema azul-verde en lugar do
    orixinal vermello-púrpura.</td>
    		<td><img width="255" src="illustrations/descr_pics/aratea_small_psA.jpg"/></td>
    	</tr>
    </table>
    </p>

note: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest) sky culture references section in markdown format
en: ### For the Aratea itself:
    
     - [#1]: Blume, Dieter; Haffner, Mechthild; Metzger, Wolfgang: Sternbilder des Mittelalters und der Renaissance: Porträts aus der Geschichte der Leibnizschen Wissenschaftsakademie, Band I-II, de Gruyter, 2012-2016
     - [#2]: Dekker, Elly: The Provenance of the Stars in the Leiden Aratea Picture Book, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Vol. 73 (2010), pp. 1-37
     - [#3]: Katzenstein, Ranee and Savage-Smith, Emily: The Leiden Aratea &mdash; Ancient Constellations in a medieval manuscript, The Paul Getty Museum, Malibu California, 1988
    
    ### For Ptolemaios (in comparison): Almagest star catalogue
    
     - [#4]: Heiberg, J. L. (Ed.): Claudii Ptolemaei: Syntaxis Mathematica, Teubner, Leipzig, 1898
     - [#5]: Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, 2017
     - [#6]: Toomer, G. J.: Ptolemy's Almagest, Duckworth, London, 1984
    
    ### Fair Use
    
    We provide this sky culture free of charge, but the authors deserve to be cited according to the usual rules. Thank you!
gl: ### Para o propio Aratea:
    
     - [#1]: Blume, Dieter; Haffner, Mechthild; Metzger, Wolfgang: Sternbilder des Mittelalters und der Renaissance: Porträts aus der Geschichte der Leibnizschen Wissenschaftsakademie, Band I-II, de Gruyter, 2012-2016
     - [#2]: Dekker, Elly: The Provenance of the Stars in the Leiden Aratea Picture Book, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes Vol. 73 (2010), pp. 1-37
     - [#3]: Katzenstein, Ranee and Savage-Smith, Emily: The Leiden Aratea &mdash; Ancient Constellations in a medieval manuscript, The Paul Getty Museum, Malibu California, 1988
    
    ### Para Ptolemaios (en comparación): catálogo de estrelas Almagest
    
     - [#4]: Heiberg, J. L. (Ed.): Claudii Ptolemaei: Syntaxis Mathematica, Teubner, Leipzig, 1898
     - [#5]: Hoffmann, S. M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, 2017
     - [#6]: Toomer, G. J.: Ptolemy's Almagest, Duckworth, London, 1984
    
    ### Uso correcto
    
    Ofrecemos esta cultura do ceo gratuitamente, pero os autores merecen ser
    citados segundo as normas habituais. Grazas!

note: Greek (Leiden Aratea + Almagest) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was added to Stellarium by Susanne M. Hoffmann (service@uhura-uraniae.com) and originally created in collaboration with Prof. Dr. Dieter Blume (Art History, FSU Jena, Germany) for Planetarium Jena.
    
    Written in English: the authors
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi engadida a Stellarium por Susanne M. Hoffmann
    (service@uhura-uraniae.com) e creada orixinalmente en colaboración co
    profesor Dr. Dieter Blume (Historia da arte, FSU Jena, Alemaña) para
    Planetarium Jena.
    
    Escrito en inglés: os autores

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture name
en: Hawaiian Starlines
gl: Liñas de estrelas hawaianas

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: These are the star lines developed by Nainoa Thompson and used by the Polynesian Voyaging Society to navigate Polynesian sailing canoes using traditional techniques of non instrument navigation across thousands of miles of open ocean. For years, Hawaiian navigators have memorized the position of stars as they rise and set in order to know oneʻs bearing.   Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson developed a system of organization to help memorize the position of stars throughout the celestial sphere by dividing the sky into four evenly sized star lines.
gl: Estas son as liñas de estrelas desenvolvidas por Nainoa Thompson e empregadas pola Polynesian Voyaging Society para navegar en canoas de vela pola polinesia utilizando técnicas tradicionais de navegación sen instrumentos a través de miles de quilómetros de océano aberto. Durante anos, os navegantes hawaianos memorizaron a posición das estrelas cando se elevan e estudaron o seu movemento. Wayfinder Nainoa Thompson desenvolveu un sistema de organización para axudar a memorizar a posición das estrelas en toda a esfera celeste dividindo o ceo en catro liñas de estrelas de tamaño uniforme.

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### History
    
    The knowledge of Hawaiian star navigation has been passed down orally for many generations.   Much of the knowledge regarding stars and navigation were lost until the Hawaiian Renaissance in the early 1970s. Polynesian Voyage Society (PVS), founded in 1973, created Hokule’a in 1975. Hokule’a is a traditional Hawaiian voyaging canoe with the mission to revive the art of way finding. A man from Satawal, Micronesia named Mau Piailug was a master navigator/wayfinder. The knowledge of wayfinding and using the sky to navigate was passed down to Mau from his ancestors. Nainoa Thompson, current President of PVS, asked Mau to teach his knowledge of navigation to him with the intention of reviving the knowledge that was once lost to the Hawaiians. With the knowledge learned from Mau, the Hawaiian star compass and star lines were created.
    
    ### Star Lines
    
    Each star line is a group of main stars that will be remembered by the navigators. The stars connect making constellations. Navigators remember the rising/setting houses of these stars, the stars that connect in each line, and the lines that point directly to North and South. The star lines’ position in the night sky slowly change over time, each starline being more prevalent at night according to the season. The star lines with their according season are as follows:
    <p> <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>1.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Ke Ka o Makali‘i</notr></td>
    	<td>November to April </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>2.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Ka Iwikuamo‘o</notr></td>
    	<td>April to July </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>3.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Manaiakalani</notr></td>
    	<td>May to October </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>4.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</notr></td>
    	<td>September to February</td>
    </tr>
    </table> </p>
    
    ### <notr>Ke Ka o Makali’i</notr>
    
    The direct translation means the “Bailer of *Makali’i*”. The lines are shaped as a canoe bailer which scoops *Ka Hei-Hei o Na Keiki* (Orion) and *Makali’i* (Pleiades) up into the night sky. In voyaging a bailer is used to scoop up water out of the hulls.
    
    The main stars of *Ke Ka o Makali’i* from North to South are *Hokulei* (Capella), *Nanamua* (Castor), *Nanahope* (Pollux), *Puana* (Procyon), and *‘A’a* (Sirius). These stars connect together to create the bailer in the sky. Mintaka (&delta; Ori) is an important star in this line because it rises/sets directly east or west giving the navigator an easy pointer star for direction. Mirzam (&beta; CMa next to *‘A’a* (Sirius)) and *Ke Ali’i Kona i Ka Lewa* (Canopus) connect together to create a southern pointer. *‘Ekekeuehuehu* (&theta; Aur, Mahasim) and *‘Ekekeu’ena’ena* (&beta; Aur, Menkalinan) connect to create a northern pointer. Different north/south pointers are found in the star lines and used heavily by navigators.
    
    ### <notr>Ka Iwikuamo’o</notr>
    
    *Ka Iwikuamo’o* translates to the backbone (directly: Bone back-lizard). This star line is depicted as the backbone of a lizard or *mo’o* in this sky culture. It can also be representing a genealogical backbone, each star representing a generation.
    
    The star line itself starts with *Hokupa’a* (North Star), the ultimate northern pointer due to the star never moving in the sky, always above north. *Hokupa’a* connects down to *Na Hiku* (Big Dipper). *Na Hiku* translates to “The Seven” as there is seven stars in the Big Dipper. *Hokule’a* (Arcturus) and *Hikianalia* (Spica) are the two stars in the middle of the star line. The two PVS canoes are named after these two stars. *Hokule’a* is the “zenith” star of Hawai’i, meaning it will be directly overhead when you are at the latitude of the Hawaiian Islands. *Hokule’a* is very important to navigators on finding their way back to Hawai’i. The meaning of *Hokule’a* is “the star of gladness” because it is the star used to find home bringing joy. Next to *Hikianalia* is *Me’e*, a combination of four stars that create a box. *Me’e* connects down to *Hanaiakamalama* (Southern Cross) which is the southern pointer for *Ka Iwikuamo’o*.
    
    ### <notr>Manaiakalani</notr>
    
    *Manaiakalani* translates to “The Chief's Fishline”. This refers to the legend of the demi god Maui and his fish hook. Maui is credited for pulling up the islands with his magical fish hook.
    
    This star line consists of two constellations. The Navigator’s Triangle on the north and Maui’s fish hook on the south. The Navigator’s Triangle is made of three stars *Hawaiki* (Deneb), *Keoe* (Vega), and *Humu* (Altair). (It is the same figure as the Summer Triangle for modern amateur astronomers.) These stars also represent the Polynesian triangle: Hawai’i (*Hawaiki*), Rapanui (*Keoe*), and Aotearoa (*Humu*). These three islands are pulled by the fish hook of Maui (Scorpius).
    
    The northern pointer is found in the Navigator’s Triangle when you connect *Wainielela* (&epsilon; Cyg, Aljanah (Gienah)) and *Hawaiki* (Deneb). Southern pointers are in the fish hook when you connect *Mili’opu* (&delta; Sco, Dschubba) and *Kahe* (&pi; Sco, Fang), the stars on the top of the hook.
    
    ### <notr>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</notr>
    
    *Ka Lupe o Kawelo* translates to “The Kite of Kawelo”. Kawelo was a great chief of Kaua’i and O’ahu and this star line represents the kite which was lost as a child.
    
    The star line starts with *‘Iwakeli’i*, meaning Chief Frigate Bird (*Fregata Minor*). The shape of this constellation (which is Cassiopeia's W in the West) resembles the *‘iwa* bird that is known for leading voyagers to land. The center of the star line is the Kite of Kawelo (equal to the Great Square of Pegasus). The four stars that make the kite are named after Kawelo’s greatest ancestors: *Manokalanipo* (&delta; Peg, Alpheratz), *Kakuhihewa* (&beta; Peg, Scheat), *Pi’ilani* (&gamma; Peg, Algenib), and *Keawe* (&alpha; Peg, Markab). All four were famous chiefs of their time. The star line then connects south to two stars *Pi’ikea* (&beta; Cet, Deneb Kaitos) and *Kukaniloko* (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut).
    
    The northern pointer is found in *Manokalanipo* (&delta; Peg, Alpheratz) and *Kealohalani-po-keao* (&beta; Cas, Caph) of *‘Iwakeli’i*. The southern pointer is connected with *Keawe* (&alpha; Peg, Markab) and *Kukaniloko* (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut).
gl: ### Historia
    
    O coñecemento da navegación polas estrelas hawaiana foi transmitido oralmente durante moitas xeracións. Gran parte do coñecemento sobre as estrelas e a navegación perdeuse ata o Renacemento hawaiano a principios dos anos 70. Polynesian Voyage Society (PVS), fundada en 1973, creou Hokule'a en 1975. Hokule'a é unha canoa de viaxe tradicional hawaiana coa misión de revivir a arte de buscar o camiño. Un home de Satawal, Micronesia, chamado Mau Piailug, era un mestre navegante/orientador. O coñecemento de buscar camiños e usar o ceo para navegar foi transmitido a Mau dos seus antepasados. Nainoa Thompson, actual presidenta de PVS, pediulle a Mau que lle ensinara os seus coñecementos de navegación coa intención de revivir os antigos coñecementos dos hawaianos que se perderon. Co coñecemento aprendido de Mau, creáronse o compás e as liñas estelares hawaianas.
    
    ### Liñas de estrelas
    
    Cada liña de estrelas é un grupo de estrelas principais que serán lembradas polos navegantes. As estrelas conéctanse facendo constelacións. Os navegantes lembran as casas de ascenso/posición destas estrelas, as estrelas que se conectan en cada liña e as liñas que apuntan directamente ó norte e ó sur. A posición das liñas de estrelas no ceo nocturno cambia lentamente co paso do tempo, sendo cada liña de estrelas máis frecuente pola noite segundo a estación. As liñas de estrelas coa súa estación correspondente son as seguintes:
    <p> <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>1.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Ke Ka o Makali‘i</notr></td>
    	<td>Novembro a Abril </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>2.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Ka Iwikuamo‘o</notr></td>
    	<td>Abril a Xullo </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>3.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Manaiakalani</notr></td>
    	<td>Maio a Outubro </td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
    	<td><notr>4.</notr></td>
    	<td><notr>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</notr></td>
    	<td>Setembro a Febreiro</td>
    </tr>
    </table> </p>
    
    ### <notr>Ke Ka o Makali’i</notr>
    
    A tradución directa significa o "Bailarín de *Makali'i*". As liñas teñen a forma dunha canoa que recolle *Ka Hei-Hei o Na Keiki* (Orión) e *Makali'i* (Pléiades) no ceo nocturno. Na viaxe úsase unha cunca para sacar auga dos cascos.
    
    As estrelas principais de *Ke Ka o Makali'i* de norte a sur son *Hokulei* (Capella), *Nanamua* (Castor), *Nanahope* (Pollux), *Puana* (Procyon) e *'A'a* (Sirius). Estas estrelas conéctanse entre si para crear a cunca no ceo. Mintaka (&delta; Ori) é unha estrela importante nesta liña porque sobe/ponse directamente ó leste ou ó oeste, dándolle ó navegador unha estrela indicadora fácil para a dirección. Mirzam (&beta; CMa onda *‘A’a* (Sirius)) e *Ke Ali’i Kona i Ka Lewa* (Canopus) conéctanse para crear un punteiro sur. *‘Ekekeuehuehu* (&theta; Aur, Mahasim) e *‘Ekekeu’ena’ena* (&beta; Aur, Menkalinan) conéctanse para crear un punteiro norte. Nas liñas estelares atópanse diferentes punteiros norte/sur e son moi utilizados polos navegantes.
    
    ### <notr>Ka Iwikuamo’o</notr>
    
    *Ka Iwikuamo’o* tradúcese como espiñazo (directamente: espiñazo-lagarto). Esta liña estelar represéntase como a columna vertebral dun lagarto ou *mo'o* nesta cultura do ceo. Tamén pode estar representando unha columna vertebral xenealóxica, cada estrela representaría unha xeración.
    
    A liña estelar en si comeza con *Hokupa'a* (Estrela do Norte), o punteiro norte definitivo debido a que a estrela nunca se move no ceo, sempre por riba do norte. *Hokupa'a* conéctase a *Na Hiku* (Osa Maior). *Na Hiku* tradúcese como "Os sete", xa que hai sete estrelas na Osa Maior. *Hokule’a* (Arcturus) e *Hikianalia* (Spica) son as dúas estrelas no medio da liña de estrelas. As dúas canoas PVS levan o nome destas dúas estrelas. *Hokule'a* é a estrela "cénit" de Hawai'i, o que significa que estará directamente sobre a cabeza cando esteas na latitude das illas hawaianas. *Hokule'a* é moi importante para os navegantes para atopar o camiño de volta a Hawai. O significado de *Hokule'a* é "a estrela da alegría" porque é a estrela usada para atopar a casa traendo alegría. Xunto a *Hikianalia* está *Me'e*, unha combinación de catro estrelas que crean unha caixa. *Me'e* conéctase a *Hanaiakamalama* (Cruz do Sur), que é o punteiro sur para *Ka Iwikuamo'o*.
    
    ### <notr>Manaiakalani</notr>
    
    *Manaiakalani* tradúcese como "O peixe do xefe". Isto refírese á lenda do semi-deus Maui e o seu anzol. Maui é famoso por sacar as illas co seu anzol máxico.
    
    Esta liña de estrelas consta de dúas constelacións. O Triángulo do Navegador ó norte e o anzol de Maui ó sur. O Triángulo do Navegador está formado por tres estrelas *Hawaiki* (Deneb), *Keoe* (Vega) e *Humu* (Altair). (É a mesma figura có Triángulo de Verán para os astrónomos afeccionados modernos.) Estas estrelas tamén representan o triángulo polinesio: Hawai’i (*Hawaiki*), Rapanui (*Keoe*) e Aotearoa (*Humu*). Estas tres illas foron sacadas polo anzol de Maui (Scorpius).
    
    O punteiro norte atópase no Triángulo do Navegador cando se conecta *Wainielela* (&epsilon; Cyg, Aljanah (Gienah)) e *Hawaiki* (Deneb). Os punteiros do sur están no anzol cando se conecta *Mili'opu* (&delta; Sco, Dschubba) e *Kahe* (&pi; Sco, Fang), as estrelas na parte superior do anzol.
    
    ### <notr>Ka Lupe o Kawelo</notr>
    
    *Ka Lupe o Kawelo* tradúcese como "O papaventos de Kawelo". Kawelo foi un gran xefe de Kaua'i e O'ahu e esta liña de estrelas representa o papaventos que perdeu cando era neno.
    
    A liñade estrelas comeza con *'Iwakeli'i*, que significa Paxaro Fragata Xefe (*Fregata Minor*). A forma desta constelación (que é o W de Casiopea en Occidente) aseméllase ´´o paxaro *‘iwa* que é coñecido por levar os viaxeiros a terra. O centro da liña de estrelas é o Kite de Kawelo (igual ó gran cadrado de Pegaso). As catro estrelas que forman o papaventos levan o nome dos maiores antepasados ​​de Kawelo: *Manokalanipo* (&delta; Peg, Alpheratz), *Kakuhihewa* (&beta; Peg, Scheat), *Pi'ilani* (&gamma; Peg, Algenib) e *Keawe* (&alpha; Peg, Markab). Os catro eran xefes famosos da súa época. A liña estelar conecta entón ó sur con dúas estrelas *Pi'ikea* (&beta; Cet, Deneb Kaitos) e *Kukaniloko* (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut).
    
    O punteiro setentrional atópase en *Manokalanipo* (&delta; Peg, Alpheratz) e *Kealohalani-po-keao* (&beta; Cas, Caph) de *‘Iwakeli’i*. O punteiro sur está conectado con *Keawe* (&alpha; Peg, Markab) e *Kukaniloko* (&alpha; PsA, Fomalhaut).

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Polynesian Voyaging Society](http://hokulea.com)
     - [#2]: [Hawaiian Voyaging Society](http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html)
     - [#3]: [Imiloa](http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths)
     - [#4]: [Hawaiian Star Lines and Names for Stars](http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html)
    
     The Hawaiian Star Compass landscape which should be used with this skyculture is available at the [Stellarium Landscapes](https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html) collection.
gl:  - [#1]: [Polynesian Voyaging Society](http://hokulea.com)
     - [#2]: [Hawaiian Voyaging Society](http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html)
     - [#3]: [Imiloa](http://www.imiloahawaii.org/71/star-paths)
     - [#4]: [Hawaiian Star Lines and Names for Stars](http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/hawaiian_star_lines.html)
    
     A paisaxe do compás da estrela hawaiana, que se debe empregar con esta cultura do ceo está accesible na colección [Paisaxes de Stellarium](https://stellarium.org/landscapes.html).

note: Hawaiian Starlines sky culture authors section in markdown format
en:  The *master navigator* behind this sky culture was Mau Piailug of Satawal, who taught the Polynesian art of celestial navigation to Nainoa Thompson, who developed this version of the sky culture that was used from 2013-17 by Hawaiians to sail around the world during the Malama Honua Voyage of Hokule’a, the Polynesian voyaging canoe. Stellarium has been used as a tool by the navigators of Hokule’a and this sky culture serves as a tool for practicing Polynesian navigation.
    
    The technical implementation of the sky culture included here was contributed in 2017 by teachers Darren Kamalu and Christopher Blake, Students Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila and the Celestial Navigation class at Kamehameha Schools Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai’i. Artwork by Kealoha Kaneakua.
gl:  O *mestre navegante* desta cultura do ceo foi Mau Piailug, de Satawal, que ensinou a arte polinesia da navegación celeste a Nainoa Thompson, quen desenvolveu esta versión da cultura do ceo que foi utilizada polos hawaianos desde 2013-17 para navegar polo mundo durante a Malama Honua Voyage de Hokule'a, a canoa de viaxe polinesia. Stellarium foi usado como ferramenta polos navegantes de Hokule e esta cultura do ceo serve como ferramenta para practicar a navegación polinesia.
    
    A implementación técnica da cultura do ceo incluída aquí foi achegada polos profesores Darren Kamalu e Christopher Blake, os estudantes Jonah Apo, Nicholas Koanui, Brenden Aila e a clase de navegación celeste nas escolas Kamehameha Kapalama, Honolulu, Hawai. Obras artísticas de Kealoha Kaneakua.

note: Indian Vedic sky culture name
en: Indian Vedic
gl: Védico da India

note: Indian Vedic sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Vedic sky culture with some commonly known constellations related to Nakṣatra-s.
gl: Cultura do ceo vedico con algunhas constelacións comunmente relacionadas con Nakṣatra-s.

note: Indian Vedic sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### <notr>Rāśi (राशिः)</notr>
    
    The sidereal zodiac is an imaginary belt of 360 degrees (like the tropical zodiac), divided into 12 equal parts. Each twelfth part (of 30 degrees) is called a sign or rashi. Their names are shown in (brackets).
    
    In stellarium, we show Rāśi constellations attached to the corresponding asterisms, and not as divisions of the ecliptic offset away from their original locations to account for precession.
    
    In traditional astronomy there are two systems of measuring time - Lunar Calendar & Solar calendar. In both cases one year is divided into 12 months or "māsā". Name of the solar months originated from these constellation' names.
    
    ### <notr>Nakṣatra (नक्षत्रम्)</notr>
    
    In Hindu tradition the ecliptic is divided into 27 parts of approximately 13°20', which correspond with 27 asterisms known as the nakṣatra-s (full list, with western equivalents here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra ). In the earliest extant layers of the tradition this number is 28. This division is critical for several purposes including timing rituals and determining the birth lunar mansions. Since these asterisms define an area in the sky, they are also technically constellations.
    
    sUrya-siddhAnta and vedAnga-jyotiSha specify start coordinates for the 13°20' divisions using some stars (Please see penultimate paragraph in [this page](https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n42/mode/1up))
    
    The earliest complete nakṣatra lists are found in the Taittirīya-śruti and the Atharvaveda where they are recited as part of the nakṣatreṣṭi ritual which places the deities of pantheon in these celestial compartments. Some scholars opine that the tradition shows that by the early medieval period, the nakṣatra identification had changed to a small degree from the Vedic period.
    
    There are multiple rich mythologies and symbolisms associated with the same constellations and stars (Example: [Raj Vedam on Rohini](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq__DXtfeXw)) - it wouldn't do to rely on one to the exclusion of others during translation or truncated description. Hence we stick to etymological translations; and rather than including long mythological accounts here, just suggest that interested readers delve into them separately. (See references below.)
    
    Name of the lunar months originated from those 12 divisions' names in which full moon or "Purnimā" occurs. Unlike a solar day which defined by a sunrise to next sunrise, a lunar day or moon's position in a nakshatra doesn't depends on sun rising or moon rising. Thus a lunar day may start in any time of a solar day. Like other ancient human cultures, vedic people innovated a number of systems of which intercalary lunar months became most used, that is adding another month every 32.5 months on average or 4 months in every 11 years to correct the mismatch between lunar and solar year.
    
    A few of the yogatārā-s or prominent asterisms in the nakṣatra-s (going by their mainstream identification) lie slightly outside their constellation boundaries - in which case, any resultant problem (with regards to ritual timing or astrology) should be solved by other means (some people propose alternate identifications for such yogatārā-s).
    
    ### Navagraha - Nine "planets"
    
    They observed that some celestial body moves independently relative to background stars and named them "planets" or "graha". As such The sun and moon are also treated as graha. They also named the lunar nodes as graha-s as these points are very important to calculate the eclipses. Name of vedic days originated from these planet's names.
    
    |Graha|Designation|Name of Solar days|
    |-----|-----------|------------------|
    |<notr>Sūrya </notr>(Sun)|Sun God|<notr>Ravivāsara </notr>(Sunday)|
    |<notr>Chandra/Soma </notr>(Moon)|Moon god|<notr>Somavāsara </notr>(Monday)|
    |<notr>Maṅgala </notr>(Mars)|God of war|<notr>Maṅgalavāsara </notr>(Tuesday)|
    |<notr>Budha </notr>(Mercury)|Son of Moon|<notr>Budhavāsara </notr>(Wednesday)|
    |<notr>Bṛihaspati/Guru </notr>(Jupiter)|Teacher of Gods|<notr>Guruvāsara </notr>(Thursday)|
    |<notr>Śukra </notr>(Venus)|Mentor of Demons|<notr>Śukravāsara </notr>(Friday)|
    |<notr>Śani </notr>(Saturn)|God of Misfortune|<notr>Śanivāsara </notr>(Saturday)|
    |<notr>Rahu</notr>|lunar node|-|
    |<notr>Ketú</notr>|lunar node|-|
gl: ### <notr>Rāśi (राशिः)</notr>
    
    O zodíaco sideral é un cinto imaxinario de 360 ​​graos (como o zodíaco tropical), dividido en 12 partes iguais. Cada duodécima parte (de 30 graos) chámase sinal ou rashi. Os seus nomes móstranse entre (parénteses).
    
    En stellarium, mostramos as constelacións Rāśi unidas ós asterismos correspondentes, e non como divisións da eclíptica afastadas das súas localizacións orixinais para explicar a precesión.
    
    Na astronomía tradicional hai dous sistemas de medición do tempo: o calendario lunar e o calendario solar. En ambos os casos un ano divídese en 12 meses ou "māsā". O nome dos meses solares orixinouse dos nomes destas constelacións.
    
    ### <notr>Nakṣatra (नक्षत्रम्)</notr>
    
    Na tradición hindú a eclíptica divídese en 27 partes de aproximadamente 13°20', que se corresponden con 27 asterismos coñecidos como nakṣatra-s (listaxe completa, con equivalentes occidentais aquí: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra ). Nas primeiras versións existentes da tradición este número é 28. Esta división é fundamental para varios propósitos, incluíndo rituais de tempo e determinación das mansións lunares de nacemento. Dado que estes asterismos definen unha zona do ceo, tamén son tecnicamente constelacións.
    
    sUrya-siddhAnta e vedAnga-jyotiSha especifican as coordenadas de inicio para as divisións de 13°20' usando algunhas estrelas (consulta o penúltimo parágrafo [nesta páxina] (https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-of-Calendar-Committee-Committe2/mode)
    
    As primeiras listaxes completas de nakṣatra atópanse no Taittirīya-śruti e no Atharvaveda onde se recitan como parte do ritual nakṣatreṣṭi que coloca as divindades do panteón nestes compartimentos celestes. Algúns estudosos opinan que a tradición amosa que no inicio do período medieval, a identificación nakṣatra cambiou un pouco con respecto ó período védico.
    
    Hai varias mitoloxías e ricos simbolismos asociados ás mesmas constelacións e estrelas (Exemplo: [Raj Vedam en Rohini](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq__DXtfeXw)) - non sería conveniente confiar nunha das mesmas con exclusión doutras durante a tradución ou a descrición truncada. De aí que nos ateñamos ás traducións etimolóxicas; e en lugar de incluír aquí longos relatos mitolóxicos, suxerimos que os lectores interesados ​​afonden neles por separado. (Ver referencias a continuación).
    
    O nome dos meses lunares orixinouse a partir dos nomes das 12 divisións nas que aparece a lúa chea ou "Purnimā". A diferenza dun día solar, que se define dende un amencer ó seguinte amencer, un día lunar ou a posición da lúa nun nakshatra non depende da saída do sol ou da saída da lúa. Así, un día lunar pode comezar en calquera momento dun día solar. Do mesmo xeito que outras culturas humanas antigas, os pobos védicos innovaron unha serie de sistemas dos cales os meses lunares intercalares foron os máis utilizados, é dicir, engadindo outro mes cada 32,5 meses de media ou 4 meses cada 11 anos para corrixir o desaxuste entre o ano lunar e o solar.
    
    Algúns dos iogatārā-s ou asterismos destacados dos nakṣatra-s (segundo a súa identificación principal) atópanse lixeiramente fóra dos límites das súas constelacións; nese caso, calquera problema resultante (con respecto ó tempo ritual ou á astroloxía) debería resolverse por outros medios (algunhas persoas propoñen identificacións alternativas para tales yogatārā-).
    
    ### Navagraha - Nove "planetas"
    
    Observaron que algúns corpos celestes se moven independentemente con relación ás estrelas do fondo e chamáronlles "planetas" ou "graha". Como tal, o sol e a lúa tamén son tratados como graha. Tamén denominaron os nodos lunares como graha-s xa que estes puntos son moi importantes para calcular as eclipses. O nome dos días védicos orixinouse dos nomes destes planetas.
    
    |Graha|Denominación|Nome dos días solares|
    |-----|-----------|------------------|
    |<notr>Sūrya </notr>(Sol)|Deus Sol|<notr>Ravivāsara </notr>(Domingo)|
    |<notr>Chandra/Soma </notr>(Lúa)|Deus Lúa|<notr>Somavāsara </notr>(Luns)|
    |<notr>Maṅgala </notr>(Marte)|Deus da Guerra|<notr>Maṅgalavāsara </notr>(Martes)|
    |<notr>Budha </notr>(Mercurio)|Fillo da Lúa|<notr>Budhavāsara </notr>(Mércores)|
    |<notr>Bṛihaspati/Guru </notr>(Xúpiter)|Mestre dos Deuses|<notr>Guruvāsara </notr>(Xoves)|
    |<notr>Śukra </notr>(Venus)|Mentor de Demos|<notr>Śukravāsara </notr>(Venres)|
    |<notr>Śani </notr>(Saturno)|Deus do Infortunio|<notr>Śanivāsara </notr>(Sábado)|
    |<notr>Rahu</notr>|nodo lunar|-|
    |<notr>Ketú</notr>|nodo lunar|-|

note: Indian Vedic sky culture references section in markdown format
en: ### General
    
     - [#1]: [Nakshatra](https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्) article at Sanskrit Wikipedia
     - [#2]: [Nakshatra](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra) article at English Wikipedia
     - [#3]: [History Of Calendar-Panchanga Committee Report](https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up)
     - [#4]: ["Possible period of the design of Nakshatras and Abhijit"](http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf)
    
    ### Mythology
    
    Much of the below is available online for free at archive.org.
    
     - [#5]: Secondary references such as: Purana Encyclopedia, Purana Index, Mahabharata Index, Vedic Indix
     - [#6]: Vedas, Agamas
     - [#7]: [Vedic Chronology And Vedanga Jyotisha by Bala Gangadhar Tilak](https://archive.org/details/vedicchronologya033083mbp/page/n5)
     - [#8]: [Orion The Antiquity Of The Vedas by Bala Gangadhar Tilak](https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5110)
     - [#9]: [The Arctic Home in the Vedas by Bal Gangadhar Tilak](https://archive.org/details/arctichm/page/n21/mode/2up)
     - [#10]: [Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time by Giorgio de Santillana, Hertha von Dechend](https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill)
gl: ### Xeral
    
     - [#1]: [Nakshatra](https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/नक्षत्रम्) artigo en sánscrito Wikipedia
     - [#2]: [Nakshatra](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatra) artigo en inglés Wikipedia
     - [#3]: [Historia do calendario-Panchanga Committee Report](https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfCalendarPanchangaCommittee/History-of-Calendar-Panchanga-Committee#page/n77/mode/2up)
     - [#4]: ["Posible período de debuxos Nakshatras e Abhijit"](http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Others/Possible%20period%20of%20the%20design%20of%20Nakshatras.pdf)
    
    ### Mitoloxía
    
    Gran parte do seguinte está dispoñible en liña de balde en archive.org.
    
     - [#5]: Referencias secundarias como: Enciclopedia Purana, Índice Purana, Índice Mahabharata, Índice Védico
     - [#6]: Vedas, Agamas
     - [#7]: [Vedic Chronology And Vedanga Jyotisha de Bala Gangadhar Tilak](https://archive.org/details/vedicchronologya033083mbp/page/n5)
     - [#8]: [Orion The Antiquity Of The Vedas de Bala Gangadhar Tilak](https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.5110)
     - [#9]: [The Arctic Home in the Vedas de Bal Gangadhar Tilak](https://archive.org/details/arctichm/page/n21/mode/2up)
     - [#10]: [Hamlet's Mill: An Essay on Myth & the Frame of Time de Giorgio de Santillana, Hertha von Dechend](https://archive.org/details/HamletsMill)

note: Indian Vedic sky culture authors section in markdown format
en:  - Tanmoy Saha
     - Contributors from the [sanskrit-coders community](https://github.com/sanskrit-coders) (esp [Vishvas Vasuki](https://github.com/vvasuki/)).
gl:  - Tanmoy Saha
     - Contribuidores da [comunidade de codificadores de sánscrito](https://github.com/sanskrit-coders) (esp [Vishvas Vasuki](https://github.com/vvasuki/)).

note: Inuit sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Inuit sky culture files available for Stellarium are an adaptation of John MacDonald's research in his book [#1]. While placements and specifics of Inuit constellations might differ from tribe to tribe, the information in Stellarium presents the constellations and general themes of the arctic universe.
gl: Os arquivos da cultura do ceo inuit dispoñibles para Stellarium son unha adaptación da investigación de John MacDonald no seu libro [#1]. Aínda que as ubicacións e especificidades das constelacións inuit poden diferir de tribo a tribo, a información en Stellarium presenta as constelacións e temas xerais do universo ártico.

note: Inuit sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book [#1].
    
    Illustrations are done by Johan Meuris.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíu *Karrie Berglund* de Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. basándose sobre todo no libro [#1].
    
    As ilustracións están feitas por Johan Meuris.

note: Inuit sky culture license section in markdown format
en: Text and data: GNU GPL v2.0
    
    Illustrations: Free Art License
gl: Text and data: GNU GPL v2.0
    
    Ilustracións: Free Art License

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture name
en: Japanese Yasui Map
gl: Map Yasui xaponesa

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Most astronomical observation in the Japan until the Meiji Restoration was closely tied to astrological purposes. For ancient Chinese and later Korean and Japanese cartographers four seasons and four cardinal directions is marked as four talismanic animals - the Azure Dragon of the East (Spring), the Red Bird of the South (Summer), the White Tiger of the West (Fall), and the "Genbu" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter). Corresponding to each of the talismanic animals the celestial "palaces" were seven *sei shuku* or what are sometimes called "lunar lodges". The moon "stations" or "lodges" probably may be used to determine position of sun and planets as well as the moon, and their number may or may not have been related to the period of the moon's orbit. Origins of these associations are obscure and even controversial.
gl: A maioría das observacións astronómicas do Xapón ata a Restauración Meiji estiveron intimamente ligadas a fins astrolóxicos. Para os antigos chineses, e logo para coreanos e xaponeses, as catro estacións e os catro puntos cardinais están marcadas como catro animais talismánicos: o Dragón Azul do Leste (Primavera), a ave vermella do sur (Verán), o tigre branco do oeste (Outono. ) e o "Genbu" (tartaruga negra) do Norte (Inverno). Correspondíanlle a cada un dos animais talismánicos os sete "palacios" celestes *sei shuku*que ás veces se chaman "lodas". As "estacións" ou "aloxamentos" da lúa poden ser usadas para determinar a posición do sol e dos planetas, así como da lúa, e o seu número pode estar ou non relacionado co período da órbita da lúa. As orixes destas asociacións son escuras e mesmo polémicas.

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Determination of the talismanic animals and associated star "palaces" together with the associated 28 *sei shuku* or lunar lodges represent some of the most complex aspects of Asian "astronomy". An apparent anomaly is the fact that the actual positional path of the sun seems to move in a direction opposite the seasonal associations of Spring and Fall. Some scientists argues that this is due to the animals and sei shuku being created some 17 to 18 millennia ago (precession creating the anomaly), but it does not really explain the apparent "backward" motion of the sun through seasons.
    
    According to some scientists, the talismanic animals with their associated sei shuku were probably used in conjunction with the direction to which the handle of the big dipper (often called the "North Seven Stars" in China, Korea, and Japan) pointed at the equinoxes and solstices. Before the Christian Era, when the sei shuku were created, the big dipper did not appear to set, because they had a relatively "higher" position than now.
    
    Like myths and traditions in Western cultures, these views still wield influence in the daily life of people in China, Korea, and Japan (this despite quite prominent scientific literacy). However, it should be pointed out that astrological divination in China, Korea and Japan was and is rather complex.
    
    The lore related to moon stations is one of the most interesting aspects of Asian Ethnoastronomy. Japanese interpretations of these associations tended to revolve around agricultural needs and animistic views of nature. Unlike many Western myths and traditions, japanese gods in the similitude of the talismanic animals can be seen as manifestations of nature.
    
    Below is an example of a star chart from Edo Era Japan.
    
    ![](illustrations/chart.png)
    
    *Close-Up of Yasui's Map Showing the First 15 Moon Stations*
    
    ### The Azure Dragon of the East (Spring)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "East" or "Blue Dragon".
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>1</notr>|![](illustrations/mn01.png)|Horn(s), perhaps Angle, Corner|<notr>&alpha; Vir</notr>|<notr>SuBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>2</notr>|![](illustrations/mn02.png)|Neck, Throat|<notr>&kappa; Vir</notr>|<notr>AmiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>3</notr>|![](illustrations/mn03.png)|Root, perhaps Shoulder or Base|<notr>&iota; Lib; </notr>sometimes<notr> &alpha; Lib</notr>|<notr>TomoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>4</notr>|![](illustrations/mn04.png)|Chamber, perhaps Breasts|<notr>&delta; Sco; </notr>sometimes<notr> &pi; Sco</notr>|<notr>SoiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>5</notr>|![](illustrations/mn05.png)|Heart|<notr>&sigma; Sco</notr>|<notr>NakagoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>6</notr>|![](illustrations/mn06.png)|Tail|<notr>&mu; Sco</notr>|<notr>AshitareBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>7</notr>|![](illustrations/mn07.png)|Basket|<notr>&gamma; Sgr; </notr>sometimes<notr> &eta; Sgr</notr>|<notr>MiBoshi</notr>|
    
    ### The "Genbu" (Black Tortoise) of the North (Winter)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "North" (Genbu) or "Black Tortoise of Winter" (also "Somber" or "Black" Warrior).
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>8</notr>|![](illustrations/mn08.png)|Dipper; Measure|<notr>&phi; Sgr</notr>|<notr>HikitsuBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>9</notr>|![](illustrations/mn09.png)|Cow|<notr>&beta; Cap</notr>|<notr>InamiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>10</notr>|![](illustrations/mn10.png)|Woman; perhaps Waiting Maid|<notr>&epsilon; Aqr</notr>|<notr>UrukiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>11</notr>|![](illustrations/mn11.png)|Emptiness|<notr>&beta; Aqr</notr>|<notr>TomiteBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>12</notr>|![](illustrations/mn12.png)|Roof Top, perhaps Danger, Steep|<notr>&alpha; Aqr</notr>|<notr>UmiyameBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>13</notr>|![](illustrations/mn13.png)|Room, perhaps Encampment|<notr>&alpha; Peg</notr>|<notr>HatsuiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>14</notr>|![](illustrations/mn14.png)|Wall|<notr>&gamma; Peg</notr>|<notr>NamameBoshi</notr>|
    
    ### The White Tiger of the West (Fall)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "West" or "White Tiger".
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>15</notr>|![](illustrations/mn15.png)|Stride, Foot|<notr>&delta; And</notr>|<notr>TokakiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>16</notr>|![](illustrations/mn16.png)|Hill, Lasso; perhaps Bellows|<notr>&beta; Ari</notr>|<notr>TataraBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>17</notr>|![](illustrations/mn17.png)|Stomach|<notr>35 Ari</notr>|<notr>EkieBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>18</notr>|![](illustrations/mn18.png)|Stopping Place, United; perhaps "Getting Together"|<notr>17 Tau; </notr>sometimes<notr> 16 Tau</notr>|<notr>SubaruBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>19</notr>|![](illustrations/mn19.png)|Net; perhaps related to Rain|<notr>&epsilon; Tau</notr>|<notr>AmefuriBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>20</notr>|![](illustrations/mn20.png)|Turtle Snout, perhaps Tuft on Owl's Head|   |<notr>TorokiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>21</notr>|![](illustrations/mn21.png)|Investigator, Three|<notr>&delta; Ori; </notr>sometimes<notr> &beta; Ori</notr>|<notr>KagasukiBoshi</notr>|
    
    ### The Red Bird of the South (Summer)
    
    The 7 Moon Stations of the "South" or "Red Bird".
    
    |<notr>#</notr>|Chinese Character|Meaning|Key Star|Japanese Name|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|--------|-------------|
    |<notr>22</notr>|![](illustrations/mn22.png)|Well|<notr>&mu; Gem</notr>|<notr>ChichiriBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>23</notr>|![](illustrations/mn23.png)|Ogre, Devil, perhaps Ghost|<notr>&delta; Cnc; </notr>sometimes<notr> &theta; Cnc</notr>|<notr>TamahomeBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>24</notr>|![](illustrations/mn24.png)|Willow|<notr>&delta; Hya</notr>|<notr>NurikoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>25</notr>|![](illustrations/mn25.png)|Stars|<notr>&alpha; Hya</notr>|<notr>HotohoriBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>26</notr>|![](illustrations/mn26.png)|Stretched Net|<notr>&nu; Hya</notr>|<notr>ChirikoBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>27</notr>|![](illustrations/mn27.png)|Wings|<notr>&alpha; Crt</notr>|<notr>TasukiBoshi</notr>|
    |<notr>28</notr>|![](illustrations/mn28.png)|Chariot Cross-Board, perhaps strings of Koto|<notr>&gamma; Crv</notr>|<notr>MitsukakeBoshi</notr>|
gl: A determinación dos animais talismánicos e os "palacios" da estrela asociada xunto cos 28 asociados *sei shuku* ou aloxamentos lunares representan algúns dos aspectos máis complexos da "astronomía" asiática. Unha aparente anomalía é o feito de que o camiño do sol semella moverse nunha dirección fronte ás asociacións estacionais de primavera e outono. Algúns científicos sosteñen que isto se debe ós animais e ó sei shuku que se crearon hai uns 17 a 18 mil anos (precesión que crea a anomalía), pero realmente non explica o aparente movemento "atrasado" do sol durante as estacións.
    
    Segundo algúns científicos, os animais talismánicos co seu sei shuku asociado probablemente se usaron xunto coa dirección á que apuntaba o mango do gran cullerón (moitas veces chamados "Sete Estrelas do Norte" en China, Corea e Xapón) nos equinoccios e solsticios. Antes da era cristiá, cando se creou o sei shuku, o gran cullerón non parecía estar configurado, porque tiñan unha posición relativamente "superior" ca agora.
    
    Do mesmo xeito que os mitos e as tradicións das culturas occidentais, estas visións seguen influíndo na vida cotiá das persoas en China, Corea e Xapón (isto a pesar da alfabetización científica bastante importante). Non obstante, cómpre salientar que a adiviñación astrolóxica en China, Corea e Xapón era e é bastante complexa.
    
    A tradición relacionada coas estacións da lúa é un dos aspectos máis interesantes da etnoastronomía asiática. As interpretacións xaponesas destas asociacións tendían a xirar arredor das necesidades agrícolas e as visións animistas da natureza. A diferenza de moitos mitos e tradicións occidentais, os deuses xaponeses ó igual cós animais talismánicos poden verse como manifestacións da natureza.
    
    A continuación móstrase un exemplo dun gráfico de estrelas de Edo Era Japan.
    
    ![](illustrations/chart.png)
    
    *Primeiro plano do mapa de Yasui mostrando as 15 primeiras estacións de lúa*
    
    ### O Dragón Azul do Leste (Primavera)
    
    As 7 estacións da lúa do "Leste" ou "Dragón Azul"
    
    |#|Carácter chinés|Significado|Estrela Chave|Nome xaponés|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-----------|-------------|------------|
    |1|![](illustrations/mn01.png)|Corno(s), talvez Ángulo, Recanto|&alpha; Vir|SuBoshi|
    |2|![](illustrations/mn02.png)|Gorxa, Garganta|&kappa; Vir|AmiBoshi|
    |3|![](illustrations/mn03.png)|Raíz, quizais Ombreiro ou Base|&iota; Lib; ás veces &alpha; Lib|TomoBoshi|
    |4|![](illustrations/mn04.png)|Cámara, quizais Peitos|&delta; Sco; ás veces &pi; Sco|SoiBoshi|
    |5|![](illustrations/mn05.png)|Corazón|&sigma; Sco|NakagoBoshi|
    |6|![](illustrations/mn06.png)|Rabo|&mu; Sco|AshitareBoshi|
    |7|![](illustrations/mn07.png)|Canastra|&gamma; Sgr; ás veces &eta; Sgr|MiBoshi|
    
    ### O "Genbu" (Sapoconcho Negro) do Norte (Inverno)
    
    As 7 estacións da lúa do "Norte" (Gembu) ou "Sapoconcho Negro do Inverno" (tamén "Sombrío" ou "Guerreiro Negro")
    
    |#|Carácter chinés|Significado|Estrela Chave|Nome xaponés|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-----------|-------------|------------|
    |8|![](illustrations/mn08.png)|Culler; Medida|&phi; Sgr|HikitsuBoshi|
    |9|![](illustrations/mn09.png)|Vaca|&beta; Cap|InamiBoshi|
    |10|![](illustrations/mn10.png)|Muller; quizais criada agardando|&epsilon; Aqr|UrukiBoshi|
    |11|![](illustrations/mn11.png)|Baleiro|&beta; Aqr|TomiteBoshi|
    |12|![](illustrations/mn12.png)|Teito, talvez Perigo, Cantil|&alpha; Aqr|UmiyameBoshi|
    |13|![](illustrations/mn13.png)|Habitación, talvez Campamento|&alpha; Peg|HatsuiBoshi|
    |14|![](illustrations/mn14.png)|Muro|&gamma; Peg|NamameBoshi|
    
    ### O Tigre Branco do Oeste (Outono)
    
    As 7 estacións da lúa do "Oeste" ou "Tigre Branco"
    
    |#|Carácter chinés|Significado|Estrela Chave|Nome xaponés|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-----------|-------------|------------|
    |15|![](illustrations/mn15.png)|Alancada, Pé|&delta; And|TokakiBoshi|
    |16|![](illustrations/mn16.png)|Outeiro, Lazo; quizais Fol|&beta; Ari|TataraBoshi|
    |17|![](illustrations/mn17.png)|Estómago|35 Ari|EkieBoshi|
    |18|![](illustrations/mn18.png)|Lugar de parada, unión; talvez "Reunión"|17 Tau; ás veces 16 Tau|SubaruBoshi|
    |19|![](illustrations/mn19.png)|Rede; talvez relacionado coa choiva|&epsilon; Tau|AmefuriBoshi|
    |20|![](illustrations/mn20.png)|Fociño de tartaruga, talvez penacho na cabeza do bufo|   |TorokiBoshi|
    |21|![](illustrations/mn21.png)|Investigador, Tres|&delta; Ori; ás veces &beta; Ori|KagasukiBoshi|
    
    ### O Paxaro Vermello do Sur (Verán)
    
    As 7 estacións da lúa do "Sur" ou "Paxaro Vermello"
    
    |#|Carácter chinés|Significado|Estrela Chave|Nome xaponés|
    |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|-----------|-------------|------------|
    |22|![](illustrations/mn22.png)|Well|&mu; Gem|ChichiriBoshi|
    |23|![](illustrations/mn23.png)|Ogro, Diaño, talvez Pantasma|&delta; Cnc; ás veces &theta; Cnc|TamahomeBoshi|
    |24|![](illustrations/mn24.png)|Vimbio|&delta; Hya|NurikoBoshi|
    |25|![](illustrations/mn25.png)|Estrelas|&alpha; Hya|HotohoriBoshi|
    |26|![](illustrations/mn26.png)|Rede Estendida|&nu; Hya|ChirikoBoshi|
    |27|![](illustrations/mn27.png)|Ás|&alpha; Crt|TasukiBoshi|
    |28|![](illustrations/mn28.png)|Carro, quizais cordas de Koto|&gamma; Crv|MitsukakeBoshi|

note: Japanese Yasui Map sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: <notr>[A Cultural History of Astronomy in Japan](http://www.academia.edu/5293593/A_Cultural_History_of_Astronomy_in_Japan)</notr> by Steve Renshaw
gl:  - [#1]: [Unha Historia Cultural da Astronomía en Xapón](http://www.academia.edu/5293593/A_Cultural_History_of_Astronomy_in_Japan) by Steve Renshaw

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Kamilaroi (also known as Gomeroi) and Euahlayi peoples are Australian Aboriginal cultural groups located in the northern part of New South Wales. They have survived European invasion and loss of much of their country. Their culture and connection to country remains strong, including an extensive cultural astronomy first recorded in the 1860s.
gl: Os Kamilaroi (tamén coñecidos como Gomeroi) e Euahlayi son grupos culturais aborixes australianos situados na parte norte de Nova Gales do Sur. Sobreviviron á invasión europea e á perda de gran parte do seu país. A súa cultura e conexión coa terra segue sendo forte, incluída unha extensa astronomía cultural rexistrada por primeira vez na década de 1860.

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Background
    
    This Stellarium Skyculture is the result of a Higher Degree Research project by Robert Fuller at Macquarie University, Sydney, finishing in 2014. Stellarium was chosen as a part of the project for Giving Back of the collected knowledge to the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi communities in the form of a documentary video (Star Stories of the Dreaming) and a student's Study Guide. Clips from the Stellarium were used in the documentary to illustrate certain sky objects.
gl: ### Antecedentes
    
    Esta cultura do ceo de Stellarium é o resultado dun proxecto de investigación de grao superior realizado por Robert Fuller na universidade Macquarie, Sydney, rematado no 2014. Stellarium foi elixido como parte do proxecto para devolver os coñecementos recollidos ás comunidades Kamilaroi e Euahlayi en forma de vídeo documental (Star Stories of the Dreaming) e unha guía de estudos dun estudante. No documental utilizáronse clips do Stellarium para ilustrar certos obxectos do ceo.

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: ##### Gawaargay
    
    Gawaargay is the spirit Emu in the Sky, located with its head in the Coal Sack, and its neck and body stretching out through the dust lanes of the Milky Way (Warrambul) past Scorpius. The Euahlayi and the Kamilaroi see it with legs in April and May, when it is female and chasing the males. From June to August it is male and sitting on its nest without legs (the males brood the chicks), and this is a signal to collect the eggs. In the evening in late August it is vertical in the sky, and the head and body form two "eggs", meaning the eggs should not be collected. Later in the year, it appears on the horizon, so it is believed to be sitting in a waterhole, meaning the waterholes are full. When it is below the horizon, then it is on Earth as the Black Emu, which is rarely seen.
    
    ##### Birringoloo
    
    Birringoloo is the second wife of Byaame, the creator/culture hero. She sits by the campfire of Byaame's camp (the star Alpha Muscae), and all women with girl children who die come to this camp before going on to Bulimah (Heaven behind Warrambul). They wait at this camp until all their girl children have died and come to the camp, and then they can proceed to Bulimah.
    
    ##### Yarran
    
    Yarran (also called mingga) is the roots of the Yarran tree, an Acacia, which is the tree that Byaame took up to the Warrambul with the first man to die (and the Cockatoos). It is actually centred on the Coal Sack, and the dark nebula is the hollow of the tree seen from below, with the roots spreading around. When someone dies and goes to Bulimah, they go through the hollow of the Yarran.
    
    ##### Old Wiringin
    
    A Wiringin is a "Clever Man" or Aboriginal doctor. This Wiringin located in the Small Magellanic Cloud is there because he controls who can go on to Bulimah. If the person who died is not initiated, they are not allowed, because they don't know the rules, so he sends them to Wadhaagudjaaylwan in the Large Magellanic Cloud. This birth spirit will send the uninitiated back to Earth as a new baby, so they can be initiated. This Wiringin is represented in every Aboriginal cemetery as the Wilga tree (Native Willow).
    
    ##### Birray Birray
    
    The Birray Birray are a group of uninitiated boys who are in love with the seven young women (sisters), Miyay Miyay, who make up the Pleiades star cluster. They chased the Miyay Miyay, who ended up in the sky, and for this they were placed in Orion, as the three stars that make up the belt of Orion. Rigel is their fire, and the sword of Orion is their fire poker. They are kept from the Miyay Miyay by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is Aldebaran.
    
    ##### Miyay Miyay
    
    The Miyay Miyay are the seven young women (sisters) who were chased into the sky, depending on the story, by the Birray Birray, or by various Wiringins or other bad persons. They form the Pleiades star cluster, and as one sister is shy, normally we only see six stars. They are protected from the Birray Birray in Orion by the Wiringin, Old Dthillar, who is Aldebaran.
    
    ##### Old Dthillar
    
    Old Dthillar is a Wiringin, in this case the Wiringin of the Birray Birray, the unitiated boys in Orion who pine for the Miyaay Miyaay (Seven Sisters) in the Pleiades. Old Dthillar is the star Aldebaran, which is also Alpha Tauri, and he stands there to protect the Miyaay Miyaay from the Birray Birray. The inverted "V" shape made up by Alpha, Epsilon, and Gamma Tauri is Old Dthillar's gunya (hut).
    
    ##### Wamba Wamba
    
    "Wamba" means "crazy" or "mad". In this case, the star Canopus is called Wamba Wamba because of various reasons, depending on whose story is told. The planet Venus is also called Wamba. One speculation is that both Canopus and Venus are seen close to the horizon in the summer, and due to atmospheric defraction, can "scintillate" (twinkle srongly), which results in rapid changes in colour. This might be interpreted as madness.
    
    ##### Wadhaagudjaaylwan
    
    Wadhaagudjaaylwan is Byaame's third wife, who is in the Large Magellanic Cloud, and sings to women who are going to have babies. She "sings" the babies to the women on Earth, and she takes the persons that the Old Wiringin in the Small Magellanic Cloud sends to her, and sends them back to Earth as babies.
    
    ##### Bandaarr
    
    Bandaarr is Kamilaroi/Euahlayi for Kangaroo, and this kangaroo is located under the belly of the Emu in the Milky Way, looking away from the Emu. Bandaarr is either a grey or red kangaroo, depending on the culture, and has significance in ceremony.
    
    ##### Muraay Muyaay
    
    Muraay is Kamilaroi, and Muyaay is Euahlayi for the sulfur-crested cockatoo, who are the Pointer stars (Alpha Centauri and Hadar/Beta Centauri). They ended up in the constellation Crux when their tree, the Yarran, was dragged into the sky with the first man to die, and they are always chasing Yarran.
    
    ##### Warrawilbaarru
    
    Warrawilbaarru is the whirlwind spirit who lives in the constellation Scorpius. Byaame normally keeps him from coming to Earth, but in September he comes out of one of three holes (dark nebulae) in Scorpius during September, and doesn't go back until around March. During this time he is on earth as the "willy willy" or whirlwind, and can be dangerous to children and uninitiated men.
gl: ##### Gawaargay
    
    Gawaargay é o espírito Emú no Ceo, situado coa cabeza no Saco de Carbón, e o seu pescozo e corpo estendéndose polas pistas de po da Vía Láctea (Warrambul) pasando por Scorpius. Os Euahlayi e os Kamilaroi veno con patas en abril e maio, cando é femia e persegue os machos. De xuño a agosto é macho e está sentado no seu niño sen patas (os machos crían os pitos), o que é un sinal para recoller os ovos. Pola noite a finais de agosto está vertical no ceo, e a cabeza e o corpo forman dous "ovos", o que significa que non se deben recoller. Máis tarde no ano, aparece no horizonte, polo que se cre que está sentado nun pozo de auga, o que significa que os pozos de auga están cheos. Cando está debaixo do horizonte, entón está na Terra como o emú negro, que raramente se ve.
    
    ##### Birringoloo
    
    Birringoloo é a segunda esposa de Byaame, o creador/heroe cultural. Ela senta onda a fogueira do campamento de Byaame (a estrela Alpha Muscae), e todas as mulleres con nenas que morren veñen a este campamento antes de ir a Bulimah (o ceo detrás de Warrambul). Agardan neste campamento ata que todas as súas fillas morran e veñan ó campamento, e entón poden ir a Bulimah.
    
    ##### Yarran
    
    Yarran (tamén chamado mingga) son as raíces da árbore Yarran, unha acacia, que é a árbore que Byaame levou ata Warrambul co primeiro home en morrer (e as cacatúas). En realidade céntrase no Saco de Carbón, e a nebulosa escura é o oco da árbore visto dende abaixo, coas raíces espalladas arredor. Cando alguén morre e vai a Bulimah, atravesa o oco do Yarran.
    
    ##### Vello Wiringin
    
    Un Wiringin é un "home intelixente" ou doutor aborixe. Este Wiringin situado na Pequena Nube de Magallanes está alí porque controla quen pode ir a Bulimah. Se a persoa que morreu non é iniciada, impídelle o paso, porque descoñece as regras, e envíaa a Wadhaagudjaaylwan na Gran Nube de Magallanes. Este espírito de nacemento enviará ós non iniciados de volta á Terra como un novo bebé, para que poidan ser iniciados. Este Wiringin está representado en todos os cemiterios aborixes como a árbore Wilga (Salgueiro nativo).
    
    ##### Birray Birray
    
    Os Birray Birray son un grupo de rapaces non iniciados que están namorados das sete mulleres novas (irmás), Miyay Miyay, que forman o cúmulo estelar das Pléiades. Perseguían os Miyay Miyay, que acabaron no ceo, e para iso colocáronse en Orión, como as tres estrelas que forman o cinto de Orión. Rigel é o seu lume, e a espada de Orión é o seu atizador de lume. Wiringin, o vello Dthillar, que é Aldebaran, protéxeos das Miyay Miyay.
    
    ##### Miyay Miyay
    
    As Miyay Miyay son as sete mulleres novas (irmás) que foron perseguidas ata o ceo, segundo a historia, polos Birray Birray, ou por varios Wiringins ou outras malas persoas. Forman o cúmulo estelar das Pléiades, e como unha irmá é tímida, normalmente só vemos seis estrelas. Están protexidas dos Birray Birray en Orión polo Wiringin, o vello Dthillar, que é Aldebaran.
    
    ##### O vello Dthillar
    
    O vello Dthillar é un Wiringin, neste caso o Wiringin dos Birray Birray, os rapaces unidos de Orión que buscan as Miyaay Miyaay (Sete Irmás) nas Pléiades. O vello Dthillar é a estrela Aldebarán, que tamén é Alpha Tauri, e está alí para protexer as Miyaay Miyaay dos Birray Birray. A forma de "V" invertida formada por Alpha, Epsilon e Gamma Tauri é a gunya (cabana) do vello Dthillar.
    
    ##### Wamba Wamba
    
    "Wamba" significa "tolo" ou "louco". Neste caso, a estrela Canopus chámase Wamba Wamba por varias razóns, dependendo de quen o conte. O planeta Venus tamén se chama Wamba. Unha especulación é que tanto Canopus como Venus vense preto do horizonte no verán e, debido á difracción atmosférica, poden "escintilar" (brillar con forza), o que provoca cambios rápidos de cor. Isto pódese interpretar como unha loucura.
    
    ##### Wadhaagudjaaylwan
    
    Wadhaagudjaaylwan é a terceira esposa de Byaame, que está na Gran Nube de Magallanes, e canta ás mulleres que van ter bebés. Ela "cántalles" os bebés ás mulleres da Terra, acolle as persoas que lle envía o vello Wiringin na Pequena Nube de Magallanes e mándaas de volta á Terra como bebés.
    
    ##### Bandaarr
    
    Bandaarr é Kamilaroi/Euahlayi para o canguro, e este canguro está situado baixo o ventre do emú na Vía Láctea, mirando para o outro lado do emú. Bandaarr é un canguro gris ou vermello, dependendo da cultura, e isto ten importancia na cerimonia.
    
    ##### Muraay Muyaay
    
    Muraay é Kamilaroi, e Muyaay é Euahlayi para a cacatúa de crista de xofre, que son as estrelas punteiras (Alpha Centauri e Hadar/Beta Centauri). Remataron na constelación Crux cando a súa árbore, o Yarran, foi arrastrada ó ceo co primeiro home que morreu, e sempre perseguen a Yarran.
    
    ##### Warrawilbaarru
    
    Warrawilbaarru é o espírito do remuíño que vive na constelación de Scorpius. Byaame normalmente impide que chegue á Terra, pero en setembro sae dun dos tres buratos (nebulosas escuras) en Scorpius, e non volve ata marzo. Durante este tempo está na terra como o "voluntario" ou remuíño, e pode ser perigoso para os nenos e os homes non iniciados.

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture references section in markdown format
en: More detailed information on the astronomy of the Kamilaroi and Euahlayi peoples can be found at [https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller](https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller).
gl: Máis información sobre a astronomía dos pobos Kamilaroi e Euahlayi pódese atopar en [https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller](https://unsw.academia.edu/RobertFuller).

note: Kamilaroi/Euahlayi sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Robert S. Fuller and Ghillar Michael Anderson
gl: Robert S. Fuller e Ghillar Michael Anderson

note: Khoikhoi and San sky culture name
en: Khoikhoi and San
gl: Khoikhoi e San

note: Khoikhoi and San sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: ##### Stars&#8217; Road &mdash; Milky Way
    
    A strong-willed girl became so angry when her mother would not give her any of a delicious roasted root that she grabbed the roasting roots from the fire. The girl threw the roots and ashes into the sky, where the red and white roots now glow as red and white stars, and the ashes are the Milky Way or Stars&#8217; road.
    
    ##### Hunting trip &mdash; Pleiades, Aldebaran and Orion
    
    According to the Namaquas, the Pleiades were the daughters of the sky god. Their husband (Aldebaran) shot his arrow (Orion&#8217;s sword) at three zebras (Orion's belt), but missed. Now he is stuck. He cannot go home because he had not supplied meat for his family, and he cannot fetch his arrow because of the fierce lion (Betelgeuse), watching the zebras.
    
    ##### Other Legends
    
    The Xam Bushmen called Canopus the &#8220;ant-egg star&#8221;, while Vega was seen as a male steenbok by the Gwi Bushmen. The Nyae Naye Kung Bushmen refers to the Coalsack Nebula as the &#8220;old bag of the night.&#8221;
    
     The bright reddish star Antares was called the &#8220;fire-finishing star&#8221; by the Xu Bushmen. Not only does it have the reddish colour, but at certain times of the year it sets very late at night, after camp fires had died down.
    
     Another Khoikhoi legend tells of some &#8220;great celestial beast&#8221; with the pointer stars of the Southern Cross referred to as Mura, &#8220;the eyes&#8221; of the beast.
gl: ##### Estrada de Estrelas&#8217;  &mdash; Vía Láctea
    
    Unha nena de vontade forte enfadouse tanto cando a súa nai non lle daba nada dunha deliciosa raíz asada que colleu as raíces asadas do lume. A nena botou as raíces e as cinzas ó ceo, onde as raíces brancas e vermellas brillan agora como estrelas brancas e vermellas, e as cinzas son a Vía Láctea ou Estrada de Estrelas&#8217; .
    
    ##### Viaxe de caza &mdash; Pléiades, Aldebarán e Orión
    
    Segundo os Namaquas, as Pléiades eran as fillas do deus do ceo. O seu marido (Aldebarán) disparou a súa frecha (espada de Orión) a tres cebras (o cinto de Orión), pero errou. Agora está atrapado. Non pode volver á casa porque non forneceu carne para a súa familia, e non pode buscar a súa frecha por mor do feroz león (Betelgeuse), que observa as cebras.
    
    ##### Outras lendas
    
    Os bosquimanos de Xam chamaron a Canopus a &#8220;estrela do ovo de formiga&#8221;, mentres que os bosquimanos Gwi vían Vega como un steenbok macho. Os bosquimanos de Nyae Naye Kung refírese á Nebulosa do Carbón como a &#8220;vella bolsa da noite.&#8221;
    
    A estrela avermellada brillante Antares foi chamada &#8220;estrela do apagado do lume&#8221; polos bosquimanos Xu. Non só ten a cor avermellada, senón que nalgunhas épocas do ano ponse moi tarde, despois de que se apagaran os lumes do campamento.
    
    Outra lenda de Khoikhoi fala dalgunha &#8220;gran besta celestial&#8221; coas estrelas punteiras da Cruz do Sur denominadas Mura, &#8220;os ollos&#8221; da besta.

note: Khoikhoi and San sky culture authors section in markdown format Xhosa sky culture authors section in markdown format Zulu sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was created by Suki Lock for the South African Astronomical Observatory [(SAAO)](http://www.saao.ac.za/), based on information supplied by Auke Slotegraaf. They were modified using inputs and information from Themba Matomela, Thembela Mantungwa and Mdumiseni Nxumalo. The project was initiated by Sivuyile Manxoyi after having discussions with Prof Jarita Holbrook and Prof Kevin Snedegar on African Cultural astronomy.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi creada por Suki Lock para o Observatorio Astronómico de Sudáfrica[(SAAO)](http://www.saao.ac.za/), baseándose na información proporcionada por Auke Slotegraaf. Fixéronse modificacións utilizando entradas e información de Themba Matomela, Thembela Mantungwa e Mdumiseni Nxumalo. O proxecto foi iniciado por Sivuyile Manxoyi despois de ter conversas coa profesora Jarita Holbrook e o profesor Kevin Snedegar sobre a astronomía cultural africana.

note: Korean sky culture name
en: Korean
gl: Coreano

note: Korean sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Chinese, Korean, and Japanese constellations have the same origin and look very similar in shape. They are represented respectively in the Dun Huang starmap from the 8th century, the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do map and in the Kitora skymap painted in A.D.7C ~ 8C. Their positions and their names are similar in the Chinese alphabet. The name of the constellations first appear in the Records of the Grand Historian(史記) in Han dynasty describing Xia dynasty in about 2000 B.C.
gl: As constelacións chinesa, coreana e xaponesa teñen a mesma orixe e teñen unha forma moi semellante. Están representadas respectivamente no plano de Dun Huang do século VIII, no mapa Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Ji-Do e no esquema Kitora pintado en A.D.7C ~ 8C. As súas posicións e os seus nomes son similares no alfabeto chinés. O nome das constelacións aparece por primeira vez nos rexistros do gran historiador (史記) na dinastía Han que describe a dinastía Xia arredor do 2000 a.C.

note: Korean sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Origin
    
    The 272 constellations displayed in this Stellarium sky culture are based on the Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, the Korean Constellation map, which was carved on the stone on 1395 but has its origin from another sky map which existed about 2,000 years ago. This map represents 1467 stars in about 190 constellations whose shapes are slightly different from the chinese ones. The interpretation of the map is not easy: the map is so old that only about 300 stars are found to match with the real stars. All the stars of the map were drawn on a circle, so the equator seems smaller than the southern limit. Because the density of constellation does not change with respect to the position, the position and the size of the constellations were somewhat altered in a way unknown by the author. It is assumed that there should be no bright stars which do not belong to any constellations. The work of the author is subject to interpretation, and could be changed at a later time. It will however roughly show what the Korean Constellation are like.
gl: ### Orixe
    
    As 272 constelacións mostradas nesta cultura do ceo de Stellarium baséanse no mapa de constelacións de Cheon-Sang-Yeol-Cha-Bun-Ya-Zi-Do, que foi esculpido na pedra en 1395 pero que ten a súa orixe noutro mapa do ceo que existía hai uns 2.000 anos. Este mapa representa 1467 estrelas en preto de 190 constelacións cuxas formas son lixeiramente diferentes das chinesas. A interpretación do mapa non é doada: o mapa é tan antigo que só se atopan unhas 300 estrelas que coinciden coas estrelas reais. Todas as estrelas do mapa se debuxaron nun círculo, polo que o ecuador parece máis pequeno có límite sur. Debido a que a densidade da constelación non cambia con respecto á posición, a posición e o tamaño das constelacións foron alteradas dun xeito descoñecido polo autor. Suponse que non debería haber estrelas brillantes que non pertenzan a ningunha constelación. A obra do autor está suxeita a interpretación e podería modificarse posteriormente. Non obstante, mostrarase como é a constelación coreana.

note: Korean sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *[Jeong, Tae-Min](http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/)*
gl: TContribuíu a esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium *[Jeong, Tae-Min](http://user.chollian.net/~jtm71/)*

note: Lokono sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: <img src="illustrations/lokono_map_1.png" width="277" height="375" align="left"/>The *Lokono*, also known as *Arawak*, are an indigenous people of the Guianas, whose territory stretches along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, from northwestern Guyana, through Suriname, to northwestern French Guiana (see map).[#1] The Lokono speak a language that belongs to the Arawakan language family&mdash;one of the largest linguistic groupings on the continent. Like many of their linguistic relatives, the Lokono are agriculturalists specializing in the farming of manioc (*Manihot esculenta*), who also practice fishing, hunting, and gathering of wild plant. However, as one of the first indigenous groups that was encountered by the Europeans at the time of conquest, the Lokono have been in contact with non-indigenous populations for over 500 years.[#2] This contact has intensified in the last century, leading to a substantial loss of the Lokono language, traditional material and immaterial culture, changes in subsistence practices, and in particular to the disappearance of *medicine-men*&mdash;the traditional carriers of spiritual knowledge, most likely including ethnoastronomical knowledge. As a consequence, the modern knowledge about celestial bodies appears to be but a fraction of what the Lokono knew about stars in the past. Several constellations mentioned in older sources are forgotten or are only known from their names, while the combinations of stars they represent and the oral traditions explaining their origin and significance have been forgotten. The Skyculture presented here includes only identified constellations but the following description provides a more comprehensive account of Lokono astronomical knowledge including information extracted from historical sources about all the celestial objects named in the table below.
gl: <img src="illustrations/lokono_map_1.png" width="277" height="375" align="left"/>Os *Lokono*, tamén coñecidos como *Arawak*, son un pobo indíxena das Guianas, cuxo territorio se estende ó longo da costa do océano Atlántico, dende o noroeste da Guyana, pasando por Surinam, ata a noroeste da Guaiana Francesa (ver mapa).[#1] Os lokono falan unha lingua que pertence á familia de linguas arawakas unha das agrupacións lingüísticas máis grandes do continente. Como moitos dos seus parentes lingüísticos, os lokono son agricultores especializados na agricultura de mandioca (*Manihot esculenta*) que tamén practican a pesca, a caza e a recolección de plantas silvestres. Non obstante, como un dos primeiros grupos indíxenas que atoparon os europeos no momento da conquista, os lokono estiveron en contacto con poboacións non indíxenas dende hai máis de 500 anos.[#2] Este contacto intensificouse no século pasado, provocando unha perda substancial da lingua lokono, da materia tradicional e da cultura inmaterial, cambios nas prácticas de subsistencia e en particular levou á desaparición dos *menciñeiros*&mdash;os portadores tradicionais de coñecemento espiritual, incluíndo probablemente coñecementos etnoastronómicos. Como consecuencia, o coñecemento moderno sobre os corpos celestes parece ser só unha fracción do que os Lokono sabían sobre as estrelas no pasado. Algunhas constelacións mencionadas en fontes máis antigas esqueceuse ou só se coñecen os seus nomes, mentres se esqueceron as combinacións de estrelas que representan e as tradicións orais que explican a súa orixe e significación. A cultura do ceo que se presenta aquí inclúe só constelacións identificadas, pero a seguinte descrición ofrece unha conta máis completa do coñecemento astronómico dos Lokono incluíndo información extraída de fontes históricas sobre todos os obxectos celestes mencionados na táboa seguinte.

note: Lokono sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Lokono constellations and other celestial objects
    
    |Lokono name|Literal translation in English|Approximate location|
    |-----------|------------------------------|--------------------|
    |<notr>Hadali</notr>|   |Sun|
    |<notr>Kathi</notr>|   |Moon|
    |<notr>Warhokoma</notr>|   |Venus|
    |<notr>Waya nukuthi bunaha</notr>|Path of the carriers of clay|Milky Way|
    |<notr>Mali</notr>|   |Sirius|
    |<notr>Yôkoro wiwa</notr>|Scores of stars|Pleiades|
    |<notr>Wiwa kalemero</notr>|Shining star|Jupiter|
    |<notr>Yorhada</notr>|Grill|Pegasus|
    |<notr>Kamodokoya</notr>|Spirit of the green anaconda|unclear|
    |<notr>Kibiwarhakoya</notr>|Spirit of the capibara|unknown|
    |<notr>Mabukuli</notr>|Man without a thigh|Orion's belt|
    |<notr>Kama tâla</notr>|Jaw of the tapir|Hyades|
    |<notr>Hithikoya</notr>|Spirit of the black curassow|Crux|
    |<notr>Yokhârhin</notr>|Hunter|α Centauri|
    |<notr>Alêti</notr>|Torch|β Centauri|
    |<notr>Anorhâkoya</notr>|Spirit of the cocoi heron|Ursa Major|
    |<notr>Honolikoya</notr>|Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron|unknown|
    |<notr>Kasorhowakoya</notr>|Spirit of the four-eyed fish|λ Sco and υ Sco|
    |<notr>Katarokoya</notr>|Spirit of the green sea turtle|Hercules|
    |<notr>Hikorhikoya</notr>|Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise|unknown|
    |<notr>Kwakoya</notr>|Spirit of the blue crab|Orion|
    |<notr>Ifakoya</notr>|Spirit of the Muscovy duck|Corona Australis|
    |<notr>Awarhakoya</notr>|Spirit of the awara palm|Coma Berenices|
    |<notr>Hadorhikoya</notr>|Spirit of the red acouchi|unknown|
    |<notr>Hokorherokoya</notr>|Spirit of the red-rumped agouti|unknown|
    |<notr>Kabadarokoya</notr>|Spirit of the jaguar|unknown|
    |<notr>Korhirhwathekoya</notr>|Spirit of the ocelot|unknown|
    |<notr>Hawkoya</notr>|Spirit of the pale-throated sloth|unknown|
    |<notr>Warhemedokoya</notr>|Spirit of the two-toed sloth|unknown|
    |<notr>Yôwanakoya</notr>|Spirit of the green iguana|unknown|
    |<notr>Yarheyarherokoya</notr>|Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot|unknown|
    |<notr>Marodikoya</notr>|Spirit of the marail guan|unknown|
    |<notr>Hikarowanakoya</notr>|Spirit of the little cuckoo|unknown|
    |<notr>Sûtukoya</notr>|Spirit of the red-handed tamarin|unknown|
    |<notr>Howakoya</notr>|Spirit of the white-faced saki|unknown|
    |<notr>Imenarikoya</notr>|Spirit of the scorpion|unknown|
    |<notr>Korherokoya</notr>|Spirit of the parrot|unknown|
    |<notr>Kasipenikoya</notr>|Spirit of a tortoise|unknown|
    |<notr>Shimarhabokoya</notr>|Spirit of the bow and arrow|unknown|
    |<notr>Arakabosakoya</notr>|Spirit of the gun|unknown|
    |<notr>Maraka</notr>|Medicine-men’s rattle|unknown|
    
    ### Lokono astronomical knowledge: an introduction
    
    From contemporary and historical accounts, it appears that astronomical knowledge was not restricted to particular members of the Lokono society. However, it was the medicine-men in particular&mdash;the spiritual leaders of the Lokono known as *semethi*&mdash;who were required to master the various aspects of star knowledge and who might have been responsible for passing the oral traditions associated with them from one generation to another. From Rodrigo de Navarette, who around 1550 wrote one of the first accounts of the Lokono, we learn, for instance, that:
    
    *&ldquo;old and wise men whom they call Cemetu assemble in the houses designed for their meetings and [&hellip;] recount the traditions and exploits of their ancestors and great men, and also narrate what those ancestors heard from their forefathers; so that in this manner they remember the most ancient events of their country and people. And, in like manner they recount or preach about events relating to the heavens, the sun, moon, and stars.&rdquo;*[#1]
    
    Navarette's *cemetu*, the medicine-men known in modern Lokono as *semethi*, have largely given up their practices today, which may be the reason why the transmission of astronomical knowledge has been interrupted. Many Lokono constellations appear to have been forgotten today. Our sources are therefore often limited to historical accounts written by early explorers and ethnographers of the Guianas, one of the oldest examples of which is illustrated below.
     <p style="text-align:center;"> <figure> <img src="illustrations/schulz.png" width="572" height="508" align="middle"/> <p style="text-align:center;"><figcaption>Fig.1 List of Lokono stars by Theodor Schulz, circa 1803.[#23]</figcaption></p> </figure> </p>
    It is this literature that allows us to party reconstruct the Lokono stellar knowledge, described below. Before discussing the individual celestial bodies, however, several general features of Lokono astronomy merit a mention, namely:
    
     - the overlap with the astronomical traditions of neighboring indigenous groups.
     - the oral traditions explaining the origin and significance of celestial bodies.
     - the use of the term *koya* &lsquo;spirit&rsquo; in the names of numerous constellations.
     - the use of the general term *wiwa* &lsquo;star, year&rsquo; and the lack of other astronomical terms.
     - the sky watching practices of the Lokono.
    
    ### 1. Shared Guianan knowledge
    
    The Lokono territory borders that of two linguistically unrelated indigenous peoples, the Kari&rsquo;na, speaking a Cariban language, and the Warao, speaking a language isolate. Though unrelated and traditionally not intermarrying, the three groups share a great deal of material and immaterial culture. Ethnoastronomical tradition of the three peoples also shows a number of striking similarities, such as shared stellar myths, similar names of constellations, and parallels in the stellar calendar. This speaks to the contacts between the three groups and to the exchange of astronomical knowledge, possibly facilitated by their respective spiritual leaders, such as the Lokono *semethi*. The degree to which these traditions overlap and the directionality of their exchange require further study. Here, we focus on the Lokono and therefore do not discuss these cultural borrowings in detail, unless they shed light on the Lokono ethnoastronomy.
    
    ### 2. Stellar oral traditions
    
    One of such shared features are myths about stars. Such oral traditions tell of the origins of particular celestial bodies, link them to one another, and explain their influence on the natural world. The Lokono constellation *Hithikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo;, for instance, is linked in a Lokono myth to that of *Yokhârhin* &lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; and *Al&ecirc;ti* &lsquo;Torch&rsquo;, all three of which have Kari&rsquo;na and Warao equivalents. It is these oral traditions, preserved by the medicine-men, that likely served as the main vehicle through which astronomical knowledge was passed from one generation to another. For this reason, summaries of the relevant myths are given in the description of particular constellations. Occasionally, when the relevant Lokono myth is not documented, myths of the neighboring groups are referred to in order to illuminate the significance of particular celestial bodies. Given that many of such oral traditions are shared by the Lokono and the neighboring groups, this enhancement of the poorly preserved Lokono astronomical knowledge is justified.
    
    ### 3. Calendar of spirits
    
    The term *koya* &lsquo;spirit&rsquo;, found in numerous constellation names typically following a term for a particular plant or animal, is a key feature of Lokono astronomy. Walter Roth, an ethnographer of the Guianas, explains that such constellations are the spirits of the corresponding beings.[#4] At a time of the year when the constellation appears, the spirit travels from the sky to earth to breathe life into the beings it represents. As such, the *koya*-constellations formed a calendar, indicating what the best time is to engage in subsistence activities related to these plants and animals (e.g. hunting or gathering). The Lokono may have also known where such spirits would descend on earth; Walter Roth suggests that they called these places with the same names as the constellations but the evidence of that remains poor. Thus, *Hadorhikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the red acouchi&rsquo; would refer to the spirit, the constellation, and the place where the *hadorhi* is found in plenty when its constellation appears. While this toponymic knowledge is forgotten today, the *koya*-constellations remind us of the great understanding of the plant and animal life that the Lokono possessed.
    
    ### 4. *Wiwa*, the star and the year
    
    The Lokono also have another general term that is used to refer to stars, *wiwa*. The term lacks the spiritual connotations of *koya.* It refers, on the one hand, to the physical quality of stars as something shining and, on the other hand, to the calendar year. As such, it is used, for instance, when talking about one&rsquo;s age. While it can apply to any star, *wiwa* appears only in two proper names of celestial bodies. *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*, literally &lsquo;Scores of stars&rsquo; (Pleiades), is the most important of all Lokono constellations, whose appearance traditionally commences the Lokono calendar year. Following *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* are the numerous *koya*-constellations, each signaling a different season in the Lokono calendar. On the other hand, *Wiwa kalemero*, literally &lsquo;Shining star&rsquo; (Jupiter) appears to have been singled out solely due to its brightness. Apart from *wiwa* and *koya*, there are no generic terms distinguishing planets, stars, moons, suns, galaxies and so on in the Lokono language. For this reason, the Lokono equivalent of the Milky Way, for instance, is included among other constellations.
    
    ### 5. Sky watching practices
    
    While the Lokono can admire the sky in the evening, to follow the Lokono stellar calendar, one has to look at the constellations around 4 am in the morning, the time when the Lokono usually wake up. The Lokono thus observe the rising of the constellations in the morning. To get the right idea of the yearly cycle of constellations, one should also set the viewing location to the Guianas (e.g. Georgetown, Paramaribo, or Cayenne in the location menu). It merits a mention that many Lokono, when drawing constellations, did not connect the stars with lines and that in some cases, there was little agreement among speakers as to which star within a constellation corresponds to which parts of the plant or animal it represents. In Stellarium, we represent constellations with lines, but it should be kept in mind that this may be a distortion of the Lokono tradition, which allows for more flexibility in interpreting particular star groups. Finally, there are restrictions on looking at some celestial bodies, since it is believed that a spirit can harm one if looked at.[#5] For instance, by full moon, mothers covered the eyes of their children so that they would not become sick.[#6] Young people were also told not to look at *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* (Pleiades), or else they would not grow.[#7] Such practices applied also to other objects believed to harbor powerful spirits and included other ways of avoiding eye-contact with spirits such rubbing peppers, limes, or salt into one&rsquo;s eyes.
    
    ### Lokono celestial bodies
    
    ##### *Hadali* 'Sun'
    
    The Lokono term for the Sun is *Hadali*, also pronounced as *Adali*. Claaudius de Goeje suggests that the variously spelled names of the Lokono culture hero, the first medicine-man known as *Harlitvanli*, *Haliwalika*, *Halwanli*, *Hariwalli*, and *Arawanili*, and sometimes *Arawidi,* may all refer to the same hero identified as the Sun.[#8] While we cannot confirm this hypothesis, the myth of *Arawidi* is worth mentioning. In the Lokono myth, *Arawidi*, the Sun, is the father of a man that becomes the constellation *Mabukuli* &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; (Orion&rsquo;s belt).[#9], [#10], [#11] According to the story, the Sun used to come to earth in the shape of a man called *Arawidi* to meet his lover with whom he had twins. In a later episode of the myth, one of the twins marries a woman, whose mother the couple decide to kill. When they try to escape, the wife&rsquo;s sister chases them and manages to cut off his leg in revenge. As a result, the man ascends to the sky and becomes the constellation *Mabukuli*. Another Lokono myth warns against offending the Sun: a man, stuck on an uninhabited island in the middle of a swamp, cries out for help. A boat passes him, but inside the boat is the Sun, which does not want to help the man, since people always complain that the Sun shines too hard.[#11]. As far as practices related to the Sun, Im Thurn reported that among the Lokono, the eclipse of the Sun was considered a war between *Hadali* and *Kathi*, the Moon, and that the Lokono would shout and make all kinds of noises to stop them from fighting.[#12]
    
    ##### *Kathi* 'Moon'
    
    The moon is known as *Kathi*, a term first recorded by Joannes de Laet as *cattehee* around 1598, and used also to refer to the lunar month.[#13] According to the Lokono, the Moon, like the Sun, was once a man. Walter Roth reports a Lokono myth, in which a young woman was visited by a mysterious lover night after night.[#10] To find out who the lover was, the woman smeared her hands with the soot from the bottom of a pot. Next day, when she woke up, she found that her brother&rsquo;s face was covered in soot and realized it was him who visited her at night. Everybody in her community started to avoid the incestuous brother, who became so ashamed that he kept away from the people and ultimately ascended to the sky, becoming the Moon. This is why, according to the Lokono, the face of the moon is dirty today. The Moon appears also in another myth. In the Lokono myth about a man stuck on an uninhabited island mentioned above, another boat passes the man, but this time inside is the Moon, which decides to help the man, since people are always happy to see the Moon come out at night.[#11] The Moon and Sun are also depicted as opponents. In previous times, the Lokono believed that the eclipse of the Moon is its death (*kathi &ocirc;don* &lsquo;moon dying&rsquo;) and would keep watch all night.[#6] The Lokono say during the eclipse of the Moon that the Moon has fallen asleep on the Sun&rsquo;s path.[#11] Therefore, they make a lot of noise, play drums, and blow shell trumpets to wake him up. By full moon, mothers would cover the eyes of their children so that they do not become sick.
    
    ##### *Warhokoma* 'Venus'
    
    The planet Venus, both when it appears in the morning as the Morning Star and when it appears in the evening as the Evening Star, is called *Warhokoma* by the Lokono.[#8], [#14], [#15] Charles Dance, on the other hand, reports the terms *Eweiwah* and *Huewah*, probably the equivalents of the general term *wiwa* &lsquo;star&rsquo; which can be used for any shining celestial body.[#16] The Lokono also speak of Venus as *Hiyaro wiwa* &lsquo;women&rsquo;s star&rsquo;. In relation to this, it merits a mention that Claudius de Goeje reports that when *Hiyaro wiwa* appears close to the Moon, and a girl is about to have her first menstruation, the Lokono say that the girl will soon be touched by the Moon.[#5] There is no myth about *Warhokoma* specifically and its relation to the Moon, but it is worth reminding that the Lokono know a story, in which the Moon was originally a man who committed incest with his sister (see the myth mentioned under *Kathi*), and has a name as a womanizer.[#10] Interestingly, the name *Warhokoma* for Morning or Evening Star appears also in Kari&rsquo;na, who see it also as the Moon's wife.[#17], [#18]
    
    ##### *Waya nukuthi bunaha* 'Milky Way'
    
    The Milky Way is known among the Lokono as *Waya nukuthi bunaha,* literally &lsquo;Path of the carriers of clay&rsquo;. The Milky Way represents the footprints of men who once went to fetch clay for making pots, an art that is, rarely if at all, practiced by the Lokono today. The origin of the name, however, is still known, and is summarized in a myth.[#19] The same name for Milky Way was noted by William Brett who adds that it is named after a specific whitish type of clay.[#14] Charles Dance, on the other hand, says that the Milky Way represents the footprints of peccaries rooting up the clay, while Walter Roth mentions a different Lokono explanation, according to which the Milky way represents a tapir chased by a dog and jaguar.[#10], [#16] However, these two sources do not give the corresponding Lokono name for the Milky Way, and it is possible that these two explanations are a Kari&rsquo;na influence, who recognize a constellation of a tiger following the constellation of a tapir within that of the Milky Way.[#17]
    
    ##### *Mali* 'Sirius'
    
    The modern Lokono call Sirius *Mali*, the literal meaning of which is unknown. Cornelius van Coll describes a Lokono star called *Mali* and explains that it is a very powerful star.[#7], [#17] When it comes up in the morning in August, it kills the fish in the swamps, and one should not point at it or one&rsquo;s finger will become lame. Cornelius van Coll&rsquo;s *Mali* marks the beginning of the big dry season (August to December), called in Lokono *malidalithe*, a term derived from *Mali*. Older sources identified *Mali* tentatively as Lyra, Aquila, or Crux, but given that the big dry season starts around August and that the Lokono observe the stars in the morning, these identifications must be incorrect; Lyra, Aquila, and Crux cannot be seen at this time from the Lokono territories.[#11], [#17] There are no Lokono myths about *Mali*, but there is evidence that is may correspond to the Kari&rsquo;na constellation *Ombatapo* &lsquo;Previous face&rsquo;. The Kari&rsquo;na myths explain the origin of the constellation and its name, which, like the Lokono *Mali*, is believed to kill the fish in the swamps and announces the beginning of the big dry season. Moreover, the Kari&rsquo;na *Ombatapo* is identified as parts of Puppis and Canis Major, the latter of which includes Sirius.[#18], [#20]
    
    ##### *Yôkoro wiwa* 'Scores of stars'
    
    The constellation *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* or *Wiwa y&ocirc;koro*, literally &lsquo;Score of stars&rsquo;, refers to the Pleiades and is easily recognized by the contemporary Lokono. This is likely because *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* is described as the most important of Lokono constellations, since it announce the beginning of the Lokono year.[#17] After it comes out first in June in the east, it is followed by the numerous *koya*-constellations referring to the spirits of animals and plants that constitute the Lokono calendar. At that time of the year, the Lokono say *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa kayaran* &lsquo;the birth of *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*&rsquo;. It is said that if *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* shines strong when it appears for the first time, many people will die in the coming year.[#5] Cornelius van Coll also warns that young people should not look at it, or else they will not grow.[#7] These omens and warnings are related to a Lokono myth. According to the story, there were once twin brothers, one of which had a wife, and said that death would come when their star, *Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa*, rises.[#7] Death came indeed, killing even his wife, roasting her on the fire, and the Lokono became angry and brought a giant green anaconda to swallow the twins. The snake ate one of the brothers, but because it was already 5 am and the day broke, the snake could not eat the other brother. The snake is now the constellation *Kamodokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda&rsquo;, in the belly of which *Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa* is said to be located (see also the *Yorhada* myth). In another narrative, the Lokono explain that the *Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa* represents seven brothers lost in a savannah on their way back home, a motif also known from a Kari&rsquo;na story.[#20]
    
    ##### *Yorhada* 'Grill'
    
    The constellation *Yorhada* &lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, or *Wiwa yorhadale* &lsquo;Star&rsquo;s grill&rsquo;, represents a wooden grill, on which meat is roasted.[#4], [#11], [#21] Its origin is explained in a myth related by Walter Roth about a man who killed his wife, roasted her, and fed her liver to his mother-in-law because she called him a worthless hunter.[#10] In revenge, the mother asked her brother, *Kamodo* to kill the man when he went hunting. The man suspected the woman set a trap and escaped death by sending his brother instead. The grill on which the wife was roasted became the Western constellation Pegasus, according to contemporary Lokono, marking the beginning of the small dry season (April), the time when the Lokono roast a lot of fish. The myth is similar to that of *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* and the twins, in which the older brother is responsible for roasting his wife and may be the same as the man who roasted his wife in the *Yorhada* myth. In both myths, the younger brother killed by the anaconda becomes *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*, while the grill becomes *Yorhada*. Claudius de Goeje suggested that *Yorhada* is the Western constellation Corvus, but Corvus does not appear at beginning of the small dry season.[#11] The neighboring Warao also know Pegasus as the grill, and are familiar with the myth.[#10]
    
    ##### *Kamodokoya* 'Spirit of the green anaconda'
    
    *The constellation Kamodokoya*, &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda (*Eunectes murinus*)', also called *Waroboshi* remains poorly described.[#5] Older sources suggest it is Perseus, Pleiades, Scorpio, or Ophiuchus, but the exact stars remain unidentified.[#10], [#11], [#21] Several myths explain its origin. According to Walter Roth, a man killed his wife, roasted her, and fed her liver to her mother because she called him a worthless hunter.[#10], In revenge, she asked *Kamodo* to kill him, but the man escaped the snake who ate his younger brother instead. The constellation *Kamodokoya* has *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*, the brother, inside, and is close to *Yorhada* &lsquo;Grill&rsquo;, on which the wife was roasted. Notably, Theodor Schultz list the constellation *Waroboshi yorhadale* 'The grill of the green anaconda' which could be the same as the constellation *Yorhada*.[#23] Cornelius van Coll speaks of twins, one of whom had a wife, and warned that their star brings death.[#7] Indeed, even his wife died, roasted on the fire. The Lokono had the snake kill the man, and ascend to the sky as *Kamodokoya*. Finally, Claudius de Goeje relates a myth of a woman who felt a desire for men, and put a *katuburi* flower in her vagina, and became pregnant. Her child was partly a snake, and people wanted to kill it, so it ascended to the sky.
    
    ##### *Kibiwarhakoya*  'Spirit of the capybara'
    
    The constellation *Kibiwarhakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the capybara&rsquo; (*Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris*) was mentioned by the Penard brothers.[#17] The same source also informs us that it is followed by the constellation *Kamodokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the green anaconda&rsquo;. The constellation remains unidentified and its significance is unknown. No related myths have been documented.
    
    ##### *Mabukuli* 'Man without a thigh'
    
    The constellation *Mabukuli* &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo; is well known among the Lokono and appears in a few myths. According to Charles Dance, an unsuccessful huntsman cut off his own leg, wrapped it up in a leaf, and gave to his step mother so that she had something to eat, and ascended to sky.[#16] Similarly, the Penard brothers speak of an unsuccessful hunter who cut off his leg and gave it to his wife and mother-in-law, telling them it was tapir meat.[#17] He then asked other people to follow his traces to help him bring the rest of the tapir, but when they arrived at the place they only found the *akalali* plant with which he treated his wounds. His body turned into the *Kama t&acirc;la* constellation and his spirit into *Mabukuli*. Claudius de Goeje relates a strikingly different myth.[#11] The Sun, once a man called *Arawidi* (see the myth about *Hadali* 'Sun'), took a woman as his wife, who followed him with unborn twins inside her. One day, she lost the way and ended up being eaten by vulture spirits, but her twins were brought up by an old woman, whom they later killed and ran away. While hiding in a treetop, they saw a woman catching fish with a sifter. She saw their reflection in the water and tried to catch it, at which they laughed. She then realized they were up in the tree, and sent ants up the tree to make them come down. When they came down, she killed one of them and took the other home. One of her daughters fell in love with the man and married him. Now the husband had to catch a lot of fish every day for the mother-in-law. One day, tired of his demanding mother-in-law, he tricked her into getting into the water to help him unload a boat full of fish, where she was eaten by a shark. When her other daughter arrived, the liver of her mother was still floating on the water and told her that the man killed her. The daughter wanted to kill him but he flew away on wings of cotton that his wife made for him, so she only cut his thigh off, which is why he is now the constellation *Mabukuli*. It appears the Orion's belt represents the cut-off leg, not the man himself.
    
    ##### *Kama tâla* 'Jaw of the tapir'
    
    The constellation *Kama t&acirc;la* &lsquo;Jaw of the tapir&rsquo; is one of the few constellations identified easily by the contemporary Lokono, just like *Mabukuli*, to which it is related in a myth.[#8], [#15] The Penard brothers recount the story of an unsuccessful hunter, who cuts meat off his leg and gives it to his wife and mother-in-law, telling them it is tapir meat (*Tapirus terrestris*).[#17] He then asks his fellow people to follow him and help bring the rest of the tapir, but when they arrive at the place they only find the *akalali* plant with which he treated his wounds. His body turned into *Kama t&acirc;la* and his spirit into *Mabukuli*. In a Kari&rsquo;na story, on the other hand, *Kama t&acirc;la* was the remains of a tapir that the mythical twins were hunting, one of whom accidentally gets his leg severed and becomes the constellation of man without a thigh.
    
    ##### *Hithikoya* 'Spirit of the black curassow'
    
    The constellation *Hithikoya* is the &lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo; (*Crax alector*), a commonly hunted bird, often kept as a pet for its feathers and eggs. According to a Lokono myth, *Hithikoya* lived on earth, but the Lokono kept shooting him.[#11] As a result, he ascended to the sky to warn black curassows about the approaching hunter (see *Yokh&acirc;rhin*) and his companion with a torch (see *Al&ecirc;ti*). The Lokono identify *Hithikoya* as the Western constellation Crux. When it appears just above the trees in January, the curassows roam on the ground and are easy to catch. Over the following months, the higher *Hithikoya* rises in the morning, the higher the birds climb up the trees. By March, it appears high in the sky and the birds are found in the tops of the trees. *Hithikoya* thus informs the Lokono where to search for the birds at a given time of the year. The Lokono even make hunting charms (*bina*) from a plant, whose leaves resemble the bird, rubbed into the lips of the hunter so that he can imitate the calls of the bird, increasing his chances of catching one.[#10], [#17]
    
    ##### *Yokhârhin* 'Hunter'
    
    The constellation *Yokh&acirc;rhin* &lsquo;Hunter&rsquo; corresponds to &alpha; Centauri and represents the man hunting *Hithikoya*, the &lsquo;Spirit of the black curassow&rsquo; (see *Hithikoya*).[#9], [#10], [#11] His companion holding a torch known as *Al&ecirc;ti* is represented by &beta; Centauri. The myth reported by the Penard brothers that explains the origin of *Hithikoya* includes also these two characters.[#11] According to the story, *Hithikoya* used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept tracking him down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the sky to serve as a signal for black curassows warning them about the approaching hunter (*Yokh&acirc;rhin*) and his companion with a torch (*Al&ecirc;ti*). As *Hithikoya* appears higher and higher in the morning between January and March, *Yokh&acirc;rhin* and subsequently *Al&ecirc;ti* appear on the horizon following it. This indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops.
    
    ##### *Alêti* 'Torch'
    
    The constellation&nbsp;*Al&ecirc;ti* &lsquo;Torch&rsquo; corresponds to&nbsp;&beta; Centauri and represents the companion of the hunter *Yokh&acirc;rhin*, holding a torch made from a piece of cloth dipped in beeswax known as *Al&ecirc;ti*.[#9], [#10], [#11]&nbsp; *Al&ecirc;ti* follows *Yokh&acirc;rhin* so as not to scare the black curassow bird with the light of the torch. The myth reported by the Penard brothers that explains the origin of *Hithikoya* 'Spirit of the black curassow' includes also these two characters (see *Hithikoya*).[#11] According to the story, *Hithikoya* used to live on earth, but the Lokono kept tracking him down at night and shoot him. As a result, it ascended to the sky to serve as a signal for black curassows warning them about the approaching hunter (*Yokh&acirc;rhin*) and his companion with a torch (*Al&ecirc;ti*). As *Hithikoya* appears higher and higher in the morning between January and March, *Yokh&acirc;rhin* and subsequently *Al&ecirc;ti* appear on the horizon following it. This indicates to the Lokono that the black curassow can now be found high in the tress and the hunters can set out at night to hunt it in the tree tops.
    
    ##### *Anorhâkoya* 'Spirit of the cocoi heron'
    
    The constellation *Anorh&acirc;koya* represents the spirit of the cocoi heron (*Ardea cocoi*). It is recognized by contemporary Lokono as Ursa Major, in keeping with earlier identifications.[#11], [#15] Claudius de Geoje reports that when it shines strong, the Lokono believe that strong winds will come, bringing dust into peoples&rsquo; eyes and consequently diseases: the heron picks their eyes with its beak, it is said.[#11] Similarly, according to Cornelius van Coll, *Anorh&acirc;koya* is a heron whose beak is upside down. Should its beak be turned downwards, people would get all kinds of eye diseases.[#7] This can still happen when strong winds blow and carry the light from the beak into peoples&rsquo; eyes, since the light of *Anorh&acirc;koya* (and other stars) travels with the wind according to the Lokono. The constellation is associated with the big dry season (August to December) and the storms and winds that are typical of this time. It appears in the morning in mid-November in the northeast with its beak down.
    
    ##### *Honolikoya* 'Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron'
    
    Another Lokono constellation named after a species of a heron is *Honolikoya* &lsquo;*Spirit of the rufescent tiger heron*&rsquo; (*Tigrisoma lineatum*). It is reported in historical sources as the equivalent of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation *Kumawari yumï* (&lsquo;Father of the cocoi heron&rsquo;). This is likely a mistake as *honoli* is a different and well-known species of a heron. It is possible that *Honolikoya* refers to the same constellation as *Anorhâkoya*, interpreted differently by different Lokono consultants, but it is also possible it is a different constellation. In any case, *Honolikoya* remains unidentified.[#17] Just like *Anorh&acirc;koya*, the constellation is said to bring diseases of the eyes when it appears in the morning sky. From the Penard brothers' description we can infer that *Honolikoya* should appear between June and the big dry season, which lasts from end of August until the beginning of December. There appears to be no specific myth associated with this constellation.[#17]
    
    ##### *Kasorhowakoya* 'Spirit of the four-eyed fish'
    
    The constellation *Kasorhowakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the four-eyed fish&rsquo; (*Anableps anableps*) was identified by the contemporary Lokono as &lambda; Scorpii and &upsilon; Scorpii. In earlier sources it is identified as the upper part of Scorpio&rsquo;s tail, which is in keeping with the 21st century data.[#8] The constellation represents the two eyes of the four-eyed fish, which is known for the fact that its eyes are always sticking above the water, and is therefore sometimes considered an incarnation of the water spirit. There is no Lokono myth concerning the four-eyed fish, and it remains unknown what the appearance of this constellation signifies. However, it merits a mention that the Kari&rsquo;na have a constellation representing the same fish, which corresponds to the same two stars. Maga&ntilde;a and Jara explain that the appearance of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation announces the fishing season for this species.[#18] It is not unlikely that the Lokono constellation had the same function.
    
    ##### *Katarhokoya* 'Spirit of the green sea turtle'
    
    The constellation *Katarhokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the green sea turtle&rsquo; is still known on the Pomeroon River in Guyana. It represents the *katarho* turtle (*Chelonia mydas*), swimming towards the shore, represented in turn by the Milky Way. When the constellation appears in the morning high in the sky, it is a signal that turtles are arriving on the beaches to lay eggs. The constellation was identified in earlier sources as *Corona Borealis* and *Orion's belt.* [#8], [#11] While the former overlaps with the stars indicated by the Lokono on the Pomeroon, the latter is likely a mistake as *Orion&rsquo;s belt* is consistently recognized as *Mabukuli* &lsquo;Man without a thigh&rsquo;. The constellation *Katarhokoya* rises early in the year, but it appears upside down most of the time from the vistas of the Lokono in the Guianas. Only by mid-March, a time when several species of turtles indeed lay their eggs on the Atlantic coast of the Guianas, does it look like a turtle swimming to the shore (Milky Way).
    
    ##### *Hikorhikoya* 'Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise'
    
    The constellation *Hikorhikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the yellow-footed tortoise&rsquo; was documented by the Penard brothers for the Lokono in Suriname; it remains unidentified but it should appear around August (i.e. around the beginning of the big dry season).[#11], [#17] The Penard brothers explain that when the water in the swamps rises, the yellow-footed tortoise, known in Lokono as *hikorhi* (*Chelonoidis denticulatus*), seeks higher grounds, and, presumably, can be more easily found. There are no myths related to the constellation specifically. However, it is worth pointing out that the tortoise is considered a delicacy among the Lokono. When caught, they are often kept around the house in small corrals for long periods of time until they are consumed. The Lokono joke that they are &lsquo;fridges&rsquo; since if fed, the tortoise will stay alive for a long time, as opposed to an animal that was shot and has to be prepared and eaten immediately.
    
    ##### *Kwakoya* 'Spirit of the blue crab'
    
    The constellation *Kwakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the blue crab&rsquo; is still known in the Lokono communities closer to the coast, which practice the annual crab feats. The crab species is likely the same as that represented by the Kari&rsquo;na constellation *Kusa yumï* &lsquo;Father of the blue crab&rsquo; (*Ucides cordatus*). The constellation appears in the east in the middle of July. By the beginning of August, it is high in the sky, signaling that the crabs arrive at the beaches to lay their eggs. At this time, the Lokono and other indigenous groups of the area congregate to the shore of the Atlantic to catch the marching crabs. The crabs are considered a delicacy and when the villagers return to the communities with the catch, large feasts are organized during which the crabs are eaten. The Penard brothers write that *Kwakoya* appears when the crabs come to lay their eggs in May and June but this appears to be incorrect, both given that crabs march later and that the constellation recognized by the modern Lokono is not visible in May and June from the Guianas.[#17]
    
    ##### *Ifakoya* 'Spirit of the Muscovy duck'
    
    The constellation *Ifakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the Muscovy duck&rsquo; (*Cairina moschata*) was mentioned by the Penard brothers and Claudius de Goeje but remained unidentified until now.[#11], [#17] The contemporary Lokono on the Pomeroon River in Guyana recognize it in parts of the Western constellation Corona Australis. There are no myths related to this constellation but the Lokono say that when the head of the duck points toward the ground, looking as if the duck has its head under the water, the ducks are busy feeding on plants. The constellation assumes this position from mid-May. At this time, it is said that the birds are easier to catch. The Muscovy duck is considered a delicacy and is also often kept around the house like chickens. The Kari&rsquo;na and the Warao also recognize the constellation of the Muscovy duck, and at least the Warao one corresponds to the same stars.[#17]
    
    ##### *Awarhakoya* 'Spirit of the awara palm'
    
    The constellation *Awarhakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the awara palm&rsquo; has the shape of an awara palm (*Astrocaryum vulgare*). Its appearance high in the sky in January means that awara fruits are ripening. In the following months, *Awarhakoya* moves closer to the horizon, meaning that the fruits will soon fall to the ground to be picked. This occurs in the small dry season (mid-February to April), known as *awarhadlithe*, a term derived from the name of the palm.[#7], [#17] There are no myths about *Awarhakoya* but it is said that the constellation is followed by that of the *Hadorhikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the red acouchi&rsquo; and *Hokorherokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the red-rumped agouti&rsquo;. Their appearance signals that the rodents are gathering by the palms to eat the fallen fruit. *Awarhakoya* is recognized today in stars close to the Western constellation Coma Berenices, but older sources suggest it is near Sirius.[#11] It is the only constellation named after a plant, which speaks to the importance of the awara palm to the Lokono. The Kari&rsquo;na also have a constellation of the awara, sometimes recognized in the same stars.[#17], [#20]
    
    ##### *Hadorhikoya* 'Spirit of the red acouchi'
    
    The unidentified constellation *Hadorhikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the red acouchi&rsquo; (*Myoprocta acouchy*) was mentioned by the Penard brothers.[#17] It should follow the constellation *Awarhakoya* appearing near it sometime after February. Its appearance signals that the ripe fruits of the palm attract the red acouchi to the awara grooves, where they can be hunted. There is no Lokono myth about *Hadorhikoya*, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about the unidentified Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the red acouchi relates it to the several other constellations. According to the story, there were two brothers, of which one had a wife. The unmarried brother killed his brother, fed his liver to the wife, took her as his wife, and had a child with her. The spirit of the dead brother told the woman that his brother killed him, so she and her child decided to run away and ascend to the sky as the constellation of the agouti and acouchi. The spirit also told his brother to cut open his corpse and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, while the killer became the constellation of the anaconda.[#11]
    
    ##### *Hakorherokoya* 'Spirit of the red-rumped agouti'
    
    The unidentified constellation *Hokorherokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the red-rumped agouti&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who explain that like *Hadorhikoya*, it follows *Awarhakoya*.[#17] It signals that the ripe fruit attracts the agouti (*Dasyprocta leporina*) to the awara palms, where they can be hunted. Claudius de Goeje adds that it is followed by *Kabadarokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the tiger&rsquo;, which, like humans, knows agouti's habits.[#11] There is no Lokono myth about *Hokorherokoya*, but a Kari&rsquo;na myth about the unidentified constellation of the agouti explains its origin. According to the story, there were two brothers, one married, the other not. The unmarried one killed the other, fed his liver to the wife, took her as his wife, and had a child with her. The dead brother's spirit told her that his brother killed him, so she and her child ran away, becoming the agouti and acouchi constellations. The spirit then told his brother to open his corpse and scatter his insides, which became the Pleiades, while the killer became the anaconda constellation.[#11]
    
    ##### *Kabadarokoya* 'Spirit of the jaguar'
    
    *Kabadarokoya* or *Arhwakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the jaguar&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to a Lokono myth.[#7], [#11] According to the story, *Kabadaro* (*Panthera onca*) was the father of *Korhirhwathe* (*Leopardus species*), whom he loved so much, he did not want to marry her out.[#33] One day a thorn got stuck in his paw and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his wife. The family always had meat, so other people were jealous and told the man that his wife cheated on him. He started mistreating her. When the jaguar learned about this, he ran away with his daughter but the man followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky. But when the Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to earth to kill people. According to Claudius de Goeje, it follows the agouti star, a delicacy of the jaguars.[#11] The constellation is unidentified. The Kari&rsquo;na constellation of the jaguar is said to appear around the small dry season, when jaguars roar more because they suffer from insects.[#17], [#20]
    
    ##### *Korhirhwathekoya* 'Spirit of the ocelot'
    
    The constellation *Korhirhwathe* &lsquo;Spirit of the ocelot&rsquo; was mentioned by the Penard brothers, who link it to the same Lokono myth summarized above for *Kabadarokoya*.[#11] According to the story, *Kabadaro* (*Panthera onca*) was the father of *Korhirhwathe* (*Leopardus species*), whom he loved so much, he did not want to marry her out. However, one day a thorn got stuck in his paw and a man helped him take it out, so he gave the man his daughter as his wife. The family always had plenty of meat, so other people became jealous and told the man that his wife cheated on him. As a result, he started mistreating *Korhirhwathe*. When the jaguar learned about this, he took his daughter, and ran away with her into the forest, but the man followed them everywhere, so finally they ascended to the sky becoming constellations. Now, when the Lokono kill a jaguar, they can come back to earth to kill people.
    
    ##### *Hawkoya* 'Spirit of the pale-throated sloth'
    
    The constellation *Hawkoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the pale-throated sloth&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.[#11] It represents a species of a sloth (*Bradypus tridactylus*) and is an omen of storms and windy weather that occur at the beginning of the big dry season (between August and December). At this time, the sloths start to wander about more, and the Lokono say that it is because of the winds.[#17] The constellation remains unidentified.
    
    ##### *Warhemedokoya*  'Spirit of the two-toed sloth'
    
    Similarly, *Warhemedokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the two-toed sloth&rsquo;, mentioned by the Penard brothers, is said to appear when the storms and winds of the big dry season are about to start and make the sloths move about more.[#17] It represents the two-toed sloth (*Choloepus didactylus*). The constellation remains unidentified.
    
    ##### *Yôwanakoya*  'Spirit of the green iguana'
    
    The constellation *Y&ocirc;wanakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the green iguana&rsquo; is mentioned by the Penard brothers.[#17] It represents the green iguana (*Iguana iguana*) and appears when the iguanas lay their eggs in the sand, which should be sometime in April and May, but the constellation remains unidentified.
    
    ##### *Yarheyarherokoya*  'Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot'
    
    The constellation *Yarheyarherokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the lilac-tailed parrot&rsquo; (*Touit batavicus*) was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.[#11] The constellation is not known to contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify.
    
    ##### *Marodikoya*  'Spirit of the marail guan'
    
    The constellation *Marodikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the marail guan&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, who comments that it has the shape of the marail guan (*Penelope marail*).[#11] The constellation is not known to contemporary Lokono; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify.
    
    ##### *Hikarowanakoya*  'Spirit of the little cuckoo'
    
    The constellation *Hikarowanakoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the little cuckoo&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.[#11] It represents the little cuckoo (*Coccycua minuta*). The constellation remains unidentified; neither do we know what its appearance used to signify. However, the Penard brothers mention the Kari&rsquo;na constellation of a cuckoo species identified as the very similar *Piaya cayana*.[#17], [#22] The Kari&rsquo;na constellation is said to bring luck to hunters. Interestingly, the Lokono link hunter&rsquo;s luck to the little cuckoo as well. They say that if the bird passes you calling *pikwan pikwan pikwan*, you have to watch out, as something bad might happen to you.
    
    ##### *S&ucirc;tukoya*  'Spirit of the red-handed tamarin'
    
    The constellation *S&ucirc;tukoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the red-handed tamarin&rsquo; (*Saguinus midas*) was mentioned by Cornelius van Coll and the Penard brothers but it remains poorly identified.[#7], [#11], [#43] According to Claudius de Goeje, it should correspond to the Western constellation Coma Berenices.[#17] It is not clear whether this is correct, however, given that today we find the constellation *Awarhakoya* in this part of the sky, which is easily recognized by numerous speakers. There are no myths related to this constellation.
    
    ##### *Howakoya*  'Spirit of the white-faced saki'
    
    The constellation *Howakoya* 'Spirit of the white-faced saki&rsquo; was only mentioned by de Claudius de Goeje.[#17] It represents the spirit of white-faced saki (*Pithecia pithecia*) but the constellation and its significance remain unknown.[#44]
    
    ##### *Imenarikoya*  'Spirit of the scorpion'
    
    The constellation *Imenarikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the scorpion&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.[#11] The constellation refers to a spirit of an unidentified species of a large poisonous scorpion. There are no known myths about *Imenarikoya*. The constellation could be a case of cultural borrowing from non-indigenous populations, as has been suggested for the Kari&rsquo;na constellation representing a scorpion.
    
    ##### *Maraka*  'Rattle of the medicine-man'
    
    The constellation  *Maraka*  'Rattle of the medicine-man' was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje, and refers to a rattle used by the Lokono medicine-men, which is made of a calabash pierced with a stick, adorned with feathers of a certain parrot, and filled with numerous small crystals, each of which harbors a different spirit, that is a different type of *koya*.[#11] The constellation remains unidentified; there is no Kari&rsquo;na or Warao equivalent and there are no myths related to it.
    
    ##### *Shimarhabokoya*  'Spirit of the bow and arrow' and  *Arakabosakoya*  'Spirit of the gun'
    
    The constellation *Shimarhabokoya* ‘Spirit of the bow and arrow’ and *Arakabosakoya* ‘Spirit of the gun’ were mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.[#11] Both constellations remain unidentified and do not have Kari&rsquo;na and Warao counterparts, and there are no myths related to them.
    
    ##### *Korherokoya*  'Spirit of the parrot'
    
    The constellation&nbsp;*Korherokoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the parrot&rsquo; was only mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.[#11] The constellation refers to a spirit of an unidentified species of a parrot, but it was mentioned as the equivalent of the Kari&rsquo;na constellation *Kurewako yumï* ‘Father of the orange-winged parrot’, representing the orange-winged parrot (*Amazona amazonica*). There are no known myths about *Korherokoya*. It should appear in February when the parrots are big enough to be taken out of their nests, but the constellation remains unidentified.
    
    ##### *Kasipenikoya*  'Spirit of the sea turtle'
    
    The constellation *Kasipenikoya* &lsquo;Spirit of the sea turtle&rsquo; was mentioned by Claudius de Goeje.[#11] It refers to the spirit of an unidentified species of a turtle. It may be the case that it is the same as *Katarokoya*. The term *kataro* (*Chelonia mydas*) appears to be a term borrowed from Kari&rsquo;na, it is thus possible that *kasipeni* is the original Lokono term for the same turtle. However, there are several species of turtles in the Guianas, thus *kataro* and *kasipeni* can also refer to different species, and their spirits be identified with different constellations.
gl: ### Constelacións lokono e outros obxectos celestes
    
    |Nome en lokono|Tradución Literal en Galego|Localización aproximada|
    |-----------|------------------------------|--------------------|
    |<notr>Hadali</notr>|   |Sol|
    |<notr>Kathi</notr>|   |Lúa|
    |<notr>Warhokoma</notr>|   |Venus|
    |<notr>Waya nukuthi bunaha</notr>|Camiño dos portadores de barro|Vía Láctea|
    |<notr>Mali</notr>|   |Sirio|
    |<notr>Yôkoro wiwa</notr>|Ducias de estrelas|Pleiades|
    |<notr>Wiwa kalemero</notr>|Estrela brillante|Xúpiter|
    |<notr>Yorhada</notr>|Grella|Pegaso|
    |<notr>Kamodokoya</notr>|Espírito da anaconda verde|pouco claro|
    |<notr>Kibiwarhakoya</notr>|Espírito da capibara|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Mabukuli</notr>|Home sen coxa|Cinto de Orión|
    |<notr>Kama tâla</notr>|Queixada do tapir|Híades|
    |<notr>Hithikoya</notr>|Espírito do paxaro curassow negro|Crux|
    |<notr>Yokhârhin</notr>|Cazador|α Centauri|
    |<notr>Alêti</notr>|Facho|β Centauri|
    |<notr>Anorhâkoya</notr>|Espírito da garza cocoi|Ursa Maior|
    |<notr>Honolikoya</notr>|Espírito da garza tigre rufescente|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Kasorhowakoya</notr>|Espírito dos peixes de catro ollos|λ Sco e υ Sco|
    |<notr>Katarokoya</notr>|Espírito da tartaruga mariña verde|Hercules|
    |<notr>Hikorhikoya</notr>|Espírito da tartaruga de patas amarelas|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Kwakoya</notr>|Espírito do cangrexo azul|Orión|
    |<notr>Ifakoya</notr>|Espírito do Pato Moscovo|Corona Australis|
    |<notr>Awarhakoya</notr>|Espírito da palma awara|Coma Berenices|
    |<notr>Hadorhikoya</notr>|Espírito do acouchí vermello|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Hokorherokoya</notr>|Espírito do agoutí de cola vermella|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Kabadarokoya</notr>|Espírito do xaguar|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Korhirhwathekoya</notr>|Espírito do ocelote|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Hawkoya</notr>|Espírito do preguiceiro de garganta pálida|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Warhemedokoya</notr>|Espírito do preguiceiro de dous dedos|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Yôwanakoya</notr>|Espírito da iguana verde|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Yarheyarherokoya</notr>|Espírito do loro de cola lila|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Marodikoya</notr>|Espírito do marail guan|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Hikarowanakoya</notr>|Espírito do pequeno cuco|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Sûtukoya</notr>|Espírito do tamarino vermello|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Howakoya</notr>|Espírito do saki de cara branca|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Imenarikoya</notr>|Espírito do escorpión|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Korherokoya</notr>|Espírito do loro|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Kasipenikoya</notr>|Espírito dunha tartaruga|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Shimarhabokoya</notr>|Espírito do arco e da frecha|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Arakabosakoya</notr>|Espírito da arma|descoñecido|
    |<notr>Maraka</notr>|Axóuxere de curandeiro|descoñecido|
    
    ### Coñecemento astronómico dos lokono: unha introdución
    
    Segundo os relatos históricos e contemporáneos, parece que o coñecemento astronómico non estaba restrinxido a membros particulares da sociedade lokono. Porén, foron os curandeiros en particular, os líderes espirituais dos lokono coñecidos como *semethi*, ós que se lles esixía dominar os distintos aspectos do coñecemento das estrelas e quen poderían ser responsables de transmitir as tradicións orais asociadas a elas dunha xeración a outra. De Rodrigo de Navarette, que arredor de 1550 escribiu un dos primeiros relatos dos lokono, aprendemos, por exemplo, que:
    
    *&ldquo;os vellos e sabios ós que chaman Cemetu reúnense nas casas deseñadas para as súas reunións e [&hellip;] relatan as tradicións e fazañas dos seus antepasados ​​e grandes homes, e tamén narran o que aqueles devanceiros escoitaron dos seus antepasados, para que deste xeito lembren os acontecementos máis antigos do seu país e pobo. E, do mesmo xeito, contan ou predican sobre acontecementos relacionados co ceo, o sol, a lúa e as estrelas.&rdquo;*[#1]
    
    Os *cemetu* de Navarette, os curandeiros coñecidos na moderna cultura lokono como *semethi*, abandonaron en gran medida as súas prácticas hoxe en día, o que pode ser a razón pola que se interrompeu a transmisión do coñecemento astronómico. Moitas constelacións dos lokono parecen esquecidas hoxe. Polo tanto, as nosas fontes adoitan limitarse a relatos históricos escritos polos primeiros exploradores e etnógrafos das Güianas, un dos máis antigos dos cales se ilustra a continuación. <p style="text-align:center;"> <figure> <img src="illustrations/schulz.png" width="572" height="508" align="middle"/> <p style="text-align:center;"><figcaption>Fig.1 List of Lokono stars by Theodor Schulz, circa 1803.[#23]</figcaption></p> </figure> </p>
    É esta literatura a que nos permite reconstruír o coñecemento estelar dos lokono, descrito a continuación. Porén, antes de ver os corpos celestes individuais, varias características xerais da astronomía de Lokono merecen unha mención, a saber: 
    
    - a superposición coas tradicións astronómicas dos grupos indíxenas veciños. 
    - as tradicións orais que explican a orixe e o significado dos corpos celestes. 
    - o uso do termo *koya* &lsquo;espírito&rsquo; en nomes de numerosas constelacións. 
    - o uso do termo xeral *wiwa* &lsquo;estrela, ano&rsquo; e a falta doutros termos astronómicos. 
    - as prácticas de observación do ceo dos lokono.
    
    ### 1. Coñecemento güianés compartido
    
    O territorio dos lokono limita co de dous pobos indíxenas que non teñen relación lingüística, os Kari&rsquo;na, que falan unha lingua caribeña, e os Warao, que falan unha lingua illada. Aínda que non están relacionados e tradicionalmente non casan entre si, os tres grupos comparten unha gran cantidade de cultura material e inmaterial. A tradición etnoastronómica dos tres pobos tamén mostra unha serie de semellanzas sorprendentes, como mitos estelares compartidos, nomes similares de constelacións e paralelismos no calendario estelar. Isto fala dos contactos entre os tres grupos e do intercambio de coñecemento astronómico, posiblemente facilitado polos seus respectivos líderes espirituais, como os lokono *semethi*. O grao de superposición destas tradicións e a direccionalidade do seu intercambio requiren máis estudos. Aquí centrámonos nos lokono e, polo tanto, non discutimos estes préstamos culturais en detalle, a non ser que arroxen luz sobre a etnoastronomía dos lokono.
    
    ### 2. Tradicións orais estelares
    
    Unha destas características compartidas son os mitos sobre as estrelas. Tales tradicións orais falan das orixes de corpos celestes particulares, vinculan entre si e explican a súa influencia no mundo natural. A constelación dos lokono *Hithikoya* &lsquo;Espírito do curassow negro&rsquo;, por exemplo, está ligada nun mito dos lokono ó de *Yokhârhin* &lsquo;Cazador&rsquo; e *Al&ecirc;ti* &lsquo;Facho&rsquo;, os tres que teñen os equivalentes de Kari&rsquo;na e Warao. Son estas tradicións orais, conservadas polos curandeiros, as que probablemente serviron como vehículo principal a través do cal o coñecemento astronómico foi transmitido dunha xeración a outra. Por este motivo, na descrición de constelacións particulares danse resumos dos mitos relevantes. En ocasións, cando o mito lokono relevante non está documentado, acúdese ós mitos dos grupos veciños para iluminar o significado de corpos celestes particulares. Dado que moitas destas tradicións orais son compartidas polos lokono e os grupos veciños, esta mellora do mal conservado coñecemento astronómico dos lokono está xustificada.
    
    ### 3. Calendario de espíritos
    
    O termo *koya* &lsquo;espírito&rsquo;, que se atopa en numerosos nomes de constelacións que normalmente seguen un termo para unha determinada planta ou animal, é unha característica clave da astronomía dos lokono. Walter Roth, un etnógrafo das Güianas, explica que tales constelacións son os espíritos dos seres correspondentes.[#4] Nunha época do ano na que aparece a constelación, o espírito viaxa do ceo á terra para dar vida ós seres que representa. Como tal, as constelacións *koya* forman un calendario, indicando cal é o mellor momento para participar en actividades de subsistencia relacionadas con estas plantas e animais (por exemplo, a caza ou a recolección). Os lokono tamén podían saber onde descenderían eses espíritos na terra; Walter Roth suxire que chamaron a estes lugares cos mesmos nomes das constelacións, pero a evidencia diso segue sendo pobre. Así, *Hadorhikoya* &lsquo;Espírito do acouchí vermello&rsquo; referiríase ó espírito, á constelación e ó lugar onde o *hadorhi* se atopa en abundancia cando aparece a súa constelación. Aínda que este coñecemento toponímico está hoxe esquecido, as constelacións *koya* lembran a gran comprensión da vida vexetal e animal que posuían os lokono.
    
    ### 4. *Wiwa*, a estrela e o ano
    
    Os lokono tamén teñen outro termo xeral que se usa para referirse ás estrelas, *wiwa*. O termo carece das connotacións espirituais de *koya.* Refírese, por unha banda, á calidade física das estrelas como algo que brilla e, por outra banda, ó ano natural. Como tal, úsase, por exemplo, cando se fala da idade dun. Aínda que se pode aplicar a calquera estrela, *wiwa* só aparece en dous nomes propios dos corpos celestes. *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*, literalmente &lsquo;Ducias de estrelas&rsquo; (Pléiades), é a máis importante de todas as constelacións lokono, cuxa aparición tradicionalmente comeza o seu ano natural. Despois de *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* están as numerosas constelacións *koya*, cada unha sinalando unha estación diferente no calendario lokono. Por outra banda, *Wiwa kalemero*, literalmente &lsquo;Estrelas billante&rsquo; (Xúpiter) parece ser sinalado unicamente polo seu brillo. Ademais de *wiwa* e *koya*, non hai termos xenéricos que distingan planetas, estrelas, lúas, soles, galaxias, etc. na lingua lokono. Por este motivo, o equivalente lokono da Vía Láctea, por exemplo, inclúese entre outras constelacións.
    
    ### 5. Prácticas de observación do ceo
    
    Mentres que os lokono poden admirar o ceo pola noite, para seguir o seu calendario estelar, hai que mirar as constelacións arredor das 4 da mañá, o momento no que os klokono adoitan espertar. Os Lokono observan así o aumento das constelacións pola mañá. Para ter unha idea correcta do ciclo anual de constelacións, tamén se debe establecer a localización das Güianas (por exemplo, Georgetown, Paramaribo ou Cayenne no menú de localización). Merece unha mención que moitos lokono, ó debuxaren constelacións, non conectaban as estrelas con liñas e que, nalgúns casos, había pouco acordo entre os falantes sobre que estrela dentro dunha constelación corresponde a que partes da planta ou animal representa. En Stellarium, representamos constelacións con liñas, pero hai que ter en conta que isto pode ser unha distorsión da tradición lokono, que permite unha maior flexibilidade na interpretación de determinados grupos de estrelas. Finalmente, hai restricións para mirar algúns corpos celestes, xa que se cre que un espírito pode prexudicar a un se o mira.[#5] Por exemplo, coa lúa chea, as nais tapaban os ollos dos seus fillos para que non enfermasen.[#6] Tamén se lles dicía ós mozos que non mirasen *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* (Pléiades) ou non medrarían. Críase que albergaba espíritos poderosos e había outras formas de evitar o contacto visual con espíritos, como fregar pementos, limas ou sal nos ollos.
    
    ### Corpos celestes lokono
    
    ##### *Hadali* 'Sol'
    
    O termo lokono para o Sol é *Hadali*, tamén pronunciado como *Adali*. Claaudius de Goeje suxire que os nomes variados do heroe da cultura lokono, o primeiro curandeiro coñecido como *Harlitvanli*, *Haliwalika*, *Halwanli*, *Hariwalli* e *Arawanili*, e ás veces *Arawidi*, poden referirse ó mesmo heroe identificado como o Sol, aínda que non podemos confirmar esta hipótese si é digna de mención. No mito lokono, *Arawidi*, o Sol, é o pai dun home que se converte na constelación *Mabukuli* &lsquo;Home sen coxa&rsquo; (Cinto de Orión).[#9], [#10], [#11] Segundo a historia, o Sol adoitaba vir á terra en forma dun home chamado *Arawidi* para coñecer a súa amante coa que tiña xemelgos. Nun episodio posterior do mito, un dos xemelgos casa cunha muller, e a nai del decide matar a parella Cando intentan escapar, a irmá da muller perségueos e consegue cortarlle a perna en vinganza. Como resultado, o home ascende ó ceo e convértese na constelación *Mabukuli*. Outro mito lokono advirte de non ofender ó Sol: un home, atrapado nunha illa deshabitada no medio dun pantano, pide auxilio. Pasa un barco, pero dentro do barco está o Sol, que non quere axudar o home, xa que a xente sempre se queixa de que o Sol brilla demasiado.[#11]. En canto ás prácticas relacionadas co Sol, Im Thurn informou de que entre os lokono, a eclipse de Sol era considerada unha guerra entre *Hadali* e *Kathi*, a Lúa, e que os lokono gritaban e facían todo tipo de ruídos para impedirlles a loita.[#12]
    
    ##### *Kathi* 'Lúa'
    
    A lúa coñécese como *Kathi*, un termo rexistrado por primeira vez por Joannes de Laet como *cattehee* arredor de 1598, e usado tamén para referirse ó mes lunar.[#13] Segundo os lokono, a Lúa, como o Sol, foi unha vez un home. Walter Roth relata un mito lokono, no que unha muller nova foi visitada por un misterioso amante noite tras noite.[#10] Para descubrir quen era o amante, a muller untou as mans coa feluxe do fondo dunha pota. O día seguinte, cando espertou, descubriu que o rostro do seu irmán estaba cuberto de tisne e deuse conta de que era el quen a visitaba pola noite. Todos na súa comunidade comezaron a evitar o irmán incestuoso, que se avergoñou tanto que se mantivo lonxe da xente e finalmente ascendeu ó ceo, converténdose na Lúa. Por iso, segundo os lokono, a cara da lúa está manchada na actualidade. A Lúa aparece tamén noutro mito. No mito lokono sobre un home atrapado na illa deshabitada mencionada anteriormente, outro barco pasa por diante do home, pero esta vez dentro está a Lúa, que decide axudarlle, xa que a xente sempre está feliz de ver a Lúa saír pola noite.[#11] A Lúa e o Sol tamén aparecen representados como opostos. En tempos anteriores, os lokono crían que a eclipse de Lúa era a súa morte (*kathi &ocirc;don* &lsquo;lúa morrendo&rsquo;) e vixilábana toda a noite.[#6] Os lokono din durante a eclipse de Lúa que a Lúa quedou durmida no camiño do Sol,[,#11] fan moito ruído con trompetas para espertalo. Na lúa chea, as nais tapaban os ollos dos seus fillos para que non enfermasen.
    
    ##### *Warhokoma* 'Venus'
    
    O planeta Venus, tanto cando aparece pola mañá como a estrela da mañá como cando aparece pola noite como a estrela da noite, chámase *Warhokoma* polos lokono.[#8], [#14], [#15] Charles Dance, pola súa banda, informa dos termos *Eweiwah* e *Huewah*, probablemente os termos xerais equivalentes de "estrelas" &quo; que se pode usar para calquera corpo celeste brillante.[#16] Os lokono tamén falan de Venus como *Hiyaro wiwa* &lsquo;estrela das mulleres&rsquo;. En relación con isto, merece unha mención que Claudius de Goeje informa que cando *Hiyaro wiwa* aparece preto da Lúa e unha nena está a piques de ter a súa primeira menstruación, os lokono din que a nena pronto será tocada pola Lúa. A Lúa era orixinalmente un home que cometeu incesto coa súa irmá (ver o mito mencionado en *Kathi*), e ten fama de mullereiro.[#10] Curiosamente, o nome *Warhokoma* para Estrela da Mañá ou da Tarde aparece tamén en Kari&rsquo;na, quen o ven tamén como a muller da Lúa, [[#18]].
    
    ##### *Waya nukuthi bunaha* 'Vía Láctea'
    
    A Vía Láctea é coñecida entre oslokono como *Waya nukuthi bunaha,* literalmente "Camiño dos portadores de arxila". A Vía Láctea representa as pegadas dos homes que no seu día foron buscar barro para facer potas, unha arte que hoxe en día practican raramente os lokono. A orixe do nome, con todo, aínda é coñecida, e resúmese nun mito.[#19] O mesmo nome para a Vía Láctea foi sinalado por William Brett, quen engade que recibe o nome dun tipo específico de arxila esbrancuxada.[#14] Charles Dance, pola súa banda, di que a Vía Láctea representa as pegadas dos pecarís, mentres que Lo Rokono menciona unha explicación diferente, segundo Lo Rokono, a Vía Láctea representa un tapir perseguido por un can e un xaguar.[#10], [#16] Porén, estas dúas fontes non dan o nome lokono correspondente á Vía Láctea, e é posible que estas dúas explicacións sexan unha influencia de Kari, que recoñecen unha constelación dun tigre seguindo a constelación dun tapir dentro da Vía Láctea.[#17]
    
    ##### *Mali* 'Sirio'
    
    Os lokonos modernos chaman a Sirio *Mali*, cuxo significado literal é descoñecido. Cornelius van Coll describe unha estrela dos lokonos chamada *Mali* e explica que é unha estrela moi poderosa.[#7], [#17] Cando xorde pola mañá de agosto, mata os peixes dos pantanos, e non hai que sinalala ou o dedo quedará trenco. *Mali* de Cornelius van Coll marca o inicio da gran estación seca (agosto a decembro), chamada en lokono *malidalithe*, un termo derivado de *Mali*. Fontes máis antigas intentaron identificar a *Mali* como Lira, Aguia ou Crux, pero dado que a gran estación seca comeza arredor de agosto e que os lokono observan as estrelas pola mañá, estas identificacións deben ser incorrectas; Lira, Aguia e Crux non se poden ver nese momento dende os territorios dos lokono.[#11], [#17] Non hai mitos lokono sobre *Mali*, pero hai evidencias de que poden corresponder á constelación de Kari'na *Ombatapo* &lsquo;Cara anterior&rsquo;. Os mitos de Kari&rsquo;na explican a orixe da constelación e o seu nome, que, como o lokono *Mali*, crese que mata os peixes dos pantanos e anuncia o inicio da gran estación seca. Ademais, o Kari&rsquo;na *Ombatapo* identifícase como partes de Puppis e Canis Maior, o último dos cales inclúe a Sirio.[#18], [#20]
    
    ##### *Yôkoro wiwa* 'Ducias de estrelas'
    
    A constelación *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* ou *Wiwa y&ocirc;koro*, literalmente &lsquo;Ducias de estrelas&rsquo;, refírese ás Pléiades e é facilmente recoñecida polos contemporáneos lokono. Isto débese probablemente a que *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* descríbese como a máis importante das constelacións dos lokono, xa que anuncia o comezo do seu ano.[#17] Despois de que saia primeiro en xuño no leste, séguenlle as numerosas constelacións *koya* que se refiren ós espíritos dos animais e plantas que constitúen o calendario dos lokono. Nesa época do ano, os lokono din *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa kayaran* &lsquo;o nacemento de *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*&rsquo;. Dise que se *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa* brilla forte cando aparece por primeira vez, moitas persoas morrerán o ano que vén.[#5] Cornelius van Coll tamén advirte de que os mozos non deberían mirala, ou non crecerán.[#7] Estes presaxios e advertencias están relacionados cun mito dos lokono. Segundo a historia, houbo unha vez dous irmáns xemelgos, un dos cales tiña unha muller, e dixo que a morte chegaría cando a súa estrela, *Yocirc;koro Wiwa*, aparecese.[#7] A morte chegou de verdade, matou a súa muller, asándoa no lume, e o lokono enfadouse e trouxo unha anaconda verde xigante para tragar o xemelgo. A serpe comeu a un dos irmáns, pero como xa eran as 5 da madrugada, a serpe non puido comer o outro irmán. A serpe é agora a constelación *Kamodokoya* &lsquo;Espírito da anaconda verde&rsquo;, no ventre da cal se di que se atopa *Y&ocirc;koro Wiwa* (véxase tamén o mito de *Yorhada*). Noutra narración, os lokono explican que o *Yokoro Wiwa* representa a sete irmáns perdidos nunha sabana de camiño de regreso á casa, un motivo tamén coñecido nunha historia de Kari&rsquo;na.[#20]
    
    ##### *Yorhada* 'Grella'
    
    A constelación *Yorhada* &lsquo;Grella&rsquo;, ou *Wiwa yorhadale* &lsquo;Estrela&rsquo;s grella&rsquo;, representa unha grella de madeira, na que se asa a carne.[#4], [#11], [#21] A súa orixe explícase nun mito relatado por Walter Rollas sobre un home que matou a súa esposa, asouna e deulle o fígado á súa sogra porque ela lle chamou cazador inútil.[#10] En vinganza, a nai pediulle ó seu irmán, *Kamodo*, que matase o home cando fose de caza. O home sospeitaba que a muller puxera unha trampa e escapou da morte enviando ó seu irmán no seu lugar. A grella na que se asaba a muller converteuse na constelación occidental de Pegaso, segundo o contemporáneo lokono, marcando o inicio da pequena estación seca (abril), o momento no que os lokono asan moito peixe. O mito é semellante ó de *Yocirc;koro wiwa* e os xemelgos, no que o irmán maior é o encargado de asar a súa muller e pode ser o mesmo que o home que asou a súa muller no mito de *Yorhada*. En ambos os mitos, o irmán máis novo asasinado pola anaconda convértese en *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*, mentres que a grella convértese en *Yorhada*. Claudius de Goeje suxeriu que *Yorhada* é a constelación occidental de Corvus, pero Corvus non aparece ó comezo da pequena estación seca.[#11] Os Warao veciños tamén coñecen Pegaso como a grella, e están familiarizados co mito.[#10]
    
    ##### *Kamodokoya* 'O espírito da anaconda verde'
    
    *A constelación de Kamodokoya*, &lsquo;Espírito da anaconda verde (*Eunectes murinus*)', tamén chamada *Waroboshi* segue sendo mal descrita.[#5] Fontes máis antigas suxiren que é Perseo, Pléiades, Escorpión ou Ofiúco, pero as estrelas exactas seguen sen identificarse.[#10], [#11], [#21] Varios mitos explican a súa orixe. Segundo Walter Roth, un home matou a súa muller, asóuna e deulle o fígado á súa nai porque ela chamoulle un cazador inútil.[#10], En vinganza, ela pediulle a *Kamodo* que o matase, pero o home escapou da serpe que comeu o seu irmán máis novo. A constelación *Kamodokoya* ten dentro *Y&ocirc;koro wiwa*, o irmán, e está preto de *Yorhada* &lsquo;Grella&rsquo;, na que se asaba a muller. Notablemente, Theodor Schultz enumera a constelación *Waroboshi yorhadale* 'A grella da anaconda verde' que podería ser a mesma que a constelación *Yorhada*.[#23] Cornelius van Coll fala de xemelgos, un dos cales tiña unha muller, e advertiu de que a súa estrela trae a morte.[#7] De feito a súa muller morreu asada no lume. O lokono fixo que a serpe matase o home e ascendera ó ceo como *Kamodokoya*. Finalmente, Claudius de Goeje relata un mito dunha muller que sentiu desexo de homes, e puxo na súa vaxina unha flor *katuburi* e quedou embarazada. O seu fillo era en parte unha serpe, e a xente quería matala, polo que ascendeu ó ceo.
    
    ##### *Kibiwarhakoya* 'O espírito da capibara'
    
    A constelación *Kibiwarhakoya* &lsquo;Espírito da capibara&rsquo; (*Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris*) foi mencionado polos irmáns Penard.[#17] A mesma fonte tamén nos informa de que vai seguida da constelación *Kamodokoya* &lsquo;Espírito da anaconda verde&rsquo;. A constelación segue sen identificarse e o seu significado é descoñecido. Non se documentaron mitos relacionados.
    
    ##### *Mabukuli* 'Home sen coxa'
    
    A constelación *Mabukuli* &lsquo;Home sen coxa&rsquo; é moi coñecida entre os lokono e aparece nalgúns mitos. Segundo Charles Dance, un cazador fracasado cortouse a súa propia perna, envolveuna nunha folla e deulla á súa madrasta para que tivese algo de comer, e subiu ó ceo.[#16] Do mesmo xeito, os irmáns Penard falan dun cazador fracasado que se cortou unha perna e lla entregou á súa muller e á súa sogra, dicíndolles que era carne de tapir. Logo pediulle a outras persoas que seguisen as súas pegadas para axudarlle a traer o resto do tapir, pero cando chegaron ó lugar só atoparon a planta *akalali* coa que curou as súas feridas. O seu corpo converteuse na constelación *Kama t&acirc;la* e o seu espírito en *Mabukuli*. Claudius de Goeje relata un mito sorprendentemente diferente.[#11] O Sol, anteriormente un home chamado *Arawidi* (ver o mito sobre *Hadali* 'Sol'), tomou como esposa a unha muller, que o seguiu con xemelgos non nacidos dentro dela. Un día, perdeu o camiño e acabou sendo devorada polos espíritos de voitres, pero os seus xemelgos foron criados por unha vella, á que despois mataron e fuxiron. Mentres se escondían na copa dunha árbore, viron a unha muller que pescaba peixe cun peneiro. Ela viu o seu reflexo na auga e intentou atrapalo, polo que riron dela. Despois deuse conta de que estaban arriba na árbore e enviou formigas para facelos baixar. Cando baixaron, ela matou a un deles e levou oó outro para casa. Unha das súas fillas namorouse do home e casou con el. Agora o marido tiña que coller moitos peixes todos os días para a sogra. Un día, canso da súa sogra esixente, enganouna para que se metese na auga para axudarlle a descargar un barco cheo de peixe, e comeuna unha quenlla. Cando chegou a súa outra filla, o fígado da súa nai aínda aboiaba na auga e díxolle que o home a matara. A filla quería matalo pero el voou coas ás de algodón que lle fixera a súa muller, polo que só lle cortou a coxa, e agora é a constelación *Mabukuli*. Parece que o cinto de Orión representa a perna cortada, non o propio home.
    
    ##### *Kama tâla* 'Mandíbula da tapir'
    
    A constelación *Kama t&acirc;la* &lsquo;Mandíbula de tapir&rsquo; é unha das poucas constelacións identificadas facilmente polos contemporáneos lokono, ó igual que *Mabukuli*, coa que se relaciona nun mito.[#8], [#15] Os irmáns Penard contan a historia dun cazador fracasado, que lle corta carne á perna e dálla á súa muller e á súa sogra, dicíndolles que é carne de tapir (*Tapirus terrestris*).[#17] Entón pídelles ós seus compañeiros que o sigan e lle axuden a traer o resto do tapir, pero cando chegan ó lugar só atopan a planta *akalali* coa que curou as súas feridas. O seu corpo converteuse en *Kama t&acirc;la* e o seu espírito en *Mabukuli*. Nunha historia de Kari, en cambio, *Kama t&acirc;la* eran os restos dun tapir que cazaban os míticos xemelgos, a un dos cales accidentalmente lle cortan a perna e convértese na constelación do home sen coxa.
    
    ##### *Hithikoya* 'O espírito do paxaro negro'
    
    A constelación *Hithikoya* é o &lsquo;Espírito do paxaro negro&rsquo; (*Crax alector*), un paxaro comúnmente cazado, que adoita ser mantido como mascota polas súas plumas e ovos. Segundo un mito dos lokono, *Hithikoya* vivía na terra, pero os lokono seguían disparándolle.[#11] Como resultado, ascendeu ó ceo para avisar ós paxaros negros sobre o cazador que se achegaba (ver *Yokh&acirc;rhin*) e o seu compañeiro cun facho (ver *Al&ecirc;ti). Os lokono identifican *Hithikoya* como a constelación occidental Crux. Cando aparece xusto enriba das árbores en xaneiro, os paxaros negros andan polo chan e son fáciles de atrapar. Durante os meses seguintes, canto máis alto se levanta *Hithikoya* pola mañá, máis altos están os paxaros que soben polas árbores. En marzo, aparece alto no ceo e as aves atópanse nas copas das árbores. *Hithikoya* informa así ós lokono onde buscar as aves nunha determinada época do ano. Os lokono incluso fabrican amuletos de caza (*bina*) a partir dunha planta, cuxas follas semellan o paxaro, frotadas nos beizos do cazador para que poida imitar as chamadas do paxaro, aumentando as súas posibilidades de capturar un.[#10], [#17]
    
    ##### *Yokhârhin* 'Cazador'
    
    A constelación *Yokh&acirc;rhin* &lsquo;Cazador&rsquo; corresponde a &alpha; Centauri e representa o home que caza a *Hithikoya*, o &lsquo;Espírito do paxaro negro&rsquo; (ver *Hithikoya*).[#9], [#10], [#11] O seu compañeiro sostendo un facho coñecido como *Al&ecirc;ti* está representado por &beta; Centauri. O mito relatado polos irmáns Penard que explica a orixe de *Hithikoya* inclúe tamén a estes dous personaxes.[#11] Segundo a historia, *Hithikoya* adoitaba vivir na terra, pero os lokono seguían rastrexándoo pola noite e disparáronlle. Como resultado, ascendeu ó ceo para servir de sinal para os paxaros negros avisándoos do cazador que se achegaba (*Yokh&acirc;rhin*) e do seu compañeiro cun facho (*Al&ecirc;ti*). Como *Hithikoya* aparece cada vez máis alto pola mañá entre xaneiro e marzo, *Yokh&acirc;rhin* e, posteriormente, *Al&ecirc;ti* aparecen no horizonte seguíndoo. Isto indícalles ós lokono que agora o paxaro negro se pode atopar no alto das árbores e que os cazadores poden saír pola noite para cazalo nas copas das árbores.
    
    ##### *Alêti* 'Facho'
    
    A constelación&nbsp;*Al&ecirc;ti* &lsquo;Facho&rsquo; corresponde a&nbsp;&beta; Centauri e representa o compañeiro do cazador *Yokh&acirc;rhin*, que sostén un facho feito a partir dun anaco de tea mergullada en cera de abella coñecida como *Al&ecirc;ti*.[#9], [#10], [#11]&nbsp; *Al&ecirc;ti* segue a *Yokh&acirc;rhin* para non asustar o paxaro negro coa luz do facho. O mito que relatan os irmáns Penard que explica a orixe de *Hithikoya* 'O espírito do paxaro negro' inclúe tamén a estes dous personaxes (ver *Hithikoya*).[#11] Segundo a historia, *Hithikoya* adoitaba vivir na terra, pero os lokono seguían rastrexándoo pola noite e disparáronlle. Como resultado, ascendeu ó ceo para servir de sinal para os paxaros negros avisándoos do cazador que se achegaba (*Yokh&acirc;rhin*) e do seu compañeiro cun facho (*Al&ecirc;ti*). Como *Hithikoya* aparece cada vez máis alto pola mañá entre xaneiro e marzo, *Yokh&acirc;rhin* e, posteriormente, *Al&ecirc;ti* aparecen no horizonte seguíndoo. Isto indícalles ós lokono que agora o axaro negro se pode atopar no alto das árbores e que os cazadores poden saír pola noite para cazalo nas copas das árbores.
    
    ##### *Anorhâkoya* 'Espírito da garza cocoi'
    
    A constelación *Anorh&acirc;koya* representa o espírito da garza cocoi (*Ardea cocoi*). É recoñecido polos lokono contemporáneos como a Osa Maior, de acordo coas identificacións anteriores.[#11], [#15] Claudius de Geoje informa que cando brilla forte, os lokono cren que virán ventos fortes que traerán po ós ollos das persoas e, en consecuencia, enfermidades: dise que a garza lles peteira os ollos.[#11] Do mesmo xeito, segundo Cornelius van Coll, *Anorh&acirc;koya* é unha garza cuxo peteiro está boca abaixo. Se o seu peteiro se vise cara abaixo, a xente padecería todo tipo de enfermidades oculares.[#7] Isto aínda pode ocorrer cando sopran ventos fortes e levan a luz do peteiro ós ollos das persoas, xa que a luz de *Anorh&acirc;koya* (e doutras estrelas) viaxa co vento segundo os lokono. A constelación está asociada á gran estación seca (agosto a decembro) e ás tormentas e ventos típicos desta época. Aparece pola mañá de mediados de novembro no nordeste co peteiro abaixo.
    
    ##### *Honolikoya* 'Espírito da garza tigre vermella'
    
    Outra constelación dos lokono que leva o nome dunha especie de garza é *Honolikoya* &lsquo;*Espírito da garza tigre vermella*&rsquo; (*Tigrisoma lineatum*). Infórmase nas fontes históricas como o equivalente á constelación Kari&rsquo;na *Kumawari yumï* (&lsquo;Pai da garza cocoi&rsquo;). É probable que este sexa un erro xa que *honoli* é unha especie de garza diferente e ben coñecida. É posible que *Honolikoya* se refira á mesma constelación que *Anorhâkoya*, interpretada de forma diferente por diferentes consultores dos lokono, pero tamén é posible que sexa unha constelación diferente. En calquera caso, *Honolikoya* permanece sen identificar.[#17] Do mesmo xeito que *Anorh&acirc;koya*, dise que a constelación trae enfermidades dos ollos cando aparece no ceo da mañá. Da descrición dos irmáns Penard podemos inferir que *Honolikoya* debería aparecer entre xuño e a gran estación seca, que dura dende finais de agosto ata principios de decembro. Parece que non hai ningún mito específico asociado a esta constelación.[#17]
    
    ##### *Kasorhowakoya* 'O espírito dos peixes de catro ollos'
    
    A constelación *Kasorhowakoya* &lsquo;Espírito dos peixes de catro ollos&rsquo; (*Anableps anableps*) identifícase polos contemporáneos lokono como &lambda; Scorpii e &upsilon; Scorpii. En fontes anteriores identifícase como a parte superior da cola do Escorpión, o que está en consonancia cos datos do século XXI.[#8] A constelación representa os dous ollos do peixe de catro ollos, que é coñecida polo feito de que os seus ollos están sempre pegados á auga e, polo tanto, ás veces considérase unha encarnación do espírito da auga. Non hai ningún mito dos lokono sobre os peixes de catro ollos, e aínda non se sabe o que significa a aparición desta constelación. Non obstante, merece unha mención que os Kari&rsquo;na teñen unha constelación que representa o mesmo peixe, que corresponde ás mesmas dúas estrelas. Maga&ntilde;a e Jara explican que a aparición da constelación de Kari&rsquo;na anuncia a época de pesca desta especie.[#18] Non é improbable que a constelación dos lokono tivese a mesma función.
    
    ##### *Katarhokoya* 'O espírito da tartaruga mariña verde'
    
    A constelación *Katarhokoya* &lsquo;Espírito da tartaruga mariña verde&rsquo; aínda se coñece no río Pomeroon na Güiana. Representa a tartaruga *katarho* (*Chelonia mydas*), nadando cara á costa, representada á súa vez pola Vía Láctea. Cando a constelación aparece pola mañá no alto do ceo, é un sinal de que as tartarugas están chegando ás praias para poñer ovos. A constelación identificouse en fontes anteriores como *Corona Boreal* e *Cinto de Orión.* [#8], [#11] Aínda que a primeira se solapa coas estrelas indicadas polos lokono no Pomeroon, a segunda probablemente sexa un erro xa que o *cinturón de Orión* recoñécese constantemente como *Mabukuli* (Home sen coxa). A constelación *Katarhokoya* érguese a principios do ano, pero aparece boca abaixo a maior parte do tempo dende a persperctiva dos lokono nas Güianas. Só a mediados de marzo, momento no que varias especies de tartarugas realmente poñen os seus ovos na costa atlántica das Güianas, parece unha tartaruga nadando ata a costa (Vía Láctea).
    
    ##### *Hikorhikoya* 'O espírito da tartaruga de patas amarelas'
    
    A constelación *Hikorhikoya* &lsquo;Espírito da tartaruga de patas amarelas&rsquo; foi documentada polos irmáns Penard para os lokono en Surinam; permanece sen identificar pero debería aparecer arredor de agosto (é dicir, ó comezo da gran estación seca).[#11], [#17] Os irmáns Penard explican que cando a auga dos pantanos sobe, a tartaruga de patas amarelas, coñecida en lokono como *hikorhi* (*Chelonoidis denticulatus*), busca terreos máis altos, e presumiblemente pode atoparse máis doadamente. Non hai mitos relacionados coa constelación especificamente. Non obstante, convén sinalar que a tartaruga é considerada un manxar entre os lokono. Cando se capturan, adoitan gardarse na casa en pequenos currais durante longos períodos de tempo ata que se consomen. Os lokono bromean dicindo que son &lsquo;frigoríficos&rsquo; xa que se se alimenta, a tartaruga permanecerá viva durante moito tempo, ó contrario dun animal ó que se lle dispara e ten que ser preparado e comido inmediatamente.
    
    ##### *Kwakoya* 'O espírito do cangrexo azul'
    
    A constelación *Kwakoya* &lsquo;Espírito do cangrexo azul&rsquo; aínda é coñecida nas comunidades lokono máis próximas á costa, que celebran anualmente as festas do cangrexo. A especie de cangrexo probablemente sexa a mesma que representa a constelación de Kari&rsquo;na *Kusa yumï* &lsquo;Pai do cangrexo azul&rsquo; (*Ucides cortatus*). A constelación aparece no leste a mediados de xullo. A principios de agosto está alta no ceo, o que indica que os cangrexos chegan ás praias para poñeren os ovos. Neste momento, os lokono e outros grupos indíxenas da zona congréganse á beira do Atlántico para capturar os cangrexos que marchan. Os cangrexos considéranse un manxar e cando os veciños regresan ás comunidades coas capturas, organízanse grandes festas nas que son comidos. Os irmáns Penard escriben que *Kwakoya* aparece cando os cangrexos veñen poñer os ovos en maio e xuño, pero isto parece incorrecto, tendo en conta que os cangrexos marchan máis tarde e que a constelación recoñecida polos modernos lokono non é visible en maio e xuño desde as Güianas.[#17]
    
    ##### *Ifakoya* 'O espírito do parrulo crioulo'
    
    A constelación *Ifakoya* &lsquo;Espírito do Parrulo Crioulo&rsquo; (*Cairina moschata*) foi mencionada polos irmáns Penard e Claudius de Goeje pero permaneceu sen identificar ata agora.[#11], [#17] Os lokono contemporáneos do río Pomeroon en Güiana recoñécena en partes da constelación occidental Corona Australis. Non hai mitos relacionados con esta constelación pero os lokono din que cando a cabeza do parrulo apunta cara ó chan, mirando coma se o parrulo tivese a cabeza baixo a auga, estes están ocupados alimentándose de plantas. A constelación toma esta posición a partir de mediados de maio. Neste momento, dise que as aves son máis fáciles de atrapar. O parrulo crioulo considérase un manxar e tamén se garda na casa como as galiñas. Os Kari&rsquo;na e os Warao tamén recoñecen a constelación do Parrulo Crioulo, e polo menos a Warao corresponde ás mesmas estrelas.[#17]
    
    ##### *Awarhakoya* "Espírito da palma awara"
    
    A constelación *Awarhakoya* &lsquo;Espírito da palma awara&rsquo; ten forma de palma awara (*Astrocaryum vulgare*). A súa aparición no ceo en xaneiro significa que os froitos da awara están madurando. Nos meses seguintes, *Awarhakoya* achégase máis ó horizonte, o que significa que os froitos pronto caerán ó chan para seren recollidos. Isto ocorre na pequena estación seca (de mediados de febreiro a abril), coñecida como *awarhadlithe*, un termo derivado do nome da palmeira.[#7], [#17] Non hai mitos sobre *Awarhakoya* pero dise que a constelación é seguida pola do *Hadorhikoya* &lsquo;espírito vermello&lt; e *Hokorherokoya* &lsquo;Espírito do acouchi vermello&rsquo;. A súa aparencia indica que os roedores reúnense xunto ás palmas para comer o froito caído. *Awarhakoya* recoñécese hoxe en estrelas próximas á constelación occidental de Coma Berenices, pero fontes máis antigas suxiren que está preto de Sirio.[#11] É a única constelación que leva o nome dunha planta, o que indica a importancia da palma awara para os lokono. Os Kari&rsquo;na tamén teñen unha constelación de awara, ás veces recoñecida nas mesmas estrelas.[#17], [#20]
    
    ##### *Hadorhikoya* 'O espírito do acouchi vermello'
    
    A constelación non identificada *Hadorhikoya* &lsquo;Espírito do acouchi vermello&rsquo; (*Myoprocta acouchy*) foi mencionado polos irmáns Penard.[#17] Debería seguir á constelación *Awarhakoya* que aparece preto dela nalgún momento despois de febreiro. A súa aparencia indica que os froitos maduros da palma atraen o acouchi vermello ós sucos do awara, onde se poden cazar. Non hai ningún mito lokono sobre *Hadorhikoya*, pero un mito de Kari&rsquo;na sobre a constelación Kari&rsquo;na non identificada do acouchi vermello relaciónaa coas outras constelacións. Segundo a historia, había dous irmáns, dos cales un tiña muller. O irmán solteiro matou o seu irmán, deulle de comer o fígado á muller, tomouna por esposa e tivo un fillo con ela. O espírito do irmán morto díxolle á muller que o seu irmán o matou, polo que ela e o seu fillo decidiron fuxir e ascender ó ceo como a constelación do agouti e do acouchi. O espírito tamén lle dixo ó seu irmán que cortase o seu cadáver e esparexese as súas entrañas, que se converteron nas Pléyades, mentres que o asasino converteuse na constelación da anaconda.[#11]
    
    ##### *Hakorherokoya* 'Espírito do agouti de lombo vermello'
    
    A constelación non identificada *Hokorherokoya* &lsquo;Espírito do agouti de lombo vermello&rsquo; foi mencionada polos irmáns Penard, que explican que, como *Hadorhikoya*, segue a *Awarhakoya*.[#17] Sinala que o froito maduro atrae os agouti (*Dasyprocta leporina*) ás palmeiras awara, onde se poden cazar. Claudius de Goeje engade que lle segue *Kabadarokoya* &lsquo;Espírito do tigre&rsquo;, que, como os humanos, coñece os hábitos do agouti.[#11] Non hai ningún mito lokono sobre *Hokorherokoya*, senón un mito de Kari&rsquo;na sobre a orixe da constelación agouti non identificada. Segundo a historia, había dous irmáns, un casado, o outro non. O solteiro matou ó outro, deulle de comer o fígado á muller, tomouna por esposa e tivo un fillo con ela. O espírito do irmán morto díxolle a ela que o seu irmán o matou, así que ela e o seu fillo fuxiron, converténdose nas constelacións de agouti e acouchi. O espírito díxolle entón a seu irmán que abrise o seu cadáver e espallase as vísceras, que se converteron nas Pléyades, mentres que o asasino converteuse na constelación da anaconda.[#11]
    
    ##### *Kabadarokoya* 'O espírito do xaguar'
    
    *Kabadarokoya* ou *Arhwakoya* &lsquo;Espírito do xaguar&rsquo; foi mencionada polos irmáns Penard, que a vinculan a un mito lokono.[#7], [#11] Segundo a historia, *Kabadaro* (*Panthera onca*) era o pai de *Korhirhwathe* (*especie Leopardus*), e amábaa tanto que non quería que casase.[#33]  Un día cravóuselle unha espiña na pata, e un home axudouno a sacala, así que lle deu ó home a súa filla por esposa. A familia sempre tiña carne, polo que outras persoas estaban celosas e dixéronlle ó home que a súa muller o enganaba. Comezou a maltratala. Cando o xaguar soubo disto, fuxiu coa súa filla pero o home seguiunos a todas partes, polo que finalmente subiron ó ceo. Pero cando os lokono matan un xaguar, estes poden volver á terra para matar xente. Segundo Claudius de Goeje, segue a estrela agouti, un manxar dos xaguares.[#11] A constelación non está identificada. Dise que a constelación do xaguar Kari'na aparece arredor da pequena estación seca, cando os xaguares roxen máis porque sofren de insectos.[#17], [#20]
    
    ##### *Korhirhwathekoya* 'O espírito do ocelote'
    
    A constelación *Korhirhwathe* &lsquo;Espírito do ocelote&rsquo; foi mencionada polos irmáns Penard, que o vinculan co mesmo mito lokono resumido anteriormente para *Kabadarokoya*.[#11] Segundo a historia, *Kabadaro* (*Panthera onca*) era o pai de *Korhirhwathe* (*especie de Leopardus*), a quen el quería tanto que non quería que casase. Non obstante, un día cravou unha espiña na pata e un home axudouno a sacala, polo que lle deu a súa filla como muller. A familia sempre tiña moita carne, polo que outras persoas a envexaban e dixéronlle ó home que a súa muller o enganaba. Como resultado, comezou a maltratar a *Korhirhwathe*. Cando o xaguar soubo disto, colleu a súa filla e fuxiu con ela cara ó bosque, pero o home seguiunos a todas partes, polo que finalmente subiron ó ceo converténdose en constelacións. Agora, cando os lokono matan un xaguar, estes poden volver á terra para matar xente.
    
    ##### *Hawkoya* 'O espírito do preguiceiro de garganta pálida'
    
    A constelación *Hawkoya* &lsquo;Espírito do preguiceiro de garganta pálida&rsquo; foi mencionado por Claudius de Goeje.[#11] Representa unha especie de preguiceiro (*Bradypus tridactylus*) e é un presaxio de treboadas e tempo ventoso que se producen ó comezo da gran estación seca (entre agosto e decembro). Neste momento, os preguiceiros comezan a vagar máis, e os lokono din que é polos ventos.[#17] A constelación segue sen identificar.
    
    ##### *Warhemedokoya* 'O espírito do preguiceiro de dous dedos'
    
    Do mesmo xeito, *Warhemedokoya* &lsquo;Espírito do preguiceiro de dous dedos&rsquo;, mencionada polos irmáns Penard, dise que aparece cando as tormentas e ventos da gran estación seca están a piques de comezar e fan que os preguiceiros se movan máis.[#17] Representa ao preguiceiro de dous dedos (*Choloepus* dida). A constelación segue sen identificar.
    
    ##### *Yôwanakoya* 'Espírito da iguana verde'
    
    A constelación *Y&ocirc;wanakoya* &lsquo;Espírito da iguana verde&rsquo; é mencionada polos irmáns Penard.[#17] Representa a iguana verde (*Iguana iguana*) e aparece cando as iguanas poñen os seus ovos na area, o que debería ser nalgún momento de abril e maio, pero a constelación segue sen identificar.
    
    ##### *Yarheyarherokoya* 'Espírito do loro de cola lila'
    
    A constelación *Yarheyarherokoya* &lsquo;Espírito do loro de cola lila&rsquo; (*Touit batavicus*) foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje.[#11] A constelación non é coñecida polos lokono contemporáneos; tampouco sabemos que significaba a súa aparición.
    
    ##### *Marodikoya* 'O espírito do pavón marail'
    
    A constelación *Marodikoya* &lsquo;Espírito do pavón marail&rsquo; foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje, que comenta que ten a forma do pavón marail (*Penélope marail*).[#11] A constelación non é coñecida polos lokono contemporáneos; tampouco sabemos que significaba a súa aparición.
    
    ##### *Hikarowanakoya* 'O espírito do pequeno cuco'
    
    A constelación *Hikarowanakoya* &lsquo;Espírito do pequeno cuco&rsquo; só foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje.[#11] Representa o cuco pequeno (*Coccycua minuta*). A constelación segue sen identificar; tampouco sabemos que significaba a súa aparición. Porén, os irmáns Penard mencionan a constelación Kari&rsquo;na dunha especie de cuco identificada como moi semellante *Piaya cayana*.[#17], [#22] Dise que a constelación Kari&rsquo;na trae sorte ós cazadores. Curiosamente, os lokono tamén vinculan a sorte do cazador co pequeno cuco. Din que se o paxaro pasa onda ti chamando *pikwan pikwan pikwan*, tes que estar atento, xa que che pode pasar algo malo.
    
    ##### *S&ucirc;tukoya* 'Espírito do tamarino de mans vermellas'
    
    A constelación *S&ucirc;tukoya* &lsquo;Espírito do tamarino de mans vermellas&rsquo; (*Saguinus midas*) foi mencionada por Cornelius van Coll e os irmáns Penard pero segue mal identificada.[#7], [#11], [#43] Segundo Claudius de Goeje, debería corresponder á constelación occidental de Coma Berenices.[#17] Non está claro se isto é correcto, porén, dado que hoxe atopamos a constelación *Awarhakoya* nesta parte do ceo, facilmente recoñecible por numerosos falantes. Non hai mitos relacionados con esta constelación.
    
    ##### *Howakoya* 'O espírito do saki de cara branca'
    
    A constelación *Howakoya* 'Espírito do saki de cara branca' só foi mencionada por De Claudius de Goeje.[#17] Representa o espírito do saki de cara branca (*Pithecia pithecia*) pero a constelación e o seu significado seguen sendo descoñecidos.[#44]
    
    ##### *Imenarikoya* 'O espírito do escorpión'
    
    A constelación *Imenarikoya* &lsquo;Espírito do escorpión&rsquo; só foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje.[#11] A constelación refírese a un espírito dunha especie non identificada dun gran escorpión velenoso. Non se coñecen mitos sobre *Imenarikoya*. A constelación podería ser un caso de préstamo cultural de poboacións non indíxenas, como se suxeriu para a constelación de Kari&rsquo;na que representa un escorpión.
    
    ##### *Maraka* 'Axóuxere do curandero'
    
    Claudius de Goeje mencionou a constelación *Maraka* "Axóuxere do curandero" e refírese a un axóuxere que usaban os curandeiros lokono, que está feito dunha cabaza perforada cun pau, adornada con plumas de certo loro e chea de numerosos pequenos cristais, cada un dos cales alberga un tipo diferente de espírito é dicir, un tipo distinto de *koya*.[#11] A constelación segue sen identificarse; non hai un equivalente de Kari&rsquo;na ou Warao e non hai mitos relacionados con ela.
    
    ##### *Shimarhabokoya* 'Espírito do arco e da frecha' e *Arakabosakoya* 'Espírito da arma'
    
    Claudius de Goeje mencionou a constelación *Shimarhabokoya* "Espírito do arco e da frecha" e *Arakabosakoya* "Espírito do arma".[#11] Ambas constelacións permanecen sen identificar e non teñen homólogos de Kari&rsquo;na e Warao, e non hai mitos relacionados con eles.
    
    ##### *Korherokoya* 'O espírito do loro'
    
    A constelación&nbsp;*Korherokoya* &lsquo;Espírito do loro&rsquo; só foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje.[#11] A constelación refírese a un espírito dunha especie de papagaio non identificada, pero mencionouse como o equivalente da constelación de Kari'na *Kurewako yumï* 'Pai do loro de ás laranxas', que representa o papagaio de ás laranxas (*Amazona). Non hai mitos coñecidos sobre *Korherokoya*. Debe aparecer en febreiro cando os papagaios son o suficientemente grandes como para seren sacados dos seus niños, pero a constelación segue sen identificar.
    
    ##### *Kasipenikoya* 'O espírito da tartaruga mariña'
    
    A constelación *Kasipenikoya* &lsquo;Espírito da tartaruga mariña&rsquo; foi mencionada por Claudius de Goeje.[#11] Refírese ó espírito dunha especie non identificada dunha tartaruga. Pode darse o caso de que sexa o mesmo ca *Katarokoya*. O termo *kataro* (*Chelonia mydas*) parece ser un termo tomado de Kari&rsquo;na, polo que é posible que *kasipeni* sexa o termo orixinal dos lokono para a mesma tartaruga. Non obstante, hai varias especies de tartarugas nas Güianas, polo que *kataro* e *kasipeni* tamén poden referirse a diferentes especies, e os seus espíritos poden identificarse con diferentes constelacións.

note: Lokono sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by [Konrad Rybka](https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka) and produced with the help of Lokono speakers in Suriname (Cassipora) and Guyana (Wakapoa). The research was carried out as part of the project supported by a Rubicon postdoctoral grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (project number 446-15-012). Quote as: Rybka, Konrad 2018. *Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software.*  Version 1.0
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíu [Konrad Rybka](https://uva.academia.edu/KonradRybka)e realizouse coa axuda de falantes de lokono en Surinam (Cassipora) e Guyana (Wakapoa). A investigación levouse a cabo como parte do proxecto apoiado por unha subvención posdoutoral de Rubicon da Organización Holandesa para a Investigación Científica (número de proxecto 446-15-012). Cita como: Rybka, Konrad 2018. *Lokono sky culture: a description of Lokono ethnoastronomical knowledge for Stellarium software.*  Version 1.0

note: Lokono sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Rybka, Konrad. 2015. [“State-of-the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”](https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635) Language Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13.
     - [#2]: Rybka, Konrad. 2017. [“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”](https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml) In Boundaries and Bridges, edited by Kofi Yakpo and Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp 257-281.
     - [#3]: Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provicias y Naciones Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia Nacional de la Historia.
     - [#4]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#5]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales d’ethnographie. 44.
     - [#6]: Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor.
     - [#7]: Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 55 (1): 453–529.
     - [#8]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te Amsterdam.
     - [#9]: Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner.
     - [#10]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#11]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76.
     - [#12]: Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: K. Paul, Trench & Company.
     - [#13]: Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios.
     - [#14]: Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy.
     - [#15]: Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
     - [#16]: Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, Guyana.
     - [#17]: Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde.
     - [#18]: Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32.
     - [#19]: Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology.
     - [#20]: Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen.
     - [#21]: Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165. Paris: Maisonneuve.
     - [#22]: Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: Magoria Books.
     - [#23]: Arawak manuscripts, American Philosophical Society, manuscript number:[ Mss.498.3.Sch8. ](https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml)Page 562 in the original manuscript, which corresponds to page 576 in the digitalized document. The image was reduced in size, cropped, and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American Philosophical Society.
gl:  - [#1]: Rybka, Konrad. 2015. [“State-of-the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language.”](https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24635) Language Documentation and Conservation 9: 110–13.
     - [#2]: Rybka, Konrad. 2017. [“Contact-Induced Phenomena in Lokono (Arawakan).”](https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781614514886/9781614514886-010/9781614514886-010.xml ) In Boundaries and Bridges, editado por Kofi Yakpo e Pieter C. Muysken. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp 257-281.
     - [#3]: Navarette, Rodrigo Pérez de. 1964. “Relación de Las Provincias y Naciones Que Los Indios Llamados Aruacas [Tienen] [...].” In Relaciones Geográficas de Venezuela, edited by Antonio Arellano Moreno, 83–87. Caracas: Academia Nacional de la Historia.
     - [#4]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1924. An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#5]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1943. Philosophy, Initiation and Myths of the Indians of Guiana and Adjacent Countries. Archives Internationales d’ethnographie. 44.
     - [#6]: Abbenhuis, M.F. 1939. Arawakken in Suriname: Enquête-Materiaal Voor Een Volkenkundige Studie. Paramaribo: Leo Victor.
     - [#7]: Coll, Cornelius van. 1903. “Gegevens over Land En Volk van Suriname I - Suriname’s Oorspronkelijke Bevolking.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 55 (1): 453–529.
     - [#8]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1928. The Arawak Language of Guiana. Amsterdam: Uitgave van der Koninklijke Akademie von Wetenschappen te Amsterdam.
     - [#9]: Brett, William Henry. 1880. Legends and Myths of the Aboriginal Indians of British Guiana. London: Williams Wells Gardner.
     - [#10]: Roth, Walter Edmund. 1915. An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-Lore of the Guiana Indians. Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology 30. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
     - [#11]: Goeje, Claudius Henricus de. 1942. “De Inwijding Tot Medicijnman Bij de Arawakken (Guyana) in Tekst En Mythe.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 101: 211–76.
     - [#12]: Im Thurn, Everard Ferdinand. 1883. Among the Indians of Guiana: Being Sketches Chiefly Anthropologic from the Interior of British Guiana. London: K. Paul, Trench & Company.
     - [#13]: Laet, Joannes de. 1633. Novus Orbis, Seu Descriptionis Indiae Occidentalis Libri XVIII. Leiden: Apud Elzevirios.
     - [#14]: Brett, William Henry. 1868. The Indian Tribes of Guiana: Their Condition and Habits. London: Bell and Daldy.
     - [#15]: Baarle, Peter van, Mauricius Alberto Sabajo, van der Stap Gerdy, Sabajo Andreas L., and Sabajo Lucia L. 1989. Arhwaka lokonong djang: Arowakse taalkursus en woordenboek. Haarlem; Amsterdam: Sociaal-culturele Vereniging Ikyoshie ; Instituut voor Algemene Taalwetenschap, Universiteit van Amsterdam.
     - [#16]: Dance, Charles D. 1881. Chapters from a Guianese Log Book. Georgetown, Guyana.
     - [#17]: Penard, Frederik Paul, and Arthur Philip Penard. 1907. De Menschetende Aanbidders Der Zonneslang. Paramaribo: H.B. Heyde.
     - [#18]: Magaña, Edmundo, and Fabiola Jara. 1982. “The Carib sky.” Journal de la Société des Américanistes 68 (1): 105–32.
     - [#19]: Bennett, John P. 1995. Twenty-Eight Lessons in Loko (Arawak): A Teaching Guide. Georgetown, Guyana: Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology.
     - [#20]: Ahlbrinck, Willem. 1931. Encyclopaedie Der Karaïben. Amsterdam: Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen.
     - [#21]: Schumann, Christian Ludwig. 1882. “Arawakish-Deutsches Wörterbuch.” In Grammaires Et Vocabulaires Roucouyenne, Arrouague, Piapoco Et D’autres Langues De La Région Des Guyanes, Par J. Crevaux, P . Sagot, L. Adam..., edited by Jules Nicolas Crevaux, Paul Antoine Sagot, and Lucien Adam, 7–165. Paris: Maisonneuve.
     - [#22]: Courtz, H. 2008. A Carib Grammar and Dictionary. Toronto, ON, Canada: Magoria Books.
     - [#23]: Manuscritos arawak, American Philosophical Society, manuscrito número:[ Mss.498.3.Sch8. ](https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.498.3.Sch8-ead.xml)Páxina 562 do manuscrito orixinal, que se corresponde coa páxina 576 do documento dixitalizado. A imaxe reduciuse en tamaño, foi recortada e reproducida aquí co permiso da American Philosophical Society.

note: Macedonian sky culture name
en: Macedonian
gl: Macedonio

note: Macedonian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Ethnoastronomical research among Macedonian people began in 1982, organized by the Planetarium at Youth Cultural Centre. In the past years, around 140 villages in Republic of Macedonia have been visited and over 1500 inhabitants have been interviewed and surveyed. All collected information from the population have been published in the book “Sky over Macedonia” (Cenev G, 2004). An integral part of this book is the Sky map of Macedonian people which has been reconstructed based on the descriptions of constellations known to elderly inhabitants of Macedonian villages (Cenev G., 2000).
gl: A investigación etnoastronómica entre os macedonios comezou en 1982, organizada polo Planetario no Centro Cultural da Xuventude. Nos últimos anos visitáronse preto de 140 aldeas da República de Macedonia e máis de 1500 habitantes foron entrevistados e enquisados. Toda a información recollida da poboación foi publicada no libro "Sky over Macedonia" (Cenev G, 2004). Unha parte integrante deste libro é o mapa do ceo dos macedonios que foi reconstruído a partir das descricións das constelacións coñecidas polos anciáns dos pobos macedonios (Cenev G., 2000).

note: Macedonian sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: ##### Mother Hen (Kvachka) *[Quatʃka]*
    
    is the best-known constellation, which is recognized by all elderly people in Macedonian villages, without any exception. This name people use for the star cluster Pleiades
    
    ##### Rooster (Petal) *[Petel]*
    
    This is the name of the star Alnath (or Elnath) from the constellation Taurus.
    
    ##### Hawk (Јastreb) *[Yastreb]*
    
    Hawk, as one of the most famous enemies of the Mother Hen and the Rooster, is right above them in an attacking position. Bright star Capella (Kapela) from the constellation Auriga is actually known among people as Hawk.
    
    ##### Fox (Lisica) *[Lysitsa]*
    
     Fox is the second by importance natural enemy of the Mother Hen and the Rooster so it is obvious why people also “see” it on the sky. The red color of the bright star Aldebaran from the constellation of the Bull is the reason why people perceive it as a Fox ready to attack the Mother Hen and the Rooster.
    
    ##### Pigs (Svinji) *[Sviƞi]*
    
    Near to the Mother Hen, people on the sky noticed the star cluster Hyades. Scattered appearance of the stars of this cluster associated people to the image of pigs in a village yard, and so it’s called Pigs.
    
    ##### Yoke (Jarem) *[Yarem]*
    
    People under this name recognize group of stars in the constellation Perseus. Yokes for the oxen usually is found in village yards so that is why, like the previous constellation, is evidence of the general image of people and purpose given to this part of the sky.
    
    ##### Ploughman (Orach) *[Oratʃ]*
    
    The Ploughman is one of the three main characters in the sky. It is the name people gave to the bright star Betelgeuse in the constellation of Orion. Besides Betelgeuse, in building the image of this folk constellation, some weaker and less bright stars from the surrounding are also taken into account, because people say that the Ploughman is an image of a person with a goad as he returns home.
    
    ##### Plough with Oxen (Ralo so Volovi) *[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]*
    
    The constellation Orion with its numerous bright stars and distinctive pattern dominates the winter sky and can be easily found. People from Macedonian villages usually point at the region around Orion’s belt saying that three bright stars and surrounding less bright stars create an image of a wooden Plough with two yoked oxen.
    
    ##### Wolves (Volci) *[Voltsi]*
    
     Near to the plough with oxen, which is left on a field, people see two wolves as well. They are the bright stars Sirius in the constellation Canis Major and Procyon in Canis Minor.
    
    ##### Priest’s Straw (Popova Slama) *[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]*
    
     Our galaxy (Milky Way) by its appearance is dominant on the summer sky
    
    ##### Threshing floor (Gumno) *[Goumno]*
    
     Circular and foggy appearance of the Andromeda galaxy (М31) evoked people to see the threshing floor with straw from where the Priest was stealing from his Godson.
    
    ##### Cross (Krst) *[Krst]*
    
    Complement with the people’s belief, when the Priest-thief saw God’s might he started running in panic and lost his cross on the way. So next to the Priest’s Straw there is the Cross.
    
    ##### Ears (Ushi) *[Uʃi]*
    
    By this common word used as a jargon, Macedonian villagers mark the part of the wooden plough that goes into the soil, used for plowing.
    
    ##### Trivet (Pirustija) *[Pirustiya]*
    
    The trivet is a metal device with three legs (tripod) which fits over the fireplace to support pans and kettles while preparing food.
    
    ##### Tongs (Mashi) *[Maʃy]*
    
    The Tongs were used for the fire where the trivet is. Thus, the people’s constellation Tongs is very close to the constellation Trivet.
    
    ##### Low round wooden dining table (Sofra) *[Sofra]*
    
    The typical semi-circular shape of the constellation Corona Borealis evoked the image of a wooden round table called sofra.
    
    ##### Auger (Svrdel) *[Svrdǝl]*
    
    People say that this is a very big drill used for construction of houses and is found inside the Priest’s Straw
    
    ##### Thieves (Aramii) *[Arami:]*
    
    The famous constellation Ursa Major among the people is described as a group of thieves. The seven bright stars of Ursa Major are said to be thieves „because during the entire night they circle on the sky same as thieves that circle around houses“
gl: ##### Nai galiña (Kvachka) *[Quatʃka]*
    
    é a constelación máis coñecida, recoñecida por todas as persoas maiores de aldeas macedonias sen ningunha excepción. Este nome úsano as persoas para o cúmulo de estrelas de Pléiades
    
    ##### Galo (Petal) *[Petel]*
    
    Este é o nome da estrela Alnath (ou Elnath) da constelación de Tauro.
    
    ##### Falcón (Јastreb) *[Yastreb]*
    
    Falcón, como un dos máis famosos inimigos da Nai Galiña e do Galo, está xusto enriba deles nunha posición de ataque. A estrela brillante Capella (Kapela) da constelación de Auriga é coñecida entre a xente como Falcón.
    
    ##### Raposo (Lisica) *[Lysitsa]*
    
     O raposo é o segundo inimigo natural por importancia da nai galiña e do galo polo que é obvio que a xente tamén o "ve" no ceo. A cor vermella da brillante estrela Aldebarán da constelación do touro é a razón pola que a xente o percibe como unha raposa disposta a atacar á nai galiña e ó galo.
    
    ##### Porcos (Svinji) *[Sviƞi]*
    
    Preto da Nai Galiña, a xente do ceo notou o cúmulo estelar Hyades. A aparición dispersa das estrelas deste grupo facçia que as persoas a asociasen coa imaxe dos porcos nun xardín da aldea e así se chama Porcos.
    
    ##### Xugo (Jarem) *[Yarem]*
    
    A xente baixo este nome recoñece un grupo de estrelas na constelación Perseo. Os xugos para os bois adoitan atoparse nos xardíns da aldea, polo que, como a constelación anterior, é unha evidencia da imaxe xeral das persoas e do propósito dado a esta parte do ceo.
    
    ##### Arado (Orach) *[Oratʃ]*
    
    O Arado é un dos tres personaxes principais do ceo. É o nome que a xente lle deu á brillante estrela Betelgeuse na constelación de Orión. Ademais de Betelgeuse, ó construír a imaxe desta constelación popular, tamén se teñen en conta algunhas estrelas máis débiles e menos brillantes dos arredores, porque a xente di que o Arado é unha imaxe dunha persoa cun aguillón cando regresa á casa.
    
    ##### Arado con bois (Ralo so Volovi) *[Ralɔ sɔ Vɔlɔvi]*
    
    A constelación de Orion coas súas numerosas estrelas brillantes e o seu patrón distintivo domina o ceo invernal e pódese atopar doadamente. Os habitantes das aldeas macedonias adoitan apuntar á rexión arredor do cinto de Orion dicindo que tres estrelas brillantes e unhas estrelas menos brillantes crean unha imaxe dun arado de madeira con dous bois xunguidos.
    
    ##### Lobos (Volci) *[Voltsi]*
    
     Preto do arado con bois, que se deixa nun campo, a xente tamén ve dous lobos. Son as estrelas brillantes Sirius na constelación Canis Maior e Procyon en Canis Mienor.
    
    ##### Palla do cura (Popova Slama) *[Popovᴧ Slᴧmᴧ]*
    
     A nosa galaxia (Vía Láctea) pola súa aparencia domina o ceo de verán
    
    ##### Chan con palla (Gumno) *[Goumno]*
    
     A aparencia circular e neboenta da galaxia de Andrómeda (М31) levou á xente a ver o chan con palla desde onde o sacerdote roubaba ó seu Godson.
    
    ##### Cruz (Krst) *[Krst]*
    
    Complementando a crenza do pobo, cando o ladrón sacerdote viu o poder de Deus botou a correr en pánico e perdeu a cruz no camiño. Xunto á Palla do Sacerdote, está a Cruz.
    
    ##### Orellas (Ushi) *[Uʃi]*
    
    Con esta palabra común empregada como xiria, os aldeáns macedonios indican a parte do arado de madeira que entra no chan, usado para arar.
    
    ##### Trespés (Pirustija) *[Pirustiya]*
    
    O trespés é un dispositivo metálico de tres patas que se coloca sobre a lareira para apoiar as tixolas e as calderas mentres se prepara a comida.
    
    ##### Pinzas (Mashi) *[Maʃy]*
    
    As pinzas usábanse para o lume onde se atopa o trespés. Así, a constelación de Pinzas da xente está moi preto da constelación Trespés.
    
    ##### Mesa baixa de madeira redonda (Sofra) *[Sofra]*
    
    A forma semicircular típica da constelación Corona Borealis evocaba a imaxe dunha mesa redonda de madeira chamada sofra.
    
    ##### Trade (Svrdel) *[Svrdǝl]*
    
    A xente di que se trata dunha trade moi grande usada na construción de casas e que se atopa dentro da palla do sacerdote
    
    ##### Ladróns (Aramii) *[Arami:]*
    
    A famosa constelación Ursa Maior entre a xente é descrita como un grupo de ladróns. As sete estrelas brillantes de Ursa Major dise que son ladróns "porque durante toda a noite merodean no ceo o mesmo cós ladróns que rodean as casas"

note: Macedonian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Vancho Stojkoski* and *Gjore Cenev* from Macedonian Research Society based primarily on the book **Sky over Macedonia** by Cenev G, 2004.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíron *Vancho Stojkoski* e *Gjore Cenev* da Macedonian Research Society baseándose sobre todo no libro **Sky over Macedonia** de Cenev G, 2004.

note: Maori sky culture name
en: Maori
gl: Maorí

note: Maori sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Maori (New Zealand) night sky is similar to the Polynesian night sky. But it differs enough to warrant its own sky culture. Maritime themes are central to the Maori sky culture and were used extensively in nautical navigation. Along with most other cultures, the rising and setting of prominent stars were used to signal planting and harvesting seasons.
gl: O ceo nocturno maorí (Nova Zelanda) é semellante ó ceo nocturno da Polinesia. Pero difire abondo como para xustificar a súa propia cultura do ceo. Os temas marítimos son fundamentais para a cultura do ceo maorí e foron moi utilizados na navegación náutica. Xunto coa maioría das outras culturas, o nacemento e a posta de estrelas prominentes utilizáronse para sinalar as estacións de plantación e colleita.

note: Maori sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Taatai-arorangi-maori
    
    There are tribal ('iwi') variations in the naming of the stars and constellations. The names referenced below are the more well known names.
    
       |Object|Name|
       |--------|------|
       |Mercury|Takero|
       |Venus (morning star)|Tawera|
       |Venus (evening star)|Meremere|
       |Mars|Rangiwhenua|
       |Jupiter|Perearau|
       |Saturn|Perearau (Both Jupiter and Saturn have the same name)|
       |Altair|Poutu-te-Rangi|
       |Antares|Rehua|
       |S_Sco|Pekehawani|
       |T_Sco|Whakaonge-kai|
       |Canopus|Autahi|
       |Procyon|Puanga Hori|
       |Rigel|Puanga|
       |Sirius|Takarua|
       |Vega|Whanui|
       |Spica|Whiti-Kapeka or Mariao|
       |Arcturus|Ruawahia|
       |Castor|Whakaahu|
       |Pollux|Whakaahu (Both Castor and Pollux have the same name)|
       |Aldebaran|Taumatakuku|
       |Achernar|Turu|
       |Orion (whole belt)|Hao - o- rua|
       |Orion (the belt)|Tau toro|
       |Orion (a part)|Te Kakau|
       |Scorpio|Ruhi|
       |Scorpio (the tail)|Te Waka-o-Tama-Rereti|
       |Pleiades|Matariki|
       |Stars in the Pleiades (unspecified):|Tupua-nuku, Tupua-rangi, Ururangi, Wai-puna-a-rangi, Waiti, Waita|
       |Pointers|Te Taura Ra o Tainui|
       |Hyades|Te Kokota|
       |Southern Cross|Mahutonga|
       |Coal sack|Te Patiki|
       |Milky Way|Te ika o te rangi|
       |Large Magellanic cloud|Te Waka Ruru|
       |Small Magellanic cloud|Tuputuputu|
       |Double stars|Pipiri|
       |Comets|Auihi Turoa|
       |Ecliptic|Pito - o - Watea|
       |Moon|Te Marama|
       |Sun|Te Ra|
       |Te-Ra-o-Tainui|A maori constellation without a European counterpart. It is a sea voyaging catamaran. The belt of orion is the keel, the hyades is a claw sail and the Pleiades is the bow.|
gl: ### Taatai-arorangi-maorí
    
    Hai variacións tribais ('iwi') na denominación das estrelas e das constelacións. Os nomes referenciados a continuación son os nomes máis coñecidos.
    
       |Obxecto|Nome|
       |--------|------|
       |Mercurio|Takero|
       |Venus (estrela da mañá)|Tawera|
       |Venus (estrela da tardiña)|Meremere|
       |Marte|Rangiwhenua|
       |Xúpiter|Perearau|
       |Saturno|Perearau (Tanto Xúpiter como Saturno teñen o mesmo nome)|
       |Altair|Poutu-te-Rangi|
       |Antares|Rehua|
       |S_Sco|Pekehawani|
       |T_Sco|Whakaonge-kai|
       |Canopus|Autahi|
       |Procyon|Puanga Hori|
       |Rigel|Puanga|
       |Sirio|Takarua|
       |Vega|Whanui|
       |Spica|Whiti-Kapeka ou Mariao|
       |Arcturus|Ruawahia|
       |Castor|Whakaahu|
       |Pollux|Whakaahu (Tanto Castor como Pólux teñen o mesmo nome)|
       |Aldebaran|Taumatakuku|
       |Achernar|Turu|
       |Orion (cinto enteiro)|Hao - o- rua|
       |Orion (o cinto)|Tau toro|
       |Orion (unha parte)|Te Kakau|
       |Scorpio|Ruhi|
       |Scorpio (a cola)|Te Waka-o-Tama-Rereti|
       |Pleiades|Matariki|
       |Estrelas nas Pleiades (non especificado):|Tupua-nuku, Tupua-rangi, Ururangi, Wai-puna-a-rangi, Waiti, Waita|
       |Pointers|Te Taura Ra o Tainui|
       |Hyades|Te Kokota|
       |Cruz do Sur|Mahutonga|
       |Coal sack|Te Patiki|
       |Vía Láctea|Te ika o te rangi|
       |Gran nube de Magallanes|Te Waka Ruru|
       |Pequena nube de Magallanes|Tuputuputu|
       |Estrelas dobres|Pipiri|
       |Cometas|Auihi Turoa|
       |Eclíptica|Pito - o - Watea|
       |Lúa|Te Marama|
       |Sol|Te Ra|
    |Te-Ra-o-Tainui|Unha constelación maorí sen homólogo europeo. É un catamarán de viaxe marítima. O cinto de orión é a quilla, as híadas é unha vela de pouta e as Pléiades son a proa.|

note: Maori sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [The Phoenix Astronomical Society](http://www.astronomynz.org/): a very good website on Maori sky culture (Wairarapa, New Zealand).
     - [#2]: Best, E. (1955) 'The astronomical knowledge of the Maori',Dominion Museum Monograph no.3 Wellington: Government Printer.
     - [#3]: Best, E. (1959) 'The Maori division of time',Dominion Museum Monograph no4. Wellington: Government Printer.
     - [#4]: Evans, J. (1998) 'The discovery of Aotearoa', Reed.
     - [#5]: Kingsley-Smith, C. (1967) 'Astronomers in puipuis. Maori Star lore', Southern Stars 22,5-10.
     - [#6]: Leather, K. and Hall, Richard (2004) 'Tatai Arorangi: Maori Astronomy, Work of the gods',Viking sevenseas nz ltd, Paraparaumu, NZ, ISBN:085467105 6.
     - [#7]: Lewis, D. (1994) 'We, the navigators. The ancient art of landfinding in the Pacific', University of Hawaii press.
     - [#8]: Orbell, M. (1996) 'The natural world of the Maori',David Bateman ltd.
     - [#9]: Orchiston, W. (1996) 'Australian Aboriginal, Polynesian and Maori Astronomy', Chapter in: 'Astronomy before the telescope' 318-328. Editor Chris Walker. BCA.
gl:  - [#1]: [The Phoenix Astronomical Society](http://www.astronomynz.org/): un moi bo sitio web  sobre a cultura do ceo maorí (Wairarapa, New Zealand).
     - [#2]: Best, E. (1955) 'The astronomical knowledge of the Maori',Dominion Museum Monograph no.3 Wellington: Government Printer.
     - [#3]: Best, E. (1959) 'The Maori division of time',Dominion Museum Monograph no4. Wellington: Government Printer.
     - [#4]: Evans, J. (1998) 'The discovery of Aotearoa', Reed.
     - [#5]: Kingsley-Smith, C. (1967) 'Astronomers in puipuis. Maori Star lore', Southern Stars 22,5-10.
     - [#6]: Leather, K. and Hall, Richard (2004) 'Tatai Arorangi: Maori Astronomy, Work of the gods',Viking sevenseas nz ltd, Paraparaumu, NZ, ISBN:085467105 6.
     - [#7]: Lewis, D. (1994) 'We, the navigators. The ancient art of landfinding in the Pacific', University of Hawaii press.
     - [#8]: Orbell, M. (1996) 'The natural world of the Maori',David Bateman ltd.
     - [#9]: Orchiston, W. (1996) 'Australian Aboriginal, Polynesian and Maori Astronomy', Chapter in: 'Astronomy before the telescope' 318-328. Editor Chris Walker. BCA.

note: Maori sky culture authors section in markdown format Tongan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com
gl: A esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium contribuíu *Dan Smale*, smaledaniel(at)outlook.com

note: Maya sky culture name
en: Maya
gl: Maia

note: Maya sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Maya culture was one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the pre-columbian american continent. They developed a writing system which let them store and use their knowledge in a variety of forms: e.g. on how to perform rituals or delivering particular messages to an audience (political and sacred facts from rulers to the people, sculpted in monuments and stelae). These records allow us explore, through the laborious work of many researchers, their cosmovision and how they thought the cosmos came to be. Their knowledge was recorded in books (academically known as “codex”), like the Dresden codex (which describes the dates that Venus would pass through each of its visibility phases and also a table of lunar and solar eclipses), the Paris codex (which is believed to describe some of their constellations), the Madrid codex (which relates astronomy and agriculture data) and lately, the Grolier codex (it was thought that it was an abbreviated version of the Dresden codex, but it is not accepted yet as original by some scholars).
gl: A cultura maia foi unha das civilizacións máis sofisticadas do continente
    americano precolombino. Desenvolveron un sistema de escritura que lles
    permitía almacenar e usar os seus coñecementos nunha variedade de formas:
    por exemplo, realizar rituais ou entregar mensaxes particulares a unha
    audiencia (feitos políticos e sagrados de gobernantes ó pobo, esculpidos en
    monumentos e estelas). Estes rexistros permítennos explorar, a través do
    laborioso traballo de moitos investigadores, a súa cosmovisión e como
    pensaron que era o cosmos. O seu coñecemento foi rexistrado en libros
    (coñecidos academicamente como "códices"), como o códice de Dresde (que
    describe as datas nas que Venus pasaría por cada unha das súas fases de
    visibilidade e tamén unha táboa de eclipses lunares e solares), o códice de
    París (que se cre que describe algunhas das súas constelacións), o códice de
    Madrid (que relaciona datos de astronomía e agricultura) e ultimamente, o
    códice de Grolier (pensábase que era unha versión abreviada do códice de
    Dresde, pero aínda non está aceptada como orixinal por algúns estudosos).

note: Maya sky culture description section in markdown format
en: <p><img src="illustrations/description1030.png"/><br /><em>Page 49 of the Dresden Codex showing a section of the Venus Table.</em></p>
    
    All mayan codices are thought to have been taken to Europe by the first explorers of the New World, as evidence of their discoveries. The Paris Codex in particular was then long forgotten, until priest Leon Rosny found it in 1859 in a chimney corner of the National Library of Paris. It has suffered substantial damage, as can be seen in page 23 shown below. In spite of this, the Paris codex describes asterisms and constellations seen by the mayas, some of them probably related to a group of zodiacal constellations (Love, 1994)(Freidel et al., 1993)(Aveni, 2005), while others do not (Špoták, 2015).
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/description1028.png" width="150" height="350"/><br />
    <em>Page 23 of the Paris Codex showing some Constellations.</em></p>
    
    In this approach to representing the constellations in Stellarium, we assume that are related to the ecliptic, since in the Paris codex they seem to "swallow" the Sun, so they are placed as close as possible to this line while trying to adjust the star patterns to the images of the different animals thought to represent zodiacal constellations. Other constellations are placed according to what ethnographic sources state are their most probable location.  Constellation lines were drawn trying to adjust to the images taken from the above mentioned sources and they appear according to the interpretation of the contributors of this culture.
gl: <p><img src="illustrations/description1030.png"/><br /><em>Páxina 49 do códice de Dresden amosando unhasección da Táboa de
    Venus.</em></p>
    
    Crese que todos os códices maias foron levados a Europa polos primeiros
    exploradores do Novo Mundo como evidencia dos seus descubrimentos. O Códice
    de París foi esquecido ata que o sacerdote Leon Rosny o atopou en 1859 nun
    recuncho da cheminea da Biblioteca Nacional de París. Sufriu danos
    substanciais, como se pode ver na páxina 23 que se mostra a continuación. A
    pesar disto, o códice de París describe asterismos e constelacións vistos
    polos maias, algúns deles probablemente relacionados cun grupo de
    constelacións zodiacais (Love, 1994) (Freidel et al., 1993) (Aveni, 2005),
    mentres que outras non (Špoták, 2015).
    
    <p><img src="illustrations/description1028.png" width="150" height="350"/><br />
    <em>Páxina 23 do códice de Paris Codex amosando algunhas constelacións.</em></p>
    
    Neste enfoque para representar as constelacións en Stellarium, supoñemos que
    están relacionadas coa eclíptica, xa que no códice de París parecen "tragar"
    o Sol, xa que o sitúan o máis preto posible desta liña ó intentar axustar a
    estrela a patróns das imaxes dos diferentes animais pensados para
    representar as constelacións zodiacais. Outras constelacións sitúanse
    segundo o que as fontes etnográficas declaran como a súa situación máis
    probable. Debuxáronse liñas de constelación intentando axustarse ás imaxes
    tomadas das fontes anteriormente mencionadas e aparecen segundo a
    interpretación dos colaboradores desta cultura.

note: Maya sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: Some of the identified constellations from the Paris Codex are:
    
    ##### Bird *[Ch’oom]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Vulture_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Not clearly identified, but some researchers describe it as a vulture, since it is not decorated and relates better to some ethnographic descriptions (Špoták, 2015).</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Shark *[Xoc]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Shark_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>The picture used for this constellation is in fact a combination of the elements of two animals: head of a snake and tail of a fish, so some scholars conclude this is a representation of a shark.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Owl *[Kulte']*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Owl_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Identified as such by some scholars, specially because of the small body and feathers on the head that it exhibits.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Jaguar *[Balaam]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Jaguar_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Identified as such because of the typical marks exhibited which are related to the skin of this animal.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Death *[Kimi]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Death_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>This constellation appears in the Paris Codex as a skeleton, not yet clear whether it's an animal or not.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Scorpion *[Sina'an]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Scorpion_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Scholars agree that this maya constellation is in accordance to our Western culture Scorpion constellation, because of the "twisted" body that is suggested by this pattern of stars, however, for the mayas the sting is closer to the star Antares, because it should be next to the path of the Sun, as suggested by its position in the Paris Codex.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Rattlesnake *[Chaan]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Rattlesnake_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>This animal is present through many species in the central america environment, but the one represented in the Paris codex is thought to be the Rattlesnake, because of the ending of the tail which shows the typical rattling ending of this reptile.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Bat *[Zool]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Bat_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Identified as such by its wings, as well as by the characteristic nose that this animal displays in the upper lip, typical in maya iconography.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Toad *[Uo]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Frog_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>This animal is identified as such because of its necklace and the lack of teeth in its mouth (Špoták, 2015).  Freidel et al. (1993) place this animal in the Western culture constellation of Virgo.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Turtle *[Aak]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Turtle_BM.png" width="59" height="50"/></td><td>The turtle was present during the creation of the world, located on the Western culture Orion's Belt asterism. This position in the sky is not really deduced from the Paris codex, but from the analysis made on the Bonampak murals, where the picture of the turtle is decorated with three points, very similar in position and orientation to Orion’s Belt, so this turtle representation has been used to place it in the Stellarium sky, instead of the one depicted in the Paris Codex.</td></tr>
    </table>
    <p>Asterisms and constellations obtained through other archaeological and ethnographic sources (such as murals and manuscripts like the <i>Popol Vuh</i>) are described below:</p>
    
    ##### Hole-backed Caiman: *[Way Paat Ahiin]*
    
    The Milky Way in a vertical position relative to the horizon. This half-crocodile half-deer creature was sacrificed in a mythical time before the present one, an event which caused a storm of blood marking the end of the primordial chaos. On its back, the four trees -that lifted and hold the sky were placed- along with another supernatural being stepping on top of the decapitated body, thus fertilizing, founding or establishing the current order of things.
    
    <img src="illustrations/sdc.png" width="200" height="90"/>
    
    ##### Paddler Gods:
    
    This picture shows the Maize God being carried by a couple of paddler gods in a canoe to the place of creation: the Three Hearthstones (defined by the stars Alnitak, Saiph and Rigel, in the Western culture constellation Orion, and in Stellarium shown encircling the Oxib' Xk'ub', or Primordial Fire asterism), where he would be self-sacrificed for the creation of the cosmos to take place.
    
    <img src="illustrations/Stellarium_13.png" width="400" height="110"/>
    
    ##### Primordial Fire: *[Oxib'Xk'ub]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/Stellarium_11.png" width="70" height="60"/></td><td>This fire was lighted at the moment of creation, and mayas saw its smoke represented as the Orion's nebula (M42), between three bright stars representing the three hearthstones.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Peccaries:
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr><td><img src="illustrations/11.png" width="80" height="60"/></td><td>These pig-like animals are represented together just like the stars Castor and Pollux. The picture included in Stellarium was taken from the Bonampak mural.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ### Stars and Planets Names
    
     Maya people, just as other ancient cultures, used stars to keep track of time. The stars included in this version of Stellarium are:
    
    <ul>
    <li> <b>Two brilliant ones: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>, <b>Castor and Pollux</b>, used at the beginning of the dry season to track the time at night.</li>
    <li> <b>Single Star: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, used in February to track the time at night.</li>
    <li> <b>Corner Star: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>Alpha Centauri</b>, called like this because it marked the southern corner of the night sky at the end of the dry season, in April.</li>
    <li> <b>Bright Star: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venus</b>, this planet was the God of War for the maya. In the Dresden Codex there is an almanac that was used to predict this planet's appearances and disappearances during its synodic period.</li>
    </ul>
gl: Algunhas das constelacións identificadas no códice de París son:
    
    ##### Paxaro *[Ch’oom]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Vulture_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Non se identifica claramente, pero algúns investigadores descríbena coma un voitre, xa que non está decorado e relaciónase mellor con algunhas descricións etnográficas (Špoták, 2015).</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Quenlla *[Xoc]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Shark_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>A imaxe empregada para esta constelación é en realidade unha combinación dos elementos de dous animais: cabeza dunha serpe e cola dun peixe, polo que algúns estudosos conclúen que se trata dunha representación dunha quenlla.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Bufo *[Kulte']*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Owl_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Identificada como tal por algúns estudosos, especialmente por mor do pequeno corpo e as plumas da cabeza que exhibe.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### JXaguar *[Balaam]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Jaguar_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Identificada como tal polas típicas marcas que están relacionadas coa pel deste animal.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Morte *[Kimi]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Death_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Esta constelación aparece no Códice de París como un esqueleto, aínda non está claro se se trata dun animal ou non.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Escorpión *[Sina'an]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Scorpion_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Os estudosos están de acordo en que esta constelación dos maias concorda coa nosa constelación Escorpión da cultura occidental, por mor do corpo "retorto" suxerido por este patrón de estrelas, sen embargo, para os maias o aguillón está máis preto da estrela Antares, porque debería estar onda o camiño do Sol, como suxire a súa posición no Códice de París.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Serpe de cascabel*[Chaan]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Rattlesnake_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Este animal está presente a través de moitas especies no ambiente de América central, pero o representado no códice de París crese que é o Rattlesnake, debido ao final da cola que mostra o final típico en axóuxere deste réptil.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Morcego *[Zool]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Bat_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Identificado como tal polas súas ás, así como polo característico nariz que este animal mostra no beizo superior, típico na iconografía maia.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Sapo *[Uo]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Frog_PC.png" width="59" height="63"/></td><td>Este animal identifícase como tal polo seu colar e pola falta de dentes na boca (Špoták, 2015). Freidel et al. (1993) sitúa a este animal na constelación da cultura occidental de Virgo.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Tartaruga *[Aak]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Turtle_BM.png" width="59" height="50"/></td><td>A tartaruga estivo presente durante a creación do mundo, situada no asterismo do cinto de Orion na cultura occidental. Esta posición no ceo non se deduce realmente do códice de París, senón da análise realizada nos murais de Bonampak, onde a foto da tartaruga está decorada con tres puntos, moi semellantes en posición e orientación ao cinto de Orion, polo que esta representación da tartaruga se utilizou para situalo no ceo de Stellarium, en lugar do representado no Códice de París.</td></tr>
    </table>
    <p>Asterismos e constelacións obtidas a través doutras fontes arqueolóxicas e
    etnográficas (como murais e manuscritos como o<i>Popol Vuh</i>) descríbense
    a continuación:
    
    ##### Caimán esburacado: *[Way Paat Ahiin]*
    
    A Vía Láctea en posición vertical en relación co horizonte. Esta criatura
    medio cervo e medio crocodilo foi sacrificada nun tempo mítico anterior ó
    actual, un acontecemento que provocou unha tormenta de sangue que marcou o
    final do caos primordial. Na súa parte traseira colocáronse as catro árbores
    -que ergueron e sostiñan o ceo- xunto con outro sobrenatural pisando encima
    do corpo decapitado, fertilizando, fundando ou establecendo a orde actual
    das cousas.
    
    <img src="illustrations/sdc.png" width="200" height="90"/>
    
    ##### Deuses do remo:
    
    Este cadro mostra o Deus do millo levado por un par de deuses palistas nunha
    canoa ata o lugar da creación: os Tres Corazóns (definidos polas estrelas
    Alnitak, Saiph e Rigel, na constelación da cultura occidental de Orion, e no
    Stellarium mostrado rodeando a Oxib 'Xk'ub', ou asterismo do lume
    primordial), onde se sacrificaría para a creación do cosmos.
    
    <img src="illustrations/Stellarium_13.png" width="400" height="110"/>
    
    ##### Lume primordial: *[Oxib'Xk'ub]*
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/Stellarium_11.png" width="70" height="60"/></td><td>Este lume acendeuse no momento da creación e os maias viron o seu fume representado como a nebulosa de Orión (M42), entre tres estrelas brillantes que representaban os tres tipos de corazón.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Pecarís:
    
    <table class="layout">
    	<tr><td><img src="illustrations/11.png" width="80" height="60"/></td><td>Estes animais como porcos están representados xuntos como as estrelas Castor e Pollux. A foto incluída en Stellarium foi tomada do mural de Bonampak.</td></tr>
    </table>
    
    ### Estrelas e nomes de planetas
    
     Os pobos maias, do mesmo xeito ca outras culturas antigas, usaban estrelas
    para facer un seguimento do tempo. As estrelas incluídas nesta versión de
    Stellarium son:
    
    <ul>
    <li> <b>As dúas brillantes: </b><i>[kib' chuplinik]</i>, <b>Cástor e Póllux</b>,
    usado ao comezo da estación seca para seguir a hora da noite.</li>
    <li> <b>Estrela simple: </b><i>[jun ch'umil]</i>, <b>Regulus</b>, usada en
    febreiro para seguir a hora de noite.</li>
    <li> <b>Estrela do recuncho: </b><i>[xukut ch'umil]</i>, <b>Alpha Centauri</b>,
    chamads así porque está na esquina sur do ceo nocturno ao final da estación
    seca, en abril.</li>
    <li> <b>Estrela brillante: </b><i>[Chac 'Ek]</i>, <b>Venus</b>,este planeta era o
    deus da guerra para os maias. No Códice de Dresde hai un almanaque que se
    empregou para predecir as aparicións e desaparicións deste planeta durante o
    seu período sinódico.</li>
    </ul>

note: Maya sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: <p>This sky culture was contributed by <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> and <i>Javier Mejuto</i> of the Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at Space Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras based primarily on the work of the authors described as follows:</p>
gl: <p>A esta cultura do ceo contribuíron <i>Eduardo Rodas-Quito</i> e<i>Javier
    Mejuto</i> do Archaeoastronomy and Cultural Astronomy Department at Space
    Sciences Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras basándose
    primariamente no traballo dos autores que se citan a seguir:</p>

note: Maya sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [The Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript (Dissertation)](https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download) by Jakub Špoták
     - [#2]: Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993) *Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years On The Shaman's Path*, New York: William Morrow and Company Inc.
     - [#3]: Aveni, A.(2005) *Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo*, Mexico D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica.
     - [#4]: Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It, *Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture*, XIV(1), pp.: 39-58.
     - [#5]: Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) [El mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas fundaciones](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010), *Estudios de cultura maya*, 45(45), pp. 9-48.
    
    ### Links of Interest
    
     - [Wikipedia: The Paris Codex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex)
     - [Bonampak, Viviendo el tiempo maya](https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak)
gl:  - [#1]: [The Paris Codex: Complex Analysis of an Ancient Maya Manuscript (Dissertation)](https://www.academia.edu/25028815/The_Paris_Codex_Complex_Analysis_of_an_Ancient_Maya_Manuscript_Dissertation_?auto=download) by Jakub Špoták
     - [#2]: Freidel, D., Schele, L., Parker, J.(1993) *Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years On The Shaman's Path*, New York: William Morrow and Company Inc.
     - [#3]: Aveni, A.(2005) *Observadores del Cielo en el Mexico Antiguo*, Mexico D.F.: Fondo de Cultura Economica.
     - [#4]: Tedlock, B.(1999) Maya Astronomy: What We Know and How We Know It, *Archaeoastronomy, The Journal of Astronomy in Culture* , XIV(1), pp.: 39-58.
     - [#5]: Garcia Barrios, A. (2015) [El mito del diluvio en las ceremonias de entronización de los gobernantes mayas. Agentes responsables de la decapitación del saurio y nuevas fundaciones](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0185257415300010), *Estudios de cultura maya*, 45(45), pp. 9-48.
    
    ### Links of Interest
    
     - [Wikipedia: The Paris Codex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex)
     - [Bonampak, Viviendo el tiempo maya](https://maya.nmai.si.edu/es/gallery/bonampak)

note: Modern sky culture name
en: Modern
gl: Moderna

note: Modern sky culture introduction section in markdown format Modern (IAU) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The modern sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic astronomy.
gl: A cultura do ceo moderno é utilizada internacionalmente polos astrónomos modernos, e é o esquema oficial da Unión Astronómica Internacional. Ten raíces históricas na astronomía grega antiga, con influencias da astronomía islámica.

note: Modern sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The modern sky culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various sizes called constellations, each with precise boundary, issued by the International Astronomical Union in 1922. These constellations have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    The constellations in use today are based mainly on ancient Greek constellations depicted by Ptolemy in his book the Almagest during the 2nd century CE. In the subsequent centuries, this book has been translated from Greek into Arabic (6th to 9th century) and later to medieval Latin. In the Arabic more than in the Latin tradition, the Ptolemaic figures were enriched and transformed by native Arabic constellations and star names.
    
    In the 16-18th centuries, European astronomers suggested new constellations to fill the gaps between northern constellations (e.g. the constellation of "the lynx" for an area close to the Great Bear but with stars so faint that you would need the eyes of a lynx to see them) and also created new constellations in the southern part of the sky which had not been visible to Ptolemy. These new constellations were usually named after new technical inventions of the early modern period (e.g. a chemical furnace, a balloon, an air pump) or exotic animals (e.g. a chamaeleon, a tucan, a paradise bird). Among them several constellations were also named with political consideration to honor certain kings or patrons.
    
    In the beginning of the 20th century, the IAU (International Astronomical Union) aimed for a large clean-up: in 1922, it officially accepted the list of 88 constellation names. In 1928 it also defined precise constellation boundaries [#40] still in use today.
    
    ### Extras
    
    In the 2nd century CE, Ptolemy in Alexandria published a multi-volume book which summarised the astronomical knowledge of the time, rooted in a tradition of mathematical astronomy since Hipparchus (at least 265 years earlier). In the subsequent centuries, this book has been translated from Greek into Arabic (6th to 9th century), from Arabic into Latin, and later, from the original ancient Greek into medieval Latin. Due to this transformation, it is now known under the artificial name Almagest, derived from the Arabic title [#46].
    
    The Almagest star catalogue (books VII and VIII) has been depicted many times in the Islamic as well as in the Christian astronomical traditions. Often, the figures were re-drawn in order to adapt them to the taste of art of the epoch. In the Arabic more than in the Latin tradition, the Ptolemaic figures were enriched and transformed by native Arabic constellations and star names. Therefore, this sky culture displays a modern descendant of the Ptolemaic one with traces of translations, misunderstandings, transformations, and deliberate additions.
    
    In 1603 the lawyer and hobby astronomer Johann Bayer from Augsburg, Germany, made a new celestial atlas, called Uranometria [#41]. In this atlas, he introduced a systematic naming of stars starting with alpha, the brightest, beta, the second brightest, gamma, the third ... within a constellation. Subsequently, it was established to name a star with a Greek letter and the Latin constellation name in casus genitive.
    
    In the 18th century, the century of great atlases (Flamsteed, Fortin, Bode: [#42][#43]), new constellations were added to fill the gaps between northern constellations. Additionally, there were suggestions to create new constellations in the southern part of the sky which had not been visible to Ptolemy. European astronomers visited the European colonies and instead of asking the native people for their constellations, the Europeans were creative. This way, many new technical inventions of the early modern period were depicted in constellations (e.g. a chemical furnace, a balloon, an air pump) as well as exotic animals (e.g. a chamaeleon, a tucan, a paradise bird).
    
    The problem was that sometimes astronomers did not agree with each other and, thus, atlases showed deviations from each other.
    
    After many centuries of astronomers taking liberties in interpretation of the Ptolemaic original, there were many variants of constellations. As constellations are a positioning system, i.e. astronomers describe positions in the sky relative to stars and stars relative to constellations (like "Betelgeuse", Orion's right shoulder), it is necessary to use constellation names and star names uniformly all over the world.
    
    In the "Fin de siècle", there were upcoming suggestions in the astronomical community to unify the system of constellations and star names [#44].
    
    The IAU, only founded in 1919, in 1928 defined the boundaries of these areas [#43] and not the way of drawing artwork or connecting lines within them. Consequently several sub-cultures of painting figures and drawing simplified stickfigures were developed during the 20th and 21st century. We provide some of them as further sky cultures.
    
    ### Constellations
    
    These constellations are based mainly on the Ptolemaic tradition which had been used in all three Abrahamitic religions and, thus, was common in the Near East, in Europe and its colonies on all continents. However, between the ancient Greek constellations there were gaps of areas with only faint stars belonging to no constellation.[#47] In the Modern Epoch, several astronomers suggested constellation figures for these gaps, among them several political constellations to the honor of certain kings or patrons. In the late 19th century, the astronomical research community aimed for a huge clean-up to avoid ambiguities in assigning stars to constellations.
    
    In 1922, the IAU officially approved the list of 88 constellation names and their official abbreviations with three letters. The only remaining political constellation is Scutum, the shield of a Polish king but without mentioning the political reference anymore. The Belgian priest E. Delporte got the task to define constellation boundaries according to coordinates. In 1928, he finished the work, based on an atlas from Argentina [#51], and the IAU accepted his delimitations [#40].
    
    These "constellations" are naked areas in the sky without any stick figures or depictions [#44]. The borders simply follow the lines of right ascension and declination from the epoch 1875.0. Precession causes a slowly increasing deviation from the originally rectilinear grid. These constellations became the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    Stellarium by default displays the precise RA-DEC-boundaries and a set of artwork constellations on the basis of Ptolemaic figures but following our contemporary taste of art.
    
    ### Asterisms
    
    The term "asterism" (assembly of stars) can sometimes be used synonymously to "constellation". In the modern use it describes a figure which is not part of the official canon. Sometimes an asterism is a part of a constellation, e.g. the Big Dipper as part of Ursa Major, or Great Square as part of Pegasus. Other asterisms span over several constellations, e.g. the Summer Triangle or Winter Hexagon. Yet others are only visible in binoculars or telescopes and are aptly named "telescopic asterism", e.g. the Coathanger. They are often discussed in the observing columns of popular astronomy magazines.
    
    ### Ray Helpers
    
    Seasoned observers can find their way around the sky easily. One mnemonic tool are associative chains of stars that span large distances. We show them as "ray helpers". These are not standardized.
    
    ### Proper names of stars
    
    Ptolemy's star catalogue had the layout of a table listing the description of the star's position in the constellation's figure, the ecliptical coordinates, and the magnitude e.g.: "The star at the tip of the tail of Ursa Minor", "Gem 0 1/6, +66", "Mag 3".
    
    In most cases, the star names evolved by astronomer's systematical abbreviations of these descriptions, e.g., a first astronomer abbreviated in a text "tip of the tail", a next astronomer drew a map with less space and wrote only "tail" next to the star and this name remained. Over centuries, these descriptions were translated into Arabic and Latin, and in some cases the translators or scribes made mistakes because of misreading or misspelling of the Arabic words (e.g. the Arabic "yad al gauza", the hand of the giant woman, was mangled to the common term "Betelgeuse").
    
    However, there are also a few original Greek words like the red star "Antares", the counterpart of Ares (Mars), and even a few original Babylonian terms like "Shargaz", the Sting, in Scorpius. Our modern, most recent IAU star names [#45] are a renewed mixture, also with influences or even politically wanted additions of star names from the non-Ptolemaic sky cultures, e.g. the traditional Pingsing, a Chinese star name for a star in Hydra (its meaning is only "star", a reminescence to his lonely position), or newly adopted star names from Polynesian, Hawaiian, or Aboriginal cultures for names of stars with exoplanets.
    
    The IAU is the only scientifically accepted authority to assign new names to stars. Commercial exploits like "star name registries", who sell stars for commemorative purposes or as gifts, only sell printed pieces of paper. These names are not approved and never used by scientists.
gl: A cultura do ceo moderna divide a esfera celeste en 88 áreas de varios tamaños chamadas constelacións, cada unha cun límite preciso, establecidas pola Unión Astronómica Internacional en 1922. Estas constelacións convertéronse na forma estándar de describir o ceo, substituíndo conxuntos similares noutras culturas do ceo no uso diario.
    
    As constelacións que se usan hoxe en día baséanse principalmente nas antigas constelacións gregas representadas por Ptolomeo no seu libro O Almaxesto durante o século II d.C. Nos séculos posteriores, este libro foi traducido do grego ó árabe (século VI ó IX) e posteriormente ó latín medieval. Na tradición árabe máis a na latina, as figuras ptolemaicas foron enriquecidas e transformadas en constelacións árabes nativas e nomes de estrelas.
    
    Nos séculos XVI-XVIII, os astrónomos europeos suxeriron novas constelacións para encher os ocos entre as constelacións do norte (por exemplo, a constelación do "lince" para unha zona próxima á Osa Maior pero con estrelas tan débiles que se necesitarían os ollos dun lince para velas) e tamén crearon novas constelacións na parte sur do ceo que non eran visibles para Ptolomeo. Estas novas constelacións adoitan recibir o nome de novos inventos técnicos do período moderno (por exemplo, un forno químico, un globo, unha bomba de aire) ou animais exóticos (por exemplo, un chamaleón, un tucán, un paxaro do paraíso). Entre elas tamén se nomearon varias constelacións con consideración política para honrar a determinados reis ou patróns.
    
    A principios do século XX, a IAU (Unión Astronómica Internacional) tiña como obxectivo facer unha gran limpeza: en 1922, aceptou oficialmente a lista de 88 nomes de constelacións. En 1928 tamén definiu os límites precisos das constelacións [#40] aínda en uso na actualidade.
    
    ### Extras
    
    No século II d.C., Ptolomeo publicou en Alexandría un libro de varios volumes que resumía o coñecemento astronómico da época, enraizado nunha tradición de astronomía matemática dende Hiparco (polo menos 265 anos antes). Nos séculos posteriores, este libro foi traducido do grego ó árabe (século VI ó IX), do árabe ó latín e, posteriormente, do grego antigo orixinal ó latín medieval. Debido a esta transformación, agora coñécese co nome artificial de Almagest, derivado do título árabe [#46].
    
    O catálogo de estrelas de Almaxesto (libros VII e VIII) foi representado moitas veces tanto nas tradicións astronómicas islámicas coma nas cristiás. Moitas veces, as figuras foron debuxadas de novo para adaptalas ó gusto da arte da época. Na tradición árabe máis ca na latina, as figuras ptolemaicas foron enriquecidas e transformadas en constelacións árabes nativas e nomes de estrelas. Polo tanto, esta cultura do ceo é un descendente moderno da ptolemaica con trazos de traducións, malentendidos, transformacións e engadidos deliberados.
    
    En 1603 o avogado e astrónomo afeccionado Johann Bayer de Augsburgo, Alemaña, fixo un novo atlas celeste, chamado Uranometria [#41]. Neste atlas, introduciu unha denominación sistemática das estrelas comezando por alfa, a máis brillante, a beta, a segunda máis brillante, a gamma, a terceira... dentro dunha constelación. Posteriormente, decidiuse nomear unha estrela cunha letra grega e o nome da constelación latina en caso xenitivo.
    
    No século XVIII, o século dos grandes atlas (Flamsteed, Fortin, Bode: [#42][#43]), engadíronse novas constelacións para cubrir os ocos entre as constelacións do norte. Ademais, houbo suxestións para crear novas constelacións na parte sur do ceo que non eran visibles para Ptolomeo. Os astrónomos europeos visitaron as colonias europeas e, en lugar de preguntarlles ás persoas nativas polas súas constelacións, foron creativos. Deste xeito, moitos novos inventos técnicos do período moderno foron representados en constelacións (por exemplo, un forno químico, un globo, unha bomba de aire) así como animais exóticos (por exemplo, un chamaleón, un tucán, un paxaro do paraíso).
    
    O problema era que ás veces os astrónomos non estaban de acordo entre si e, polo tanto, os atlas mostraban desviacións entre si.
    
    Despois de moitos séculos de astrónomos tomando liberdades na interpretación do orixinal ptolemaico, houbo moitas variantes de constelacións. Como as constelacións son un sistema de posicionamento, é dicir, os astrónomos describen posicións no ceo en relación ás estrelas e estrelas en relación ás constelacións (como "Betelgeuse", o ombreiro dereito de Orión), é necesario usar os nomes de constelación e de estrelas de forma uniforme en todo o mundo.
    
    No "Fin de siècle", houbo suxestións na comunidade astronómica para unificar o sistema de constelacións e nomes de estrelas [#44].
    
    A IAU, fundada en 1919, en 1928 definiu os límites destas áreas [#43] e non a forma de debuxar obras de arte ou de conectar liñas dentro delas. En consecuencia, durante os séculos XX e XXI desenvolvéronse varias subculturas de pintar figuras e debuxar figuras simplificadas. Proporcionamos algunhas delas como outras culturas do ceo.
    
    ### Constelacións
    
    Estas constelacións baséanse principalmente na tradición ptolemaica que fora usada nas tres relixións abrahamitas e, polo tanto, era común no Próximo Oriente, en Europa e as súas colonias en todos os continentes. Non obstante, entre as antigas constelacións gregas había lagoas de áreas con só estrelas tenues que non pertencían a ningunha constelación.[#47] Na Época Moderna, varios astrónomos suxeriron figuras de constelación para estas lagoas, entre elas varias constelacións políticas en honor de certos reis ou mecenas. A finais do século XIX, a comunidade de investigación astronómica tiña como obxectivo unha gran limpeza para evitar ambigüidades na asignación de estrelas ás constelacións.
    
    En 1922, a IAU aprobou oficialmente a lista de 88 nomes de constelacións e as súas abreviaturas oficiais con tres letras. A única constelación política que queda é Scutum, o escudo dun rei polaco pero xa sen mencionar a referencia política. O sacerdote belga E. Delporte recibiu a tarefa de definir os límites das constelacións segundo as coordenadas. En 1928, rematou a obra, baseada nun atlas de Arxentina [#51], e a IAU aceptou as súas delimitacións [#40].
    
    Estas "constelacións" son áreas espidas do ceo sen figuras nin representacións [#44]. As fronteiras simplemente seguen as liñas de ascensión recta e declinación da época 1875.0. A precesión provoca unha desviación que aumenta lentamente da cuadrícula orixinariamente rectilínea. Estas constelacións convertéronse na forma estándar de describir o ceo, substituíndo conxuntos similares noutras culturas do ceo no uso diario.
    
    Stellarium mostra por defecto os límites AR-DEC precisos e un conxunto de constelacións de obras de arte baseadas en figuras ptolemaicas pero seguindo o noso gusto segundo a arte contemporánea.
    
    ### Asterismos
    
    O termo "asterismo" (conxunto de estrelas) ás veces pódese usar como sinónimo de "constelación". No uso moderno describe unha figura que non forma parte do canon oficial. Ás veces, un asterismo forma parte dunha constelación, por exemplo a Osa Maior como parte da Osa Maior, ou a Gran Praza como parte de Pegaso. Outros asterismos abarcan varias constelacións, por ex. o Triángulo de Verán ou o Hexágono de Inverno. Porén, outros só son visibles con prismáticos ou telescopios e reciben o nome de "asterismo telescópico", por exemplo o Colgador. Adoitan recollerse nas columnas de observación das revistas populares de astronomía.
    
    ### Axudantes de Raios
    
    Os observadores experimentados poden atopar o seu camiño no ceo facilmente. Unha ferramenta mnemotécnica son cadeas asociativas de estrelas que abarcan grandes distancias. Mostrámolos como "axudantes de raios". Estes non están estandarizados.
    
    ### Nomes propios de estrelas
    
    O catálogo de estrelas de Ptolomeo tiña o deseño dunha táboa que enumeraba a descrición da posición da estrela na figura da constelación, as coordenadas eclípticas e a magnitude, por exemplo: "A estrela na punta da cola da Osa Menor", "Gem 0 1/6". , +66", "Mag 3".
    
    Na maioría dos casos, os nomes das estrelas evolucionaron polas abreviaturas sistemáticas dos astrónomos destas descricións, por exemplo, un primeiro astrónomo abreviou nun texto "punta da cola", un seguinte astrónomo debuxou un mapa con menos espazo e escribiu só "cola" xunto á estrela e este nome quedou. Ó longo dos séculos, estas descricións foron traducidas ó árabe e ó latín, e nalgúns casos os tradutores ou escribas cometían erros debido á mala lectura ou á ortografía das palabras árabes (por exemplo, o árabe "yad al gauza", a man da muller xigante, foi desprazado ó termo común "Betelgeuse").
    
    Non obstante, tamén hai algunhas palabras gregas orixinais como a estrela vermella "Antares", a contraparte de Ares (Marte), e mesmo algúns termos babilónicos orixinais como "Shargaz", o aguillón, en Escorpio. Os nosos nomes de estrelas modernos e máis recentes da IAU [n.° 45] son unha mestura renovada, tamén con influencias ou incluso adicións desexadas politicamente de nomes de estrelas das culturas do ceo non ptolemaica, por exemplo. o tradicional Pingsing, un nome de estrela chinés para unha estrela en Hidra (o seu significado é só "estrela", unha reminiscencia da súa posición solitaria), ou os nomes de estrelas recentemente adoptados das culturas polinesias, hawaianas ou aborixes para nomes de estrelas con exoplanetas.
    
    A IAU é a única autoridade cientificamente aceptada para asignar novos nomes ás estrelas. Explotacións comerciais como os "rexistros de nomes de estrelas", que venden estrelas con fins conmemorativos ou como agasallos, só venden anacos de papel impreso. Estes nomes non están aprobados e nunca os usan os científicos.

note: Modern sky culture authors section in markdown format Modern (IAU) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Stellarium's team
gl: Equipo de Stellarium

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture name
en: Modern (Chinese)
gl: Moderna (Chinesa)

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Modern (Chinese) Skyculture is a combination of Chinese traditions and Western constellations. The Chinese use combinations of modern constellations and Chinese star names in astronomy. This is the skyculture that the Chinese actually use now, with a great practical value.
gl: A cultura do ceo moderna (chinesa) é unha combinación de tradicións chinesas e constelacións occidentais. Os chineses usan combinacións de constelacións modernas e nomes de estrelas chinesas en astronomía. Esta é a cultura do ceo que realmente usan agora os chineses, cun gran valor práctico.

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Constellations
    
    The modern Chinese use the constellations of the International Astronomical Union. The traditional Chinese constellations have no specific boundaries between them. They only represent the corresponding set of bright stars, and do not have the role of dividing the celestial sphere into different areas, so they are no longer applicable in astronomy.
    
    ### Star names
    
    The Chinese now use traditional star names instead of Western star names. More than 3,000 stars have traditional Chinese star names. When a foreign astronomical book is translated into Chinese, the star names will also be translated into traditional Chinese star names. There are some special stars that use the names of Western stars, such as Proxima, Van Maanen's star, which can usually only be seen with a telescope, but with special astronomical significance.
    
    For a detailed introduction to traditional Chinese constellations and traditional Chinese names, see *Chinese traditional Skyculture for Stellarium*.
    
    ### External links
    
     - [Chinese constellations ](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations) Wikipedia
     - [traditional Chinese star names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names) Wikipedia
     - [constellations](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) Wikipedia
     - [Constellation image library](http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/) of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings.
gl: ### Constelacións
    
    Os chineses modernos usan as constelacións da Unión Astronómica Internacional. As constelacións tradicionais chinesas non teñen límites específicos entre elas. Só representan o correspondente conxunto de estrelas brillantes, e non teñen a función de dividir a esfera celeste en diferentes áreas, polo que xa non son aplicables en astronomía.
    
    ### Nomes de estrelas
    
    Os chineses empregan agora nomes estelais tradicionais en vez de nomes de estrelas occidentais. Máis de 3.000 estrelas teñen nome de estrelas tradicionais chinesas. Cando un libro astronómico estranxeiro é traducido ó chinés, os nomes de estrelas tamén se traducen a nomes de estrelas tradicionais chinesas. Hai algunhas estrelas especiais que usan os nomes das estrelas occidentais, como Proxima, a estrela de Van Maanen, que normalmente só se pode ver cun telescopio, pero con especial significación astronómica.
    
    Para unha detallada introdución ás constelación tradicionais chinesas e ós nomes chineses, ver *Cultura do ceo chinesa tradicional para Stellarium*.
    
    ### Ligazóns externas
    
     - [Constelacións chinesas ](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_constellations) Wikipedia
     - [Nomes de estrelas chinesas tradicionais ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_star_names) Wikipedia
     - [constelacións](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) Wikipedia
     - [Constellation image library](http://hubblesource.stsci.edu/sources/illustrations/constellations/) of the U.S. Naval Observatory and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Johannes Hevelius Engravings.

note: Modern (Chinese) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This skyculture was contributed by Stellarium user *Sun Shuwei* [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com).
    
    Constellation art，Constellation lines based on *Modern Skyculture for Stellarium*.
    
    Asterism lines and traditional Chinese star names based on *Chinese Traditional Skyculture for Stellarium*.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium contribuíu *Sun Shuwei* [sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com](mailto:sunshuwei.hi@foxmail.com).
    
    Debuxos de constelacións，Liñas de constelación baseadas na *Moderna cultura do ceo de Stellarium*.
    
    As liñas de asterismo e os nomes de estrelas tradicionais chineses baseados na *Cultura do ceo Tradicional Chinesa de Stellarium*.

note: Modern (O. Hlad) sky culture name
en: Modern (O. Hlad)
gl: Moderna (O. Hlad)

note: Modern (O. Hlad) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Another (rather similar) Czech and Slovak references are: [#2], [#3].
    
    ![](illustrations/hvezdna_obloha_2000.png) ![](illustrations/obloha_na_dlani.png)
    
    Constellation lines are designed so they mostly connect stars with Greek-letter (α, β, γ, ...) designations, brightest, or at least similarly bright stars, and especially if they form a mnemotechnic figure (like 'W' in case of Cas, or 'hurdles-runner' instead of Vir). We usually do *not* use 5th magnitude stars, because they are difficult to spot in towns affected by light pollution. The resulting figures are also a bit simpler and easier-to-remember for children. We use these constellations at the Observatory and Planetarium Hradec Králové ([http://www.astrohk.cz](http://www.astrohk.cz)).
    
    Notes: UMa is taken from Pittich and Kalmančok (1981); M81 and M82 galaxies are just behind Bear's head. Gem is a similar case. Cam seems upside-down with respect to a mythological figure, but HIP 29997, 33694 stars are indeed brighter.
    
    ### Updates
    
    Version 1.0 for Stellarium 0.13.1
    
    Future updates should be available at [http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/](http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/)
gl: Outras referencias similares Checas e Eslovacas son: [#2], [#3].
    
    ![](illustrations/hvezdna_obloha_2000.png) ![](illustrations/obloha_na_dlani.png)
    
    As liñas de constelación están deseñadas para conectar as estrelas con letras gregas (α, β, γ, ...), as estrelas máis brillantes ou as de brillo semellante, e especialmente se forman unha figura mnemotécnica (como "W" no caso. de Cas, ou "saltador de obstáculos" en vez de Vir). Adoitamos *non* usar estrelas de 5ª magnitude, porque son difíciles de detectar en cidades afectadas pola contaminación lumínica. As cifras resultantes tamén son un pouco máis sinxelas e fáciles de recordar para os nenos. Empregamos estas constelacións no Observatorio e no Planetario Hradec Králové ([http://www.astrohk.cz](http://www.astrohk.cz)).
    
    Notas: UMa está tomado de Pittich e Kalmančok (1981); As galaxias M81 e M82 están xusto detrás da cabeza do Oso. Gem é un caso similar. Cam parece cara arriba abaixo con respecto a unha figura mitolóxica, pero as estrelas HIP 29997, 33694 son realmente máis brillantes.
    
    ### Actualizacións
    
    Versión 1.0 para Stellarium 0.13.1
    
    Futuras actualizacións estarán dispoñibles en [http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/](http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/~mira/souhvezdi/)

note: Modern (IAU) sky culture name
en: Modern (IAU)
gl: Moderna (IAU)

note: Modern (IAU) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: The modern sky culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various sizes called constellations, each with precise boundary, issued by the International Astronomical Union in 1922. These constellations have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    The constellations in use today are based mainly on ancient Greek constellations depicted by Ptolemy in his book the Almagest during the 2nd century CE. In the subsequent centuries, this book has been translated from Greek into Arabic (6th to 9th century) and later to medieval Latin. In the Arabic more than in the Latin tradition, the Ptolemaic figures were enriched and transformed by native Arabic constellations and star names.
    
    In the 16-18th centuries, European astronomers suggested new constellations to fill the gaps between northern constellations (e.g. the constellation of "the lynx" for an area close to the Great Bear but with stars so faint that you would need the eyes of a lynx to see them) and also created new constellations in the southern part of the sky which had not been visible to Ptolemy. These new constellations were usually named after new technical inventions of the early modern period (e.g. a chemical furnace, a balloon, an air pump) or exotic animals (e.g. a chamaeleon, a tucan, a paradise bird). Among them several constellations were also named with political consideration to honor certain kings or patrons.
    
    In the beginning of the 20th century, the IAU (International Astronomical Union) aimed for a large clean-up: in 1922, it officially accepted the list of 88 constellation names. In 1928 it also defined precise constellation boundaries [#4] still in use today.
    
    ### Constellations
    
    These constellations are based mainly on the Ptolemaic tradition which had been used in all three Abrahamitic religions and, thus, was common in the Near East, in Europe and its colonies on all continents. However, between the ancient Greek constellations there were gaps of areas with only faint stars belonging to no constellation.[#5] In the Modern Epoch, several astronomers suggested constellation figures for these gaps, among them several political constellations to the honor of certain kings or patrons. In the late 19th century, the astronomical research community aimed for a huge clean-up to avoid ambiguities in assigning stars to constellations.
    
    In 1922, the IAU officially approved the list of 88 constellation names and their official abbreviations with three letters. The only remaining political constellation is Scutum, the shield of a Polish king but without mentioning the political reference anymore. The Belgian priest E. Delporte got the task to define constellation boundaries according to coordinates. In 1928, he finished the work, based on an atlas from Argentina [#6], and the IAU accepted his delimitations [#4].
    
    These "constellations" are naked areas in the sky without any stick figures or depictions [#1]. The borders simply follow the lines of right ascension and declination from the epoch 1875.0. Precession causes a slowly increasing deviation from the originally rectilinear grid. These constellations became the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    #### Constellation Figures
    
    In star maps it is common to mark line "patterns" that represent the shapes that give the name to the constellations. However, the IAU defines a constellation by its boundary (indicated by sky coordinates) and not by its pattern and the same constellation may have several variants in its representation.
    
    This sky culture uses constellation figures were produced in collaboration with "Sky and Telescope" magazine (Roger Sinnott and Rick Fienberg) and published at IAU official website [#1]. Alan MacRobert's constellation patterns, were influenced by those of H. A. Rey but in many cases were adjusted to preserve earlier traditions.
    
    ### Proper names of stars
    
    Ptolemy's star catalogue had the layout of a table listing the description of the star's position in the constellation's figure, the ecliptical coordinates, and the magnitude e.g.: "The star at the tip of the tail of Ursa Minor", "Gem 0 1/6, +66", "Mag 3".
    
    In most cases, the star names evolved by astronomer's systematical abbreviations of these descriptions, e.g., a first astronomer abbreviated in a text "tip of the tail", a next astronomer drew a map with less space and wrote only "tail" next to the star and this name remained. Over centuries, these descriptions were translated into Arabic and Latin, and in some cases the translators or scribes made mistakes because of misreading or misspelling of the Arabic words (e.g. the Arabic "yad al gauza", the hand of the giant woman, was mangled to the common term "Betelgeuse").
    
    However, there are also a few original Greek words like the red star "Antares", the counterpart of Ares (Mars), and even a few original Babylonian terms like "Shargaz", the Sting, in Scorpius. Our modern, most recent IAU star names [#7] are a renewed mixture, also with influences or even politically wanted additions of star names from the non-Ptolemaic sky cultures, e.g. the traditional Pingsing, a Chinese star name for a star in Hydra (its meaning is only "star", a reminescence to his lonely position), or newly adopted star names from Polynesian, Hawaiian, or Aboriginal cultures for names of stars with exoplanets.
    
    The IAU is the only scientifically accepted authority to assign new names to stars. Commercial exploits like "star name registries", who sell stars for commemorative purposes or as gifts, only sell printed pieces of paper. These names are not approved and never used by scientists.
    
    ### Proper names of deep-sky objects
    
    Uranometria 2000.0 is an atlas of the 2000.0 era starry sky prepared by the Dutch artist Wil Tirion and published in 1987 by the American publishing house Willmann-Bell, specializing in astronomical literature.
    
    The Atlas of Tirion, respected by astronomers for its accuracy and beauty, is provided with detailed tables and various indexes. The second volume contains three transparent overlays designed for precise measurements. Uranometria 2000.0 contains more than 280,000 stars and more than 30,000 deep-sky objects - in particular, all the objects of the Messier and NGC catalogs.
    
    The second (corrected and most complete) three-volume edition of "Uranometria 2000.0", was published in 2001 under the name "Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Atlas" and contains 280035 stars of both hemispheres up to 9.75<sup>m</sup> in size on a scale of 1.85 cm per declination degree on 220 spreads of A3 format. Particular attention in the atlas is paid to deep-sky objects, there are more than 30 thousand of them in the second edition - many times more than in any other paper atlas.
    
    The third volume of "Uranometria 2000.0" is a guide to deep-sky objects - Deep Sky Field Guide, consisting of tables with scientific data and proper names on objects depicted in the first two volumes [#3].
gl: A cultura do ceo moderna divide a esfera celeste en 88 áreas de varios tamaños chamadas constelacións, cada unha cun límite preciso, definidas pola Unión Astronómica Internacional en 1922. Estas constelacións convertéronse na forma estándar de describir o ceo, substituíndo conxuntos similares noutras culturas do ceo no uso diario.
    
    As constelacións que se usan hoxe en día baséanse principalmente nas antigas constelacións gregas representadas por Ptolomeo no seu libro O Almaxesto durante o século II d.C. Nos séculos posteriores, este libro foi traducido do grego ó árabe (século VI ó IX) e posteriormente ó latín medieval. Na tradición árabe máis ca na latina, as figuras ptolemaicas foron enriquecidas e transformadas por constelacións árabes nativas e nomes de estrelas.
    
    Nos séculos XVI-XVIII, os astrónomos europeos suxeriron novas constelacións para encher os ocos entre as constelacións do norte (por exemplo, a constelación do "lince" para unha zona próxima á Osa Maior pero con estrelas tan débiles que se necesitarían os ollos dun lince para velas) e tamén creou novas constelacións na parte sur do ceo que non eran visibles para Ptolomeo. Estas novas constelacións adoitan recibir o nome de novos inventos técnicos do período moderno (por exemplo, un forno químico, un globo, unha bomba de aire) ou animais exóticos (por exemplo, un camaleón, un tucán, un paxaro do paraíso). Entre elas tamén se nomearon varias constelacións con consideración política para honrar a determinados reis ou patróns.
    
    A principios do século XX, a IAU (Unión Astronómica Internacional) tiña como obxectivo unha gran limpeza: en 1922, aceptou oficialmente a lista de 88 nomes de constelacións. En 1928 tamén definiu os límites precisos das constelacións [#4] aínda en uso hoxe en día.
    
    ### Constelacións
    
    Estas constelacións baséanse principalmente na tradición ptolemaica que fora usada nas tres relixións abrahamitas e, polo tanto, era común no Próximo Oriente, en Europa e as súas colonias en todos os continentes. Non obstante, entre as antigas constelacións gregas había ocos de áreas con só estrelas tenues que non pertencen a ningunha constelación.[#5] Na Época Moderna, varios astrónomos suxeriron figuras de constelación para estas lagoas, entre elas varias constelacións políticas en honor de certos reis ou mecenas. A finais do século XIX, a comunidade de investigación astronómica tiña como obxectivo unha gran limpeza para evitar ambigüidades na asignación de estrelas ás constelacións.
    
    En 1922, a IAU aprobou oficialmente a lista de 88 nomes de constelacións e as súas abreviaturas oficiais con tres letras. A única constelación política que queda é Scutum, o escudo dun rei polaco pero sen mencionar xa a referencia política. O sacerdote belga E. Delporte recibiu a tarefa de definir os límites das constelacións segundo as coordenadas. En 1928, rematou a obra, baseada nun atlas da Arxentina [#6], e a IAU aceptou as súas delimitacións [#4].
    
    Estas "constelacións" son áreas baleiras do ceo sen figuras nin representacións [n.º 1]. As fronteiras simplemente seguen as liñas de ascensión recta e declinación da época 1875.0. A precesión provoca unha desviación que aumenta lentamente da cuadrícula orixinariamente rectilínea. Estas constelacións convertéronse na forma estándar de describir o ceo, substituíndo conxuntos similares noutras culturas do ceo no uso diario.
    
    #### Figuras de constelacións
    
    Nos mapas estelares é habitual marcar "patróns" de liñas que representan as formas que dan nome ás constelacións. Porén, a IAU define unha constelación polo seu límite (indicado polas coordenadas do ceo) e non polo seu patrón e a mesma constelación pode ter varias variantes na súa representación.
    
    Esta cultura do ceo utiliza figuras de constelación producidas en colaboración coa revista "Sky and Telescope" (Roger Sinnott e Rick Fienberg) e publicadas no sitio web oficial da IAU [#1]. Os patróns de constelación de Alan MacRobert, foron influenciados polos de H. A. Rey pero en moitos casos foron axustados para preservar tradicións anteriores.
    
    ### Nomes propios de estrelas
    
    O catálogo de estrelas de Ptolomeo tiña o deseño dunha táboa que enumeraba a descrición da posición da estrela na figura da constelación, as coordenadas eclípticas e a magnitude, por exemplo: "A estrela na punta da cola da Osa Menor", "Gem 0 1/6". , +66", "Mag 3".
    
    Na maioría dos casos, os nomes das estrelas evolucionaron polas abreviaturas sistemáticas dos astrónomos destas descricións, por exemplo, un primeiro astrónomo abreviou nun texto "punta da cola", un seguinte astrónomo debuxou un mapa con menos espazo e escribiu só "cola" xunto á estrela e este nome quedou. Ó longo dos séculos, estas descricións foron traducidas ó árabe e ó latín, e nalgúns casos os tradutores ou escribas cometían erros debido á mala lectura ou á ortografía das palabras árabes (por exemplo, o árabe "yad al gauza", a man da muller xigante, foi desprazado ó termo común "Betelgeuse").
    
    Non obstante, tamén hai algunhas palabras gregas orixinais como a estrela vermella "Antares", a contraparte de Ares (Marte), e mesmo algúns termos babilónicos orixinais como "Shargaz", o aguillón, en Scorpius. Os nosos nomes de estrelas modernos e máis recentes da IAU [n.° 7] son unha mestura renovada, tamén con influencias ou incluso adicións de nomes de estrelas desexadas politicamente das culturas do ceo non ptolemaica, por ex o tradicional Pingsing, un nome de estrela chinés para unha estrela en Hidra (o seu significado é só "estrela", unha reminiscencia da súa posición solitaria), ou os nomes de estrelas recentemente adoptados das culturas polinesias, hawaianas ou aborixes para nomes de estrelas con exoplanetas.
    
    A IAU é a única autoridade cientificamente aceptada para asignar novos nomes ás estrelas. Explotacións comerciais como os "rexistros de nomes de estrelas", que venden estrelas con fins conmemorativos ou como agasallos, só venden anacos de papel impreso. Estes nomes non están aprobados e nunca os usan os científicos.
    
    ### Nomes propios dos obxectos do ceo profundo
    
    Uranometria 2000.0 é un atlas das estrelas do ceo da era 2000.0 elaborado polo artista holandés Wil Tirion e publicado en 1987 pola editorial estadounidense Willmann-Bell, especializada en literatura astronómica.
    
    O Atlas de Tirion, respectado polos astrónomos pola súa precisión e beleza, está provisto de táboas detalladas e varios índices. O segundo volume contén tres superposicións transparentes deseñadas para medicións precisas. Uranometria 2000.0 contén máis de 280.000 estrelas e máis de 30.000 obxectos do ceo profundo, en particular, todos os obxectos dos catálogos Messier e NGC.
    
    A segunda edición (corrixida e completa) de tres volumes de "Uranometria 2000.0", publicouse en 2001 baixo o nome "Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Atlas" e contén 280.035 estrelas de ambos hemisferios de ata 9,75<sup>m</sup> de tamaño nunha escala de 1,85. cm por grao de declinación en 220 extensións de formato A3. No atlas préstase especial atención ós obxectos do ceo profundo, hai máis de 30 mil deles na segunda edición, moitas veces máis ca en calquera outro atlas de papel.
    
    O terceiro volume de "Uranometria 2000.0" é unha guía de obxectos do ceo profundo - Deep Sky Field Guide, que consta de táboas con datos científicos e nomes propios dos obxectos representados nos dous primeiros volumes [#3].

note: Modern (IAU) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [The Constellations](https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/)
     - [#2]: [IAU Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN)](https://exopla.net/star-names/modern-iau-star-names/)
     - [#3]: [Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Field Guide. ISBN: 0-943396-73-5](https://shopatsky.com/products/uranometria-2000-0-atlas-deep-sky-field-guide)
     - [#4]: Delporte, Eugene (1930). "Delimitation scientifique des constellations (tables et cartes)". Cambridge.
     - [#5]: Hoffmann, Susanne M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, 2017
     - [#6]: Santiago Paolantonio, Beatriz García (2019). "Uranometría Argentina and the constellation boundaries". Under One Sky: The IAU Centenary Symposium. Cambridge. p. 505.
     - [#7]: [IAU Working Group Star Names. WGSN](https://iau.org/WG280/WG280/Home.aspx)
gl:  - [#1]: [The Constellations](https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/)
    - [#2]: [IAU Catalog of Star Names (IAU-CSN)](https://exopla.net/star-names/modern-iau-star-names/)
    - [#3]: [Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Field Guide. ISBN: 0-943396-73-5](https://shopatsky.com/products/uranometria-2000-0-atlas-deep-sky-field-guide)
    - [#4]: Delporte, Eugene (1930). "Delimitation scientifique des constellations (tables et cartes)". Cambridge.
    - [#5]: Hoffmann, Susanne M.: Hipparchs Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden / New York, 2017
    - [#6]: Santiago Paolantonio, Beatriz García (2019). "Uranometría Argentina and the constellation boundaries". Under One Sky: The IAU Centenary Symposium. Cambridge. p. 505.
    - [#7]: [IAU Working Group Star Names. WGSN](https://iau.org/WG280/WG280/Home.aspx)

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture name
en: Modern (H.A. Rey)
gl: Moderna (H.A. Rey)

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: During the 19th century the use and further editions of richly illustrated atlases with sumptuously engraved mythological figures fell out of fashion. The stars of the constellations in atlases of that time started to be shown connected with line patterns ("stick figures"), which however appear sometimes only to have been used to indicate which stars belong to which constellation. Over several decades the figures had ceased to resemble the figures they were named after and appeared incomprehensible to beginning stargazers in the middle of the 20th century.
gl: Durante o século XIX estaba de moda o uso de edicións de atlas ricamente ilustrados con figuras mitolóxicas suntuosamente gravadas. As estrelas das constelacións nos atlas daquela época comezaron a mostrarse relacionadas con patróns de liña ("figuras de pau"), que ás veces só parecen usarse para indicar a que estrelas pertencen as constelacións. Durante varias décadas, as figuras deixaron de semellarse ás figuras que lles daban nome e parecían incomprensibles nos inicios e mediados do século XX.

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: <img src="illustrations/Rey_cover.png" width="150" align="right"/> H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), an artist and author of children's books of German descent but emigrated to the USA, published his answer to this problem in 1952 with the book *The Stars - A New Way To See Them*[#1][#2].
    
    ### The Constellations
    
    In this book, which has become very popular especially in the US, Rey connected the stars of every constellation "in such a way that the resulting shape makes sense." What surprised him was "that nobody has done it before. The basic idea is so simple."
    
    Rey's new stick figures make it indeed very simple to recognize the depicted constellation figures. Rey's work does not include figurative artwork, therefore this sky culture deliberately only comes with Rey's original stick figures. The constellation names were also always given in English by Rey. If you switch to "Native" name display mode, you may see exactly the spelling used in his book. Also the stars named here are limited to those included in the book.
    
    ### Rey's Figures and the Classic Constellations
    
    Rey's constellations adhere to the tradition of the Western sky culture and describes the 88 officially acknowledged constellations, with addition of asterisms of the two Dippers and the "Great Square" (of Pegasus). However, at several points Rey's figures deviate from the canonical figures described since Ptolemy's Almagest (2nd century AD), where also positions of the stars in their constellations had been described in their names. For example,
    
     - Rey inverted the figure of the Great Bear (*Ursa Major*) to look like a polar bear scenting prey. This on one hand does not have the usual problem to explain its long tail. On the other hand, the bear is not shown to walk around the pole in this orientation.
     - The Bull (*Taurus*), only the front of which is shown with long upright horns in usual depictions, is shown with a complete body including its tail, with horns stretched wide like those of a buffalo. Its bright eye *Aldebaran* now lies in its neck.
     - The head of *Hercules* is usually next to the head of *Ophiuchus*, the serpent holder, and the four stars known as "keystone" form his body. Rey makes his head out of the keystone, and the star that usually marks the hero's head is now one of his feet.
     - The Whale (*Cetus*) has been turned around, its former mouth now forming a tail fin.
     - *Pegasus* exchanged feet and head.
     - *Bootes*, the herdsman, is shown sitting and smoking a pipe (no trace of political correctness in a children's book of the 1950s... :-)
    
    ### External links
    
     - [H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey)
gl: <img src="illustrations/Rey_cover.png" width="150" align="right"/> H. A. Rey (Hans Augusto Reyersbach) (1898-1977), artista e autor de libros infantís de orixe alemá pero emigrado ós EUA, publicou a súa resposta a este problema en 1952 co libro *The Stars - A New Way To See Them*[#1][#2].
    
    ### As constelacións
    
    Neste libro, que se popularizou especialmente en Estados Unidos, Rey conectou as estrelas de cada constelación "de tal xeito que a forma resultante tivese sentido". O que o sorprendeu foi "que ninguén o fixera antes. A idea básica é tan sinxela".
    
    As novas figuras de Rey fan que sexa moi sinxelo recoñecer as figuras das constelacións representadas. A obra de Rey non inclúe obras de arte figurativas, polo que esta cultura do ceo vén deliberadamente só coas figuras orixinais de Rey. Rey tamén deu os nomes das constelacións en inglés. Se cambias ó modo de visualización de nomes "Nativos", pode que vexas exactamente a grafía empregada no seu libro. Tamén as estrelas nomeadas aquí se limítan ás incluídas no libro.
    
    ### Figuras de Rey e constelacións clásicas
    
    As constelacións de Rey adhírense á tradición da cultura do ceo occidental e describen as 88 constelacións oficialmente recoñecidas, engadindo asterismos dos dous culleróns e a "Praza Grande" (de Pegasus). Non obstante, en varios puntos as figuras de Rey desvíanse das figuras canónicas descritas desde o Almagest de Ptolomeo (século II d.C), onde tamén se describiron posicións das estrelas nas súas constelacións cos seus nomes. Por exemplo,
    
     - Rey inverteu a figura do Gran Oso (*Ursa Maior*) para parecer un oso polar cheirando presas. Isto por unha banda evita o problema habitual de explicar a súa longa cola. Por outra banda, non se mostra que o oso camiñe arredor do polo nesta orientación.
     - O Touro (*Taurus*), só na parte frontal amosa longos cornos en vertical; en representacións habituais móstrase cun corpo completo incluída a súa cola, con cornos estirados coma os dun búfalo. O seu brillante ollo *Aldebaraá* agora está no pescozo.
     - A cabeza de *Hércules* está usualmente xunto a cabeza de *Ophiuchus*, o portador da serpente e as catro estrelas coñecidas como "pedra mestra" forman o seu corpo. Rey pon a cabeza fóra da pedra clave e a estrela que adoita marcar a cabeza do heroe é agora un dos seus pés.
     - A Balea (*Cetus*) virouse, coa súa antiga boca formando agora unha aleta.
     - *Pegasus* mudou os pés e a cabeza.
     - *Bootes*, o pastor, móstrase sentado e fumando unha pipa (nin rastro de corrección política nun libro infantil da década de 1950 ... :-)
    
    ### Ligazóns externas
    
     - [H.A.Rey (Wikipedia)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._Rey)

note: Modern (H.A. Rey) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture used to be for a long time an easy user-installable addon example contributed by Mike Richards. It has been reworked following the 41st reprint and completed with this description by Georg Zotti.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi durante moito tempo un sinxelo exemplo de adición instalable polo usuario achegada por Mike Richards. Foi reelaborada tras a 41ª reimpresión e completada con esta descrición por Georg Zotti.

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture name
en: Modern (Sky & Telescope)
gl: Moderna (Sky & Telescope)

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Modern sky culture is used internationally by modern astronomers, and is the official scheme of The International Astronomical Union. It has historical roots in Ancient Greek astronomy, with influences from Islamic astronomy. The constellation figures and star names come from Sky & Telescope's definitions, and should be familiar to users of Sky & Telescope's Pocket Sky Atlas, Sky Atlas 2000.0, and the figures in Sky & Telescope magazine.
gl: A cultura do ceo moderno é utilizada internacionalmente polos astrónomos modernos, e é o esquema oficial da Unión Astronómica Internacional. Ten raíces históricas na astronomía grega antiga, con influencias da astronomía islámica. As figuras das constelacións e os nomes das estrelas proceden das definicións de Sky & Telescope, e deberían ser familiares para os usuarios de Pocket Sky Atlas de Sky & Telescope, Sky Atlas 2000.0 e as figuras da revista Sky & Telescope.

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: The modern culture divides the celestial sphere into 88 areas of various sizes called *constellations*, each with precise boundary, issued by the International Astronomical Union. These constellations have become the standard way to describe the sky, replacing similar sets in other sky cultures exhaustively in daily usage.
    
    Note: the Sky & Telescope sky culture does not provide constellation lines for Microscopium or Mensa.
    
    ### Star names
    
    The method used by Sky & Telescope to determine star names is detailed in the included *SnT_star_names.docx* file.
gl: A cultura moderna divide a esfera celeste en 88 áreas de varios tamaños chamadas constelacións *constelascións*, cada unha cun límite preciso, definido pola Unión Astronómica Internacional. Estas constelacións convertéronse na forma estándar de describir o ceo, substituíndo conxuntos similares noutras culturas do ceo no uso diario.
    
    Nota: a cultura do ceo de Sky & Telescope non prové liñas de constelacións para Microscopium ou Mensa.
    
    ### Nomes de estrelas
    
    O método empregado por Sky & Telescope para determinar os nomes de estrelas detállase no ficheiro *SnT_star_names.docx*.

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Sky & Telescope](https://www.skyandtelescope.com) homepage
     - [#2]: [Constellation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) article at Wikipedia
     - [#3]: [Star Catalogue](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue) article at Wikipedia
     - [#4]: [Official IAU constellation information](http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/)
gl:  - [#1]: [Sky & Telescope](https://www.skyandtelescope.com) homepage
     - [#2]: [Constellation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation) artigo na Wikipedia
     - [#3]: [Star Catalogue](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_catalogue) artigo na Wikipedia
     - [#4]: [Official IAU constellation information](http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/)

note: Modern (Sky & Telescope) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: Paul Krizak <paul.krizak@gmail.com> and Jonathan E. Piskor <jonathan.e.piskor@gmail.com>
gl: Paul Krizak <paul.krizak@gmail.com> e Jonathan E. Piskor <jonathan.e.piskor@gmail.com>

note: Modern (Sternenkarten) sky culture name
en: Modern (Sternenkarten)
gl: Moderna (Sternenkarten)

note: Modern (Sternenkarten) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: ### Figures in the sky
    
    People have probably always looked up to the stars. Some of them might wonder, what those little dots of light meant, up there. In their thoughts they connected the stars to form images and thus created their very own constellations.
    
    Each culture had different ideas about what was going on in the night sky. And so each culture painted different figures in the sky. In the western world, a sky culture emerged that, along with other influences, was strongly influenced by Greek mythology. This western sky culture established itself as the standard in modern astronomy.
gl: ### Figuras no ceo 
    
    A xente probablemente sempre mirou para as estrelas. Algúns poderían preguntarse que significaban eses pequenos puntos de luz, alí arriba. Nos seus pensamentos conectaron as estrelas para formar imaxes e así crearon as súas propias constelacións. 
    Cada cultura tiña ideas diferentes sobre o que pasaba no ceo nocturno. E así cada cultura pintou diferentes figuras no ceo. No mundo occidental xurdiu unha cultura do ceo que, xunto con outras influencias, estivo fortemente influenciada pola mitoloxía grega. Esta cultura do ceo occidental estableceuse como o estándar da astronomía moderna.

note: Modern (Sternenkarten) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Division of the sky
    
    In 1922 the International Astronomical Union began to define this standard more precisely. 88 constellations were selected that covered the entire sky. The names and the boundaries of the 88 constellations were made binding, but not the historically created shapes of the constellations themselves.
    
    ### From image to constellation
    
    Greek mythology is rich in stories about gods and heroes. These stories have not been forgotten until today, among other things through the works of Hesiod and Homer. Atlases were created that showed the starry sky, illustrated with figures from Greek mythology. The stars in these figures were connected by lines, creating constellations. It was clear what these constellations were supposed to represent. But if you looked at the lines alone without the corresponding figures, the connection to the constellation was often no longer immediately understandable
    
    ### The stars, a new way to see them
    
    The children's book author H. A. Rey recognized this dilemma. He wondered why it had never occurred to anyone to draw the constellations so, that their shape made sense. He connected stars with lines and thus painted his own constellations. These constellations were intuitively recognizable, because the constellation lines themselves painted the images. H. A. Rey published his work under the title "The Stars. A New Way To See Them".
    
    ### The sky culture sternenkarten.com
    
    The sky culture sternenkarten.com is based on the idea of H. A. Rey to paint constellations in such a way, that they can be recognized intuitively. Some of the constellations, it contains, are more or less similar to those of H. A. Rey, others are based on the western standard sky culture. And still others have been completely redesigned.
    
    As far as possible, the following points have been implemented
    
     - Clear simple shapes
     - Intuitive recognizability
     - Recognizing is more important than the inclusion of many stars
     - Fainter stars are not considered because of the light pollution in the modern world
     - Triangles are easy to spot. That is why the characters wear triangular hats
    
    The following special features were built into the constellation culture:
    
     - The constellation Lynx uses a star from the constellation Great Bear
     - The constellation Snake is not divided into two parts. A complete snake is drawn
     - The star Alpheratz belongs to both the constellation Pegasus and the constellation Andromeda
    
    ### History of the sky culture sternenkarten.com
    
     - 2015: Photographing the night sky that can be seen from Germany.
     - 2015: Development of the sky culture sternenkarten.com
     - 2015: Drawing the constellations in the photos
     - 2016: Publication of the sky culture on the Internet
     - 2020: Adding to Kstars
     - 2021: Expanding with the constellations of the southern hemisphere
    
    Documentation: [Meine kleinen Sternenkarten](https://sternenkarten.com/die-sternbilder/)
gl: ### División do ceo
    
    En 1922 a Unión Astronómica Internacional comezou a definir este estándar con máis precisión. Seleccionáronse 88 constelacións que cubrían todo o ceo. Os nomes e os límites das 88 constelacións fixéronse vinculantes, pero non as formas historicamente creadas das propias constelacións.
    
    ### Da imaxe á constelación
    
    A mitoloxía grega é rica en historias sobre deuses e heroes. Estas historias non foron esquecidas ata hoxe, entre outras cousas debido ás obras de Hesíodo e Homero. Creáronse atlas que mostraban o ceo estrelado, ilustrado con figuras da mitoloxía grega. As estrelas destas figuras estaban conectadas por liñas, creando constelacións. Estaba claro o que debían representar estas constelacións. Pero ó mirar as liñas só, sen as figuras correspondentes, a conexión coa constelación moitas veces xa non era inmediatamente comprensible.
    
    ### As estrelas, unha nova forma de velas
    
    O autor de libros infantís H. A. Rey recoñeceu este dilema. Preguntouse por que nunca se lle ocorrera a ninguén debuxar as constelacións para que a súa forma tivese sentido. Conectou estrelas con liñas e así pintou as súas propias constelacións. Estas constelacións eran intuitivamente recoñecibles, porque as propias liñas das constelacións pintaban as imaxes. H. A. Rey publicou o seu traballo baixo o título "As estrelas. Unha nova forma de velas".
    
    ### A cultura do ceo sternenkarten.com
    
    A cultura do ceo sternenkarten.com baséase na idea de H. A. Rey de pintar constelacións de tal xeito que se poidan recoñecer intuitivamente. Algunhas das constelacións, que contén, son máis ou menos semellantes ás de H. A. Rey, outras están baseadas na cultura do ceo estándar occidental. E aínda outras foron completamente redeseñadas.
    
    Na medida do posible, aplicáronse os seguintes criterios
    
    - Limpiar formas sinxelas
    - Recoñecemento intuitivo
    - Recoñecer é máis importante cá inclusión de moitas estrelas
    - Non se consideran as estrelas máis débiles debido á contaminación lumínica no mundo moderno
    - Os triángulos son doados de detectar. Por iso os personaxes levan sombreiros triangulares
    
    As seguintes características especiais foron incorporadas á cultura da constelación:
    
    - A constelación Lynx usa unha estrela da constelación da Osa Maior
    - A constelación da Serpe non está dividida en dúas partes. Debúxase unha serpe completa
    - A estrela Alpheratz pertence tanto á constelación de Pegaso como á constelación de Andrómeda.
    
    ### Historia da cultura do ceo sternenkarten.com
    
    - 2015: Fotografando o ceo nocturno que se pode ver desde Alemaña.
    - 2015: Desenvolvemento da cultura do ceo sternenkarten.com
    - 2015: Debuxo das constelacións nas fotos
    - 2016: Publicación da cultura do ceo en Internet
    - 2020: Engadindo a Kstars
    - 2021: Expansión coas constelacións do hemisferio sur
    
    Documentación: [Meine kleinen Sternenkarten](https://sternenkarten.com/die-sternbilder/)

note: Mongolian sky culture name
en: Mongolian
gl: Mongol

note: Mongolian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Mongolian constellations and cosmogony were inherited from the occidental civilisation notably by the contact with Alexander the Great and was largely influenced by Chinese civilisation and Buddhist religion, resulting in numerous myths and beliefs linked with what surrounds them. The local wild and fauna are the main themes of this skyculture. The wealth of Mongolian cosmogony is probably to link with the observation conditions for whom they benefit even now. In the past, the necessity for them to move and to get one's bearing even during the night and at different seasons, by searching the weather's mildness, is probably one of the element which developed their imagination facing the sky.
gl: As constelacións e a cosmogonía mongolas foron herdadas da civilización occidental, sobre todo polo contacto con Alexandre Magno e foron influenciadas en gran medida pola civilización chinesa e a relixión budista, dando lugar a numerosos mitos e crenzas vinculadas co que as rodea. A vida salvaxe e a fauna locais son os principais temas desta cultura celeste. A riqueza da cosmogonía mongol probablemente debe vincularse coas condicións de observación das que se benefician aínda agora. Antigamente, a necesidade de moverse e orientarse mesmo durante a noite e nas diferentes estacións, buscando o bo tempo, é probablemente un dos elementos que desenvolveu a súa imaxinación de cara ó ceo.

note: Mongolian sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Constellations
    
     Generally, stars represent animals turning around the North Star which is symbolized by the Golden Nail (*Altan Hadaas*). Almost all Mongolian asterisms are similar to those that we know. However some have other names like *Num Sum* (The Bow and the Arrow) for the constellation Swan, or *Doloon Burkhan* for the seven stars of the Big Dipper. The summer triangle made up of Vega, Deneb and Altair stars refers to three stags (*Gurvan Maral Od* in Mongolian). And Cassiopeia represents, in the Mongolian imagination, the Five Stars Woman (*Hun Tavan Od*).
    
    ### Planets and Stars
    
     Originally, Tibeto-Mongolian astrology calculates the positions of each of the planets visible with the naked eye. Because planets beyond Saturn are not visible without telescope (the instrument which appeared long time after the creation of their astrology), the Mongolians have attributed one of the five planets for each day of the week, completing with the Sun (*Nar*) for Sunday and the Moon (*Sar*) for Monday. The names of the Solar System's planets and Pluto have some peculiarities in Mongolian. Mercury is named *Bud* (associated with Wednesday), Venus, *Sugar* (associated with Friday), the Earth, *Delkhii*, Mars, *Angarag* (associated with Tuesday), Jupiter, *Barhasbadi* (associated with Thursday), Saturn, *Sanchir* (associated with Saturday), Uranus, *Tengeriin-van*, Neptune, *Dalai-van* and at last Pluto, *Dalkhii-van*. We can see that the three last, invisible to the naked eye and discovered long time after the others, have the characteristic to have the particle *-van* at the end of the name, indicating the princely status in Mongolian. Earth and Pluto are named similarly, except that this last one has this particle. It is possible to translate from Mongolian Pluto like "The princely ground" (ground and not Earth because it means here the surface on which we walk, not the Earth. Uranus, *Tengeriin-van*, could be translated as "princely sky", and Neptune, *Dalai-van*, as the "princely ocean". Nevertheless, this particle has no real equivalent in English, and translations above are presented to give an idea of the planet name's meaning. However, the names of the celestial bodies specified here come from Sanskrit (language spoken in India) and are largely used in the current language in Mongolia but in an unofficial way.
    
     It is also very interesting to see the tight link between terms designating other celestial bodies and their beliefs: indeed, *Tengeriin Zadas* appoints the Milky Way. We could literally translate this as the "Sky Line" (*Tengeriin* for the sky, which also means the god of the sky, and *Zadas* for the line). Well known in Mongolian star lore concerns Alcor, the star located above Mizar in the Greater Bear. It symbolises the recover and protection star. It was placed here by *Tengeriin* (god of heaven) to protect Mizar. To become an archer for Genghis Khan (13th century), it seemed that one had to be able to discern these two stars with the naked eye.
    
     From a historic point of view, this excellent knowledge of the sky goes back to *Ulug Beg* (AD1394-1449; *Taraghay* by his real name), astronomer, mathematician and viceroy in Samarkand whose empire spread as far as Central Asia. Turning away from his royal obligations, he examined celestial bodies and astronomical questions of his time. He is the first to extremely precisely measure Saturn's revolution period (*Sanchir*) with a sextant of 40 meters radius.
    
    ### Myths and Legends
    
    ### The Greater Bear
    
     Mongolians are particularly attached to the Great Bear. This constellation is limited for them to the seven Dipper stars making the bear's tail and body, but the legend concerning it is probably the most famous in Mongolia.
    
    > Once upon a time, there were eight orphan brothers gifted with outstanding capabilities living within a kingdom. The king and the queen lived within it peacefully. One day, a monster came and kidnapped the queen. The king asked the eight brothers to bring her back and said: "If one of you succeeds to rescue my beloved, I will give to him a golden arrow". The orphans went together to assist their queen. They searched the monster during two days and three nights, when in the middle of the third night, they found and killed the monster. They brought back the queen in the castle.
    >
    > The king did not split the arrow in eight parts, he decided to throw it into the sky. The first to catch it should keep it. The younger brother succeeded the test and changed immediately into the North Star (Polar Star). The seven others changed into the seven gods, the seven Buddhas visiting their younger brother every night. The name *Doloon burkhan* (the Seven Buddhas) come from this legend to appoint the Great Bear and the Golden Nail, *Altan Hadaas*, the Polar Star.
    
     A tradition, particularly delightful, concerns the link between Mongolian people and the Greater Bear as one star of this constellation is attributed to each of them. It depends on their birth year in the Chinese calendar. Chinese and Mongolian calendars have some similarities (the Mongolian calendar is a lunar calendar). Each year is symbolized by an animal, itself associated to a star of the constellation Greater Bear. The first, Dubhe, corresponds to the rat's year, the second, Merak, corresponds to the ox and so on until the end of the Great Bear's tail where Alkaid symbolizes the year of the horse. Then we come back to the first, the sheep year and we repeat the same way until the twelfth and latest year of the Chinese calendar, the one of the pig. Therefore, the two stars at the end of the tail are assigned one time only.
    
    [Note by G. Zotti: This is a variant of the old Seven Buddha Sutra described by *Elverskog* [#2]. There however, the association of the stars goes in an up-and-down movement, i.e., Dubhe/Rat, Merak/Ox, ... Mizar/Snake, Alkaid/Horse, Mizar/Goat, ... Merak/Pig.]
     <img src="illustrations/doloon_burkhan.png" width="550">
    
    ### Shooting stars
    
     Shooting stars have also a specific meaning: they are personified through their beliefs. When they see these shooting stars they imagine that it is a star which falls from the sky and which symbolizes somebody who just died. Whereas occidental people make a wish, Mongolians say: "Phew, it is not me!"
    
    ### Neglected Legends
    
     Three legends just as rich in meaning concern the Sun, eclipses and *Hun Tavan Od* (Cassiopeia). However, they are nowadays neglected and almost forgotten by most Mongolians:
    
    #### Sun
    
    > At the origin of the world, there was only one man and vast particularly dry meadows, burned by the seven suns which lit the world. This man, a very good archer, made the promise to the gods that he pierced all these suns without missing a target even once. If he should fail, he would cut himself all the fingers one by one and leave to live in a hole like a marmot (groundhog) to ward off the curse that would weigh on him. He took his bow, pulled a first arrow and hit his target. A second, a third until the sixth which destroyed the suns. He finished by pulling his seventh arrow towards the last sun, when a swallow flew off and passed through its direction. The bird was hit. The man had not reached his goal, so he left towards exile in a hole, cut his fingers and turned into a marmot. The swallow had just saved our Sun, otherwise all life would have disappeared from the world's surface.
    
     We have to see here a parallel with the number seven, important in the Mongolian culture like all odd numbers. They bring luck in the buddhist religion.
    
    #### Eclipses
    
    > At that time lived a scary monster named *Raah* which frightened the entire world. He devoured all who were in its way. The god *Orchiwaani* owned a magic spring: whoever drank from it became immortal. One day, *Raah* stole the spring and drunk. The Moon and the Sun caught the monster in the act and reported to *Orchiwaani*. Seething with rage to hear about this piece of news he went to fight the monster. He cut its head many times but it grew again immediately because *Raah* had become immortal. He thought then to cut its tail in order to allow all that it ate to leave again directly. Just as *Orchiwaani* would seize the monster to finish it off, it escaped and disappeared between the Moon and the Sun. Then *Orchiwaani* asked the Moon, who recaptured *Raah* and cut its rump and its tail. In revenge, the monster comes back sometimes to eat the Moon or the Sun which exit immediately, giving rise to moon and solar eclipses.
    
    When there is an eclipse, Mongolians know that it means that *Raah* devours the Moon or the Sun and they make a lot of noise so that the monster liberates the eclipsed star. In the 13th century, Guillaume de Rubruck wrote:
    
    > "Some [Mongolian people] have knowledge in astronomy and predict them [to other Mongolian people] the Lunar and Solar eclipses and, when it is about to produce one, everybody stocks up on food because they do not pass the door of their habitation. And while the eclipse happened, they play the drum and instruments and do big noise and clamors. When the eclipse is finished, they devote themselves to beverage and festivity and do big party."
    
    (Source: [#1])
    
    Eclipse travelers in 2008 still witnessed drivers and cooks hiding in their tents and making noise with the pots. It seemed authentic, not a show for the tourists. Also note the similarity of *Raah* with Indian *Rahu*.
    
    #### Cassiopeia (*Hun Tavan Od*)
    
    Cassiopeia (*Hun Tavan Od*) symbolises unity, brotherhood, solidarity for the Mongolians. The constellation's five stars represent unity of the five children of Genghis Khan's wife, Oulin.
    
    > Them did not get well along with each other and squabbled all the time. Their mother decided to strongly tie five ropes, and each one should try to untie a knot. If they succeeded, it meant that they didn't remain united with each other, and that the brotherhood didn't gather in hard times. Conversely, if the knots withstood the test, the five brothers would remain united and close for the rest of their lives and would be victorious at the time of wars.
    
    ### Other Beliefs Linked to the Sky
    
    According to a Mongolian legend, a woman devoting herself to count one hundred stars in the sky will dream about her future husband.
    
     Sometimes, Mongolians honor the Greater Bear (*Doloon Burkhan*) by throwing milk in its direction. Milk, of white color, symbolizes purity in Mongolia. They pray so that something may be fulfilled, but for several persons, not for just one person, because this would bring bad luck. Milk can be replaced by vodka which, even if it is colorless, symbolizes the dark color and the strength for Mongolians. By doing this, it avoids bad luck, quarrels, fear and fends off evil spirits.
    
    ### Conclusion
    
     The constellations are inspired by occidental ones, but the Mongolian cosmogony, briefly exposed here, highlights a notable identity of beliefs which are associated with it. Mongolian culture and knowledge transmission is essentially oral, and so few written traces exist about these subjects. It is therefore particularly hard to relate their cosmogony with high fidelity and precision. In order to preserve knowledge about this cosmogony, every observation, suggestions or collaboration are welcome!
    
    ### Acknowledgements and Further Reading
    
     - Bayrlalaa (thank you) to Mongolians, for their kindness and their help in the gathering of these informations about their culture and their cosmogony
     - [L'Uranoscope de France](http://uranoscope.free.fr)
     - [ L'Association Française d'Astronomie / The French Astronomy Association](http://www.afanet.fr)
     - [OutOfNowhere](http://www.outofnowhere.asia)
gl: ### Constelacións 
    
    Xeralmente, as estrelas representan animais que xiran arredor da Estrela Polar que está simbolizada pola Unlla Dourada (*Altan Hadaas*). Case todos os asterismos mongois son similares ós que coñecemos. Non obstante, algúns teñen outros nomes como *Num Sum* (O arco e a frecha) para a constelación do Cisne, ou *Doloon Burkhan* para as sete estrelas da Osa Maior. O triángulo de verán composto polas estrelas Vega, Deneb e Altair refírese a tres cervos (*Gurvan Maral Od* en mongol). E Casiopea representa, no imaxinario mongol, a Muller das Cinco Estrelas (*Hun Tavan Od*).
    
    ### Planetas e estrelas 
    
    Orixinalmente, a astroloxía tibeto-mongol calcula as posicións de cada un dos planetas visibles a simple vista. Debido a que os planetas máis aló de Saturno non son visibles sen telescopio (un instrumento que apareceu moito tempo despois da creación da súa astroloxía), os mongois atribuíron un dos cinco planetas para cada día da semana, completando co Sol (*Nar*) para o domingo e a Lúa (*Sar*) para o luns. Os nomes dos planetas do Sistema Solar e de Plutón teñen algunhas peculiaridades en mongol. Mercurio chámase *Bud* (asociado ó mércores), Venus, *Sugar* (asociado ó venres), a Terra, *Delkhii*, Marte, *Angarag* (asociado ó martes), Xúpiter, *Barhasbadi* (asociado ó xoves), Saturno, *Sanchir* (asociado ó sábado), Uranus, *Dalaiptune,*Dalaengeriinune,*Dalai-van* e por último Plutón, *Dalkhii-van*. Podemos ver que os tres últimos, invisibles a simple vista e descubertos moito tempo despois dos outros, teñen a característica de ter a partícula *-van* ó final do nome, indicando o estado de principe en mongol. A Terra e Plutón reciben o mesmo nome, agás que este último ten esta partícula. Pódese traducir do mongol Plutón como "A terra do príncipe" (terra e non Terra porque aquí significa a superficie pola que camiñamos, non a Terra. Urano, *Tengerin-van*, podería traducirse como "ceo do príncipe", e Neptuno, *Dalai-van*, como o "océano do príncipe". Con todo, esta partícula non ten un significado real e equivalente de planeta en galego. Porén, os nomes dos corpos celestes aquí especificados proceden do sánscrito (lingua falada na India) e úsanse en gran parte na lingua actual en Mongolia pero de forma non oficial. 
    
    Tamén é moi interesante ver a estreita ligazón entre os termos que designan outros corpos celestes e as súas crenzas: de feito, *Tengerin Zadas* nomea a Vía Láctea. Poderiamos traducir isto literalmente como a "Liña do ceo" (*Tengerin* para o ceo, que tamén significa o deus do ceo, e *Zadas* para a liña). Ben coñecido na tradición estelar mongol ten que ver con Alcor, a estrela situada por riba de Mizar na Osa Maior. Simboliza a estrela de recuperación e protección. Foi colocado aquí por *Tengerin* (deus do ceo) para protexer a Mizar. Para converterse nun arqueiro de Genghis Khan (século XIII), seica había que ser capaz de discernir estas dúas estrelas a simple vista. 
    
    Desde un punto de vista histórico, este excelente coñecemento do ceo remóntase a *Ulug Beg* (1394-1449 d. C.; *Taraghay* polo seu verdadeiro nome), astrónomo, matemático e virrei de Samarcanda cuxo imperio se estendeu ata Asia Central. Afastándose das súas obrigas reais, examinou os corpos celestes e as cuestións astronómicas do seu tempo. É o primeiro en medir con extrema precisión o período de revolución de Saturno (*Sanchir*) cun sextante de 40 metros de radio.
    
    ### Mitos e lendas
    
    ### A Osa Maior 
    
    Os mongoles están especialmente apegados á Osa Maior. Esta constelación limítase para eles ás sete estrelas da Culler que forman a cola e o corpo do oso, pero a lenda sobre ela é probablemente a máis famosa de Mongolia.
    
    > Había unha vez oito irmáns orfos dotados de capacidades sobresalientes que vivían nun reino. O rei e a raíña vivían nel en paz. Un día veu un monstro e secuestrou a raíña. O rei pediulle ós oito irmáns que a trouxesen de volta e dixo: "Se algún de vós logra rescatar a miña amada, dareille unha frecha de ouro". Os orfos foron xuntos para axudar a súa raíña. Buscaron o monstro durante dous días e tres noites, cando no medio da terceira noite, o atoparon e mataron. Trouxeron de volta á raíña no castelo.
    >
    > O rei non partiu a frecha en oito partes, decidiu botala ó ceo. O primeiro en collela debe gardala. O irmán máis novo conseguina e mudou inmediatamente na Estrela do Norte (Estrela Polar). Os outros sete transformáronse nos sete deuses, os sete Budas visitaban o seu irmán menor todas as noites. O nome *Doloon burkhan* (os Sete Budas) provén desta lenda para nomear a Osa Maior e a Unlla de Ouro, *Altan Hadaas*, a Estrela Polar.
    
     Unha tradición, especialmente deliciosa, refírese ó vínculo entre o pobo mongol e a Osa Maior, xa que se atribúe a cada pobo unha estrela desta constelación. Depende do ano de nacemento no calendario chinés. Os calendarios chinés e mongol teñen algunhas semellanzas (o calendario mongol é un calendario lunar). Cada ano está simbolizado por un animal, asociado a unha estrela da constelación da Osa Maior. O primeiro, Dubhe, corresponde ó ano da rata, o segundo, Merak, corresponde ó boi e así ata o final do rabo da Osa Maior onde Alkaid simboliza o ano do cabalo. Despois volvemos ó primeiro, o ano das ovellas e repetimos igual ata o duodécimo e último ano do calendario chinés, o do porco. Polo tanto, as dúas estrelas ó final da cola son asignadas só unha vez.
    
    [Nota de G. Zotti: Esta é unha variante do antigo Sutra dos Sete Budas descrito por *Elverskog* [#2]. Alí, porén, a asociación das estrelas vai nun movemento de arriba abaixo, é dicir, Dubhe/Rata, Merak/Boi, ... Mizar/Serpe, Alkaid/Cabalo, Mizar/Cabra, ... Merak/Porco.]
     <img src="illustrations/doloon_burkhan.png" width="550">
    
    ### Estrelas fugaces 
    
    As estrelas fugaces tamén teñen un significado específico: son personificadas de acordo coas súas crenzas. Cando ven estas estrelas fugaces imaxinan que é unha estrela que cae do ceo e que simboliza que alguén acaba de morrer. Mentres os occidentais piden un desexo, os mongois din: "Uf, non son eu!"
    
    ### Lendas esquecidas
    
    Tres lendas igualmente ricas en significado concernen ó Sol, as eclipses e a *Hun Tavan Od* (Casiopea). Non obstante, hoxe en día están case esquecidas pola maioría dos mongois:
    
    #### Sol
    
    > Na orixe do mundo, só había un home e vastas pradeiras especialmente secas, queimadas polos sete soles que iluminaban o mundo. Este home, moi bo arqueiro, prometeulles ós deuses que atravesaría todos estes soles sen saltar ningún nin unha soa vez. Se fallaba, cortaríase todos os dedos un por un e marcharía a vivir nun burato coma unha marmota para afastar a maldición que pesaría sobre el. Colleu o seu arco, tirou unha primeira frecha e alcanzou o seu obxectivo. Un segundo, un terceiro ata o sexto, que destruíu os soles. Rematou tirando a súa sétima frecha cara ó último sol, cando unha andoriña voou e interpúxose. O paxaro foi alcanzado. O home non conseguira o seu obxectivo, polo que marchou cara ó exilio nun burato, cortouse os dedos e converteuse nunha marmota. A andoriña acababa de salvar o noso Sol, se non, toda a vida tería desaparecido da superficie do mundo. 
    
    Temos que ver aquí un paralelismo co número sete, importante na cultura mongol como todos os números impares. Traen sorte na relixión budista.
    
    #### Eclipses
    
    > Daquela vivía un monstro aterrador chamado *Raah* que amedrentaba o mundo enteiro. Devoraba ​​a todos os que atopaba no seu camiño. O deus *Orchiwaani* posuía un manancial máxico: quen bebía del convertíase en inmortal. Un día, *Raah* roubou o manancial e bebeu. A Lúa e o Sol pillaron ó monstro in fraganti e informaron a *Orchiwaani*. Fervendo de rabia ó escoitar esta noticia foi loitar contra o monstro. Cortoulle a cabeza moitas veces, pero volveulle crecer inmediatamente porque *Raah* se fixera inmortal. Pensou entón en cortarlle o rabo para que todo o que comía saíse de novo directamente. Xusto cando *Orchiwaani* se dispoñía a capturar o monstro para acabar con el, este escapou e desapareceu entre a Lúa e o Sol. Entón *Orchiwaani* preguntoulle á Lúa, que capturou a *Raah* e cortoulle o rabo. En vinganza, o monstro volve ás veces para comer a Lúa ou o Sol, que saen ó pouco, dando lugar a eclipses de lúa e sol.
    
    Cando hai unha eclipse, os mongois saben que significa que *Raah* devora a Lúa ou o Sol e fan moito ruído para que o monstro libere a estrela eclipsada. No século XIII, Guillaume de Rubruck escribiu:
    
    > "Algúns [mogois] teñen coñecementos en astronomía e predinlles [a outros pobos mongois] as eclipses de Lúa e de Sol e, cando está a piques de se producir un, todo o mundo se abastece de alimentos porque non pasan pola porta da súa vivenda. E mentres ocorre o eclipse, tocan o tambor e os instrumentos e fan moito ruído e clamores. Cando o eclipse remata dedícanse á bebida e fan unha gran festa".
    
    (Fonte: [#1])
    
    Os viaxeiros da Eclipse en 2008 aínda foron testemuñas de condutores e cociñeiros agochados nas súas tendas e facendo ruído coas potas. Parecía auténtico, non un espectáculo para os turistas. Téñase en conta tamén a semellanza de *Raah* co indio *Rahu*.
    
    #### Casiopea (*Hun Tavan Od*)
    
    Casiopea (*Hun Tavan Od*) simboliza a unidade, a fraternidade, a solidariedade para os mongois. As cinco estrelas da constelación representan a unidade dos cinco fillos da muller de Genghis Khan, Oulin.
    
    > Non se levaban ben entre si e rifaban todo o tempo. A súa nai decidiu amarrar con forza cinco cordas, e cada un debería tentar desatar o nó. Se o conseguían, significaba que non se mantiveron unidos entre si, e que a irmandade non se reuniu nos tempos difíciles. Pola contra, se os nós resistían a proba, os cinco irmáns permanecerían unidos durante o resto da súa vida e sairían vitoriosos nos tempos das guerras.
    
    ### Outras crenzas vinculadas ó ceo
    
    Segundo unha lenda mongol, unha muller que conta cen estrelas no ceo soñará co seu futuro marido. 
    
    Ás veces, os mongoles honran á Osa Maior (*Doloon iBurkhan*) botando leite na súa dirección. O leite, de cor branca, simboliza a pureza en Mongolia. Rezan para que algo se cumpra, pero por varias persoas, non por unha soa, porque iso traería mala sorte. O leite pode ser substituído por vodka que, aínda que sexa incoloro, simboliza a cor escura e a forza para os mongois. Ó facelo, evitan a mala sorte, as pelexas, o medo e afástase ós malos espíritos.
    
    ### Conclusión 
    
    As constelacións están inspiradas nas occidentais, pero a cosmogonía mongol, brevemente exposta aquí, destaca unha notable identidade de crenzas que se asocian a ela. A cultura e a transmisión do coñecemento mongol son esencialmente orais, polo que hai poucos rastros escritos sobre estes temas. Polo tanto, é especialmente difícil relacionar a súa cosmogonía con alta fidelidade e precisión. Para preservar o coñecemento desta cosmogonía, todas as observacións, suxestións ou colaboracións son benvidas!### Agradecementos e lecturas complementarias - Bayrlalaa (grazas) ós mongois, pola súa amabilidade e a súa axuda na recollida destas informacións sobre a súa cultura e a súa cosmogonía. - [ L'Association Française d'Astronomie / A Asociación Francesa de Astronomía](http://www.afanet.fr) - [OutOfNowhere](http://www.outofnowhere.asia)

note: Mongolian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: *Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols* by Jean-Paul Roux (French). *Revue de l'histoire des religions*, tome 195 n°2, 1979. pp; 153-192.
     - [#2]: [Johan Elverskog: The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. ](https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867) Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123.
gl:  - [#1]: *Les astres chez les Turcs et les Mongols* de Jean-Paul Roux (French). *Revue de l'histoire des religions*, tome 195 n°2, 1979. pp; 153-192.
     - [#2]: [Johan Elverskog: The Mongolian Big Dipper Sutra. ](https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8974/2867) Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 29 Nr1 2006(2008), pp87-123.

note: Mongolian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en:  This skyculture is a contribution from two users of Stellarium, **Anthony Lagain** (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) and **Batiste Rousseau** (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com) mainly based on oral tales of numerous Mongolians met during a two months stay in Mongolia. To learn more about them: [www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com](http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/) (in French).
gl:  A esta cultura do ceo contribuíron dous usuarios de Stellarium, **Anthony Lagain** (anthony.lagain(at)gmail.com) e **Batiste Rousseau** (batiste.rousseau(at)gmail.com) baseándose principalmente en contos orais de numerosos mongois coñecidos durante unha estadía de dous meses en Mongolia. Para saber máis sobre eles: [www.souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com](http://souslecieldemongolie.wordpress.com/) (en Francés).

note: Navajo sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Navajo are the largest Native American tribe in the United States; the Navajo Nation extends across northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah, and northwestern New Mexico.
gl: Os Navajo son a maior tribo nativo americana dos Estados Unidos; a nación navajo esténdese polo nordés de Arizona, o sueste de Utah e o noroeste de Novo México.

note: Navajo sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Karrie Berglund* of Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc. based primarily on the book **Star Trails-Navajo** by Don Childrey.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíu *Karrie Berglund* de Digitalis Education Solutions, Inc.baseándose primariamente no libro **Star Trails-Navajo** de Don Childrey.

note: Norse sky culture name
en: Norse
gl: Nórdico

note: Norse sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Norse Constellations](http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html)
gl:  - [#1]: [Constelacións nórdicas](http://digitaliseducation.com/resources-norse.html)

note: Norse sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Jonas Persson*, jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se
gl: A esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium contribuíu *Jonas Persson*, jonas.persson(at)mna.hkr.se

note: Northern Andes sky culture name
en: Northern Andes
gl: Andes do Norte

note: Northern Andes sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Northern Andes have a complex laboratory that teaches us about the different sciences that humanity has contemplated in its history; starting from observation to the various elements that surround us, with the need to ensure our survival as a species and lineage, the human being learned to understand the signals that the cosmos, plants, animals, the climate and other elements emit constantly. Then the wise learned to warn about the changes that affect living beings.
gl: Os Andes do Norte teñen un complexo laboratorio que nos ensina sobre as distintas ciencias que a humanidade contemplou na súa historia; partindo da observación dos diversos elementos que nos rodean, coa necesidade de asegurar a nosa supervivencia como especie e liñaxe, o ser humano aprendeu a comprender os sinais que o cosmos, plantas, animais, clima e outros elementos emiten constantemente. Entón o sabio aprendeu a decatarse dos cambios que afectan os seres vivos.

note: Northern Andes sky culture description section in markdown format
en: In order to replicate the ancestral measurements in the Andean observatories, we propose the use of a wide-mouth container; in the open we will place it and level properly. In order to create a star mirror we will fill it with water, in this reflection of the sky, the Andean sage can admire and record the movements of the sun, the moon, planets or the stars.
    
    The Stellarium simulator allows us to recreate these "cosmic mirrors" and analyze the specific stellar dynamics that are seen in the Northern Andes as well as the millenarian wise men in their patient observation through the ages. These beings have registered the cosmic movements in the current prehispanic heritage of the Andean peoples and produced graphic configurations, which after much joint work by several researchers in several generations at the beginning of the 21st century have been partially decoded.
    
    Here we tell what we found in the equatorial skies:
    
    ### The Sun (Punchao o Wilca)
    
    When we find ourselves in the center of the planet, the apparent movement that the sun makes through our annual journey around it is equidistant and proportional. At the equinoxes the sun will cross the center of the sky, on the solstice of June it will travel its southernmost road (it will go north) and on the solstice of December the northernmost path will be traveled (more to the south). These natural phenomena are the marks of the four main festivals that celebrate a specific part of the agricultural calendar because they are the points of inflection between the climatic seasons.
    
    According to the colonial chronicler Juan de Betanzos "the Indians knew the leap years"; thanks to the research of Gustavo Guayasamín, a cyclic movement is identified in a four-year interval in the sun; to observe it, we suggest placing ourselves at the March equinox (approximately the March equinoxes are the 21st day in the Gregorian calendar), at the solar daytime (12:20 in the civil time for the year 2018). We can then move forward in time thanks to the "Date / Time Window" from year to year and we will notice that the sun moves, returning to the point where the observation begins in periods of four years, for example: It starts in 2016, moves to the left of the spectator in 2017, continues moving to the left in 2018, also moves in 2019 and in 2020 returns to its initial position; then start the cycle again.
    
    ### Clear Constellations, Asterisms and Guidelines in the Andes.
    
    We consider that by means of "stellar mirrors" the sages could register the stellar traffic. Through this observation they noticed that during the nightfalls of each equinox and solstice, specific stars appear in the sky, as if they were marking the climatic changes to which we are exposed, so these cosmic signals were recorded in the Andean prehispanic patrimony giving rise to the Andean geometrical forms.
    
    #### March Equinox
    
    **"Antonio Quinatoa" Cross:** At dusk the first stars to appear are: Sirius - Procyon - Rigel - Betelgeuse, who form the cross named "Antonio Quinatoa". It is the constellation that governs the masculine cycle.
    
    #### September Equinox
    
    **Molestina Triangle:** The first stars to appear are: Altair - Vega - Antares who make up the triangle named "Molestina"
    
    **Constellation Daniela Alejandra Ayala:** Thanks to the hard work in the registration of the designs, we have identified the clear constellation named "Daniela Alejandra Ayala", cosmic set that accompanies the image of the "Mono Andino", will appear in the center of the sky at nightfall of the female equinox.
    
    #### June Solstice
    
    **South Cross:** The most outstanding stars in the evening of the Summer Solstice for the Northern Hemisphere are: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis, λ Crucis and μ Crucis who form the "Southern Cross".
    
    #### December Solstice
    
    **The “Jorge Trujillo” Arrow:** The most outstanding stars in the evening of the winter solstice for the southern hemisphere are Caph - Shedar - Navi - κ Cas, they are part of the western constellation of Cassiopeia, the resulting form evokes the shape of an arrow that at the end of the December solstice It is in an East - West direction.
    
    The asterisms that we include are the first stars to appear at the end of each equinox or solstice. Like the constellations, these basic forms (diamond, square, triangle and arrow), mark the beginning or end of a cycle, apparently human beings discovered and recorded them before the forms in the dark constellations.
    
    ### The Sacred Beings in the Cosmos. The Dark Constellations.
    
    #### The Milky Way
    
    Our planet belongs to the galaxy of the Milky Way, whose shape is that of a large disk with two bulging arms; this form and the rotation of the earth means that at the evenings of the equinoxes and solstices we can appreciate a specific part of it, thus becoming a signal that the ancestors appreciated to measure the times. Called in the Andes as the "Muyun" for many peoples, it represents a gigantic life-giving serpent.
    
    Contrary to the West, the constellations are not made up of bright points or stars; the astral beings are housed in the "dark spots" existing in the brilliance of the Milky Way, so at each of the turning points in our annual path around the sun (Solstices and Equinoxes), we will find a guiding constellation in each "visible end" of the galaxy. As with lunar or solar movements, the movements of the constellations in the Northern Andes marked the beginning or end of specific eras, agricultural, civil, reproductive or festive. They determined the fate of beings, receiving respect and veneration for those who came for their wisdom; thus developing a religious thought similar to that of the sun or the moon throughout the continent.
    
    Here we describe the constellations decoded to date:
    
    #### Dark Constellations
    
    |Image|Description|
    |-----|-----------|
    |<img src="illustrations/jaguar.png" width="100" height="107" />|Estelina Quinatoa (The Jaguar): Constellation that governs the male cycle, also called "Wilca" or "Otorongo", indicates the arrival of the crops of tender grains.|
    |<img src="illustrations/mono.png" width="100" height="107" />|Mercedes Cotacachi (The Monkey): Constellation that governs the female cycle, indicates the arrival of rains and the start of agricultural processes.|
    |<img src="illustrations/sapo.png" width="100" height="107" />|Hernán Crespo Toral (The Frog): The "Hampatu" is the animal that has several stages, like the Andean thought, it appears on the night of the June solstice and it is related to the contact with the world of the dead.|
    |<img src="illustrations/guerrero.png" width="100" height="107" />|Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (The Warrior): Known as "the Man and the Spear" or "The Dancer", the constellation governs the December solstice.|
gl: Para replicar as medidas ancestrais nos observatorios andinos propoñemos o uso dun recipiente de boca ancha, ó aire libre, colocámolo e nivelámolo correctamente. Para crear un espello de estrelas enchémolo de auga, neste reflexo do ceo, o sabio andino pode admirar e rexistrar os movementos do sol, a lúa, os planetas ou as estrelas.
    
    O simulador Stellarium permítenos recrear estes "espellos cósmicos" e analizar a dinámica estelar específica que se pode ver nos Andes do Norte, tal e como fixeron os milenarios sabios na súa observación paciente a través dos tempos. Estas persoas rexistraron os movementos cósmicos do patrimonio prehispánico actual dos pobos andinos e produciron configuracións gráficas, que, despois de moito traballo conxunto de investigadores en varias xeracións, a principios do século XXI foron parcialmente descodificadas.
    
    Aquí contamos o que atopamos nos ceos ecuatoriais:
    
    ### O Sol (Punchao o Wilca)
    
    Se nos atopamos no centro do planeta, o aparente movemento que fai o sol na nosa viaxe anual arredor del é equidistante e proporcional. Nos equinoccios o sol atravesará o centro do ceo, no solsticio de xuño percorrerá os eu camiño máis meridional (irá cara o norte) e no solsticio de decembro percorrerá o camiño máis setentrional (máis ó sur). Estes fenómenos naturais son as marcas das catro principais festas que celebran unha parte específica do calendario agrícola porque son os puntos de inflexión coas estacións climáticas.
    
    Segundo o cronista colonial Juan de Betanzos "os indios coñecían os anos bisestos"; grazas á investigación de Gustavo Guayasamín, identifícase un movemento cíclico nun intervalo de catro anos no sol; para observalo, suxerimos situarnos no equinoccio de marzo (aproximadamente os equinoccios de marzo son o día 21 no calendario gregoriano), no día solar (12:20 na hora civil do ano 2018). Podemos avanzar no tempo grazas á "Ventá de Data/Tempo" de ano en ano e notaremos que o sol se move, volvendo ó punto en que a observación comeza en períodos de catro anos, por exemplo: Comeza en 2016 , móvese á esquerda do espectador en 2017, continúa avanzando cara á esquerda en 2018, tamén se move en 2019 e en 2020 volve á súa posición inicial; logo inicia o ciclo de novo.
    
    ### Limpar constelacións, asterismos e liñas guía nos Andes.
    
    Consideramos que mediante os "espellos estelares" os sabios poderían rexistrar o tráfico estelar. A través desta observación notaron que durante as noites de cada equinoccio e solsticio aparecen estrelas específicas no ceo, como se estivesen marcando os cambios climáticos ós que estamos expostos, polo que estes sinais cósmicos rexistráronse no patrimonio prehispánico andino dando lugar a as formas xeométricas andinas.
    
    #### Equinoccio de marzo
    
    **Cruz "Antonio Quinatoa":** Á noitiña as primeiras estrelas que aparecen son: Sirio - Procyon - Rigel - Betelgeuse, que forman a cruz chamada "Antonio Quinatoa". É a constelación que rexe o ciclo masculino.
    
    #### Equinoccio de setembro
    
    **Triángulo Molestina:** As primeiras estrelas en aparecer son: Altair - Vega - Antares que forman o triángulo chamado "Molestina"
    
    **Constelación Daniela Alejandra Ayala:** Grazas a un duro traballo no rexistro dos debuxos identificamos a constelación chamada "Daniela Alejandra Ayala", conxunto cósmico que acompaña a imaxe do "Mono Andino", e aparece no centro do ceo a noite do equinoccio feminino.
    
    #### Solsticio de xuño
    
    **Cruz do sur:** As estrelas máis destacadas da noite do solsticio de verán para o hemisferio norte son: Acrux, Mimosa, δ Crucis, ζ Crucis, λ Crucis e μ Crucis que forman a "Cruz do Sur".
    
    #### Solsticio de decembro
    
    **A frecha de “Jorge Trujillo”:** As estrelas máis destacadas na noite do solsticio de inverno para o hemisferio sur son Caph - Shedar - Navi - κ Cas, forman parte da constelación occidental de Casiopea, a forma resultante evoca a forma dunha frecha que ó final do Solsticio de decembro Está en dirección Leste - Oeste.
    
    Os asterismos que incluímos son as primeiras estrelas que aparecen ó final de cada equinoccio ou solsticio. Do mesmo xeito que as constelacións, estas formas básicas (diamante, cadrado, triángulo e frecha) marcan o comezo ou o final dun ciclo, ó parecer os seres humanos descubríronas e graváronas antes cás formas das constelacións escuras.
    
    ### Os Seres Sagrados no Cosmos. As constelacións escuras.
    
    #### A Vía Láctea
    
    O noso planeta pertence á galaxia da Vía Láctea, cuxa forma é a dun disco grande con dous brazos voluminosos; esta forma e a rotación da terra significa que polas noites dos equinoccios e dos solsticios podemos apreciar unha parte específica dela, converténdose así nun sinal que os antepasados apreciaron para medir o tempo. Chamada nos Andes o "Muyun", para moitos pobos representa unha xigantesca serpe que dá vida.
    
    En contraste con Occidente, as constelacións non están formadas por puntos brillantes ou estrelas; os seres astrais están aloxados nos "puntos escuros" existentes no brillo da Vía Láctea, polo que en cada un dos momentos de inflexión do noso camiño anual arredor do sol (Solsticios e equinoccios), atoparemos unha constelación guía en cada "final visible" da galaxia. Do mesmo xeito que cos movementos lunares ou solares os movementos das constelacións nos Andes do Norte marcaron o comezo ou o final de épocas específicas, agrícolas, civís, reprodutivas ou festivas. Determinaron o destino dos seres, recibindo respecto e veneración polos que acudiron á súa sabedoría, desenvolvendo así un pensamento relixioso similar ó do sol ou a lúa en todo o continente.
    
    Aquí describimos as constelacións decodificadas ata a data:
    
    #### Constelacións escuras
    
    |Image|Description|
    |-----|-----------|
    |<img src="illustrations/jaguar.png" width="100" height="107" />|Estelina Quinatoa (O xaguar): Constelación que goberna o ciclo masculino, tamén chamada "Wilca" ou "Otorongo", indica a chegada dos cultivos de grans tenros.|
    |<img src="illustrations/mono.png" width="100" height="107" />|Mercedes Cotacachi (O mono): A constelación que rexe o ciclo feminino, indica a chegada das choivas e o inicio dos procesos agrícolas.|
    |<img src="illustrations/sapo.png" width="100" height="107" />|Hernán Crespo Toral (A Ra): O "Hampatu" é o animal que ten varias etapas, como o pensamento andino, aparece na noite do solsticio de xuño e está relacionado co contacto co mundo dos mortos.|
    |<img src="illustrations/guerrero.png" width="100" height="107" />|Ana Jaramillo de Velasteguí (O guerreiro): coñecida como "o home e a lanza" ou "o bailarín", a constelación goberna o solsticio de decembro.|

note: Northern Andes sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: These constellations, asterisms and measurements are part of **the legacy of Ancestral Knowledge** protected and compiled by the **Clan Quinatoa, guardians of the millenary knowledge of the Lundauco Valley in Imbabura - Ecuador**
    .
    The astral information is based on the study of Andrés Alejandro Ayala Quinatoa in "Millenary Astronomy, what my teachers and ancestors taught me"; Servio Jr. Paladines collaborates for the computer integration.
    
    The present illustrations are inspired by the pre-Hispanic designs of the Pasto nation investigated by Estelina Quinatoa for the book "Ancestral Representations and Colors of the Cosmos" (Ministry of Culture and Heritage of Ecuador).
gl: Forman parte destas constelacións, asterismos e medicións**o legado de Coñecemento Ancestral**  protexido e compilado polo **Clan Quinatoa, gardiáns do coñecemento milenario do Val Lundauco en Imbabura - Ecuador**
    .
    A información astral baséase no estudo de Andrés Alejandro Ayala Quinatoa en "Astronomía milenaria, o que me ensinaron os meus mestres e devanceiros"; Servio Jr. Paladines colabora para a integración informática.
    
    As ilustracións presentes están inspiradas nos deseños prehispánicos da nación Pasto investigados por Estelina Quinatoa para o libro "Representacións ancestrais e cores do cosmos" (Ministerio de Cultura e Patrimonio do Ecuador).

note: Romanian sky culture name
en: Romanian
gl: Romanés

note: Romanian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Considered as a whole, Romanian popular stellar mythology has three essential components.
    
    The FIRST one - the ancestral pastoral-agricultural is pre-Christian, in which the sky seen both as an agrarian clock for specific activities and as an "exhibition" of agricultural tools used by peasants.
    
    The SECOND component - more recent - corresponding to the Christianization of Romanian geographical space and repositioning in the sky the Christian and pre-Christian elements where constellations are associated with cosmogonical and theogonical myths, so that the sky is seen more like a church.
    
    And the THIRD component - the origin of the Romanian people, projecting on the sky the synthesis of formation of this people (the conquest of Dacia by the Romans) through projection of dramatic scenes from this history of Dacians mixing with the Romans.
    
    **Note**: in Western Constellation Orion there are four Traditional Romanian Constellations that are overlapping.
gl: Considerada no seu conxunto, a mitoloxía estelar popular romanesa ten tres compoñentes esenciais.
    
    O PRIMEIRO - a pastoral-agrícola ancestral é precristiá, e nela o ceo víase coma un reloxo agrario para actividades específicas e tamén coma unha "exposición" de ferramentas agrícolas empregadas polos campesiños.
    
    O SEGUNDO compoñente - máis recente - correspondente á cristianización do espazo xeográfico romanés e a reposición no ceo dos elementos cristiáns e pre-cristiáns onde as constelacións están asociadas a mitos cosmogónicos e teogónicos, de xeito que o ceo é visto máis coma unha igrexa.
    
    E o TERCEIRO compoñente - a orixe do pobo romanés, proxectando sobre o ceo a síntese de formación deste pobo (a conquista de Dacia polos romanos) mediante a proxección de escenas dramáticas desta historia de dacios mesturados cos romanos.
    
    **Nota**: na constelación occidental de Orion, hai catro constelacións tradicionais romanesas que se solapan.

note: Romanian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Website for Tradițional Romanian Constellation](http://www.crt-ro.com)
     - [#2]: [On-line booklet in ro/en about 39 Traditional Romanian Constellations](http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-romanesti-tradiionale)
     - [#3]: [30 seconds movies made from scripts and with subtitle in English](http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro)
     - [#4]: [Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky – Translation of texts adapted from Ion Ottescu](http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news)
     - [#5]: [PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES](http://planetariubm.ro/)
    
    Thanks to Andrei Dorian Gheorghe and Alastair McBeth – SARM members
gl:  - [#1]: [Web para as Constelacións Romanesas Tradicionais](http://www.crt-ro.com)
     - [#2]: [On-line booklet in ro/en about 39 Traditional Romanian Constellations](http://www.slideshare.net/planetariubm/broura-constelaii-romanesti-tradiionale)
     - [#3]: [Películas de 30 segundos feitas a partir de scripts e con subtítulos en inglés](http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwaYDxThuSyGt1Pw55UxfI9802pq5fFro)
     - [#4]: [Crenzas campesiñas romanesas nas estrelas e no ceo - Tradución de textos adaptados de Ion Ottescu](http://www.sarm.ro/newsite/index.php?id=1&zi=29&luna=12&an=2009&act=news)
     - [#5]: [PLANETARIUL BAIA MARE – MARAMURES](http://planetariubm.ro/)
    
    Grazas a Andrei Dorian Gheorghe e Alastair McBeth – membros do SARM

note: Romanian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user [Mircea Lite](mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com) on behalf of Baia Mare Planetarium, as a result of a project called *Traditional Romanian Constellations* primarily based on the book *Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky* by Ioan Otescu.
    
    The Romanian constellation lines, images, scripts and texts for movies prepared by [Radu Lodina](mailto:rlodina@gmail.com) and [Ovidiu Ignat](mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com). Romanian constellation art done by Zamfir Somcutean.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo para Stellarium contribuíu [Mircea Lite](mailto:MirceaLite@yahoo.com) en nome do planetario Baia Mare, como resultado dun proxecto chamado*Traditional Romanian Constellations* baseado primariamente no libro *Romanian peasants beliefs in stars and sky* de Ioan Otescu.
    
    As liñas de constelacións romanesas, imaxes, guións e textos para películas elaboradas por [Radu Lodina](mailto:rlodina@gmail.com) e [Ovidiu Ignat](mailto:OviIgnat@yahoo.com). A arte constelación romanesa foi feita por Zamfir Somcutean.

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture name
en: Russian (Siberian)
gl: Ruso (Siberiano)

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The names of the constellations of Siberian peoples is rather poorly studied. This region has the large territory and the knowledge about constellations are difficult to reconcile in a single integrated picture. In this culture of the sky marked only specific names and objects, which typical for the whole of Siberia.
gl: Os nomes das constelacións de pobos siberianos están bastante mal estudados. Esta rexión ten un amplo territorio e o coñecemento sobre as constelacións é difícil de compatibilizar nun único cadro integrado. Nesta cultura do ceo marcáronse só nomes e obxectos específicos, típicos para toda Siberia.

note: Russian (Siberian) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Milky Way
    
    The names of the Milky Way are quite numerous, but they can be distinguished into two groups - the names coming from the past (e.g., *Goose Road*) and the name of a later period (*Mamay Road*). The names of the later period is clearly apparent connection to the memory of the Mongol-Tatar invasion to Russia.
    
    ### Pleiades
    
    The Pleiades has a many names and their more than the Milky Way names, but all of them in Siberia can be reduced to the notion for a star cluster as a bird's nest. Among these names *Duck Nest* is the most common.
    
    ### Ursa Major
    
    In Siberia often used name for this constellation is *Elk* (although in Eastern Siberia the name "Bear" is used more frequently).
    
    ### Orion
    
    In Siberia in the constellation of Orion is usually used only three stars of his belt, who called *Kichigi* (the Threshers) - is typical for north-eastern Russia image of the threshers, who are stand in the row. In the European part of Russia called Kichigi usually hides the Ursa Major constellation.
gl: ### Vía Láctea
    
    Os nomes da Vía Láctea son bastante numerosos, pero pódense dividir en dous grupos: os nomes que veñen do pasado (por exemplo,*Estrada da oca*) e o nome dun período posterior (*Estrada da nai*). Os nomes do período posterior son claramente aparentes conexións coa memoria da invasión mongol-tártara a Rusia.
    
    ### Pleiades
    
    As Pléiades teñen moitos nomes, máis cá Vía Láctea, pero todos eles en Siberia poden reducirse á idea dun cúmulo de estrelas como niño de paxaro. Entre estes nomes *Niño de pato* é o máis común.
    
    ### Ursa Major
    
    En Siberia, o nome usado para esta constelación é *Elk* (aínda que en Siberia oriental úsase con máis frecuencia o nome de "oso").
    
    ### Orion
    
    En Siberia, na constelación de Orión, adoitan usarse só as tres estrelas do seu cinto, que se chaman *Kichigi* (o tesouro) - é típico para a imaxe do noreste de Rusia das teseiras que están paradas na fila. Na parte europea de Rusia Kichigi adoita agochar a constelación de Ursa Maior.

note: Sami sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Sami people are considered to be the native population of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and West Russia (the Kola Peninsula). More information can be found at [#1] and [#2].
gl: Considérase que os pobos sami son a poboación nativa do norte de Noruega, Suecia, Finlandia e Rusia occidental (península de Kola). Máis información pódese atopar en [#1] e no artigo de Wikipedia [#2].

note: Sami sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Sources
    
    Stellarium's Sami sky culture is based on the work of Bo Lundmark[#3], who based much of his work on the writings of the Sami artist and author Johan Turi.
    
    This sky culture is a conglomeration of at least three slightly different cultures from the people of the South-Sami, North-Sami and Russian Sami. Each of these groups have slightly different languages and as such there may be small differences with some references.
    
    Sami constellations can be observed on Sami artifacts connected to the old religion, suggesting that the night sky played an important cultural role for Sami peoples in years gone by.
    
    The Sami sky culture has a lot in common with other arctic and sub-arctic cultures in Eurasia. One unfortunate similarity is that much of the culture was lost before it was recorded properly.
    
    ### Constellations and Stars
    
    The Sami constellations are probably very old but were recorded in writing during the 19th century. In is unclear if the written record is complete. The constellations and stars included here are all connected to the dominant constellation, *Sarva* &mdash; the elk. Sarva is the Sami name for elk, an alternative name is *Sarvvis* &mdash; Bull elk. The origin of this constellation probably dates back to the old hunter culture before reindeer were domesticated.
    
    *Sarva* consists of the Western constellations Cassiopeia, Perseus and parts of Auriga. Constellations and stars surrounding Sarva represent hunters of the elk. *Favdna* (also transcribed as *Favtna*) is the star Arcturus, and represents the Hunter who aims at the elk with his bow and arrow (*Fauna davgge* &mdash; the Big Dipper). Favdna must aim well, for if he hits the Sky Support *Boahjenaste* (the star Polaris), legend has it that the world will come to an end.
    
    Favdna has a number of helpers: *Galla* (Procyon<sup>[1](#note1)</sup>) and his sons *Gallabarneck* (Orion's belt), the "Ski Runners", *Cuoigahægjek* (Castor and Pollux) and "The Runner" (Vega). The Pleiades are called *Rougot* (dog pack) or *Miese-cora* (calfpack).
    
    The Milky Way is called *Lodde-raiddaras* (lit. bird path) or *Jakke-mærka* (lit. year mark). The name used depends on the season. In the sky chart of Johan Turi, one can observe a star *Guovso-naste*, morning star, that can be identified as Venus, but this is not certain as it can also be identified as Altair, a star showing the morning is approaching (similar to Arcturus in the Norse skyculture).
    
    The Sami sky culture does not have a large number of constellations. This is thought to be mainly because of the high Northerly latitude of the Sami people's range. Two factors contribute to this: that the Southern sky stays below the horizon to a large extent, and that the Aurora Borealis is frequently bright enough to obscure many stars.
    
    ### Notes
    
     1. <a name="note1"/>The exact star which represents *Galla* is uncertain. it is probably Procyon, Rigel or Sirius - Procyon was chosen as Galla for this sky culture since Sirius is very hard to spot from the latitude where the Sami live.
gl: ### Fontes
    
    A cultura do ceo sami de Stellarium está baseada no traballo de Bo Lundmark [#3], que baseou boa parte do seu traballo nos escritos do artista e autor sami Johan Turi.
    
    Esta cultura do ceo é un conglomerado de polo menos tres culturas lixeiramente diferentes da xente do sur dos sami, do norte e dos sami rusos. Cada un destes grupos ten linguas lixeiramente diferentes e como tal pode haber pequenas diferenzas con algunhas referencias.
    
    As constelacións dos sami poden observarse en artefactos sami relacionados coa vella relixión, o que suxire que o ceo nocturno xogou un papel cultural importante para os pobos sami nos anos pasados.
    
    A cultura do ceo dos sami ten moito en común con outras culturas árticas e subárticas en Eurasia. Unha desgraciada semellanza é que se perdeu gran parte da cultura antes de que se rexistrase correctamente.
    
    ### Constelacións e estrelas
    
    As constelacións sami son probablemente moi antigas, pero rexistráronse por escrito durante o século XIX. Non está claro se o rexistro escrito está completo. As constelacións e estrelas incluídas aquí están todas relacionadas coa constelación dominante, *Sarva* &mdash; alce. Sarva é o nome sami para alce, un nome alternativo é *Sarvvis* &mdash; Alce macho. A orixe desta constelación remonta probablemente á antiga cultura de cazadores antes de que os renos fosen domesticados.
    
    *Sarva* consta das constelacións occidentais Casiopea, Perseo e partes de Auriga. Constelacións e estrelas que rodean Sarva representan os cazadores dos alces. *Favdna* (also transcribed as *Favtna*) é a estrela Arcturus e representa o Cazador que apunta aos alces co seu arco e frecha (*Fauna davgge* &mdash; o Gran Cullerón). Favdna debe apuntar ben, se lle dá ó Soporte do Ceo *Boahjenaste* (a estrela Polar), conta a lenda que o mundo chegará ao seu fin.
    
    Favdna ten moitos axudantes: *Galla* (Procyon<sup>[1](#note1)</sup>) e os seus fillos *Gallabarneck* (Cinto de Orión), os "Corredores do ceo", *Cuoigahægjek* (Castor e Pollux) e "O corredor" (Vega). As Pléiades chámanse *Rougot* (paquete de can) ou *Miese-cora* (paquete de becerro).
    
    A Vía Láctea chámase *Lodde-raiddaras* (lit. camiño do paxaro) ou *Jakke-mærka* (lit. marca do ano). O nome empregado depende da estación. Na gráfica de Johan Turi pódese observar unha estrela *Guovso-naste*, a estrela da mañá, que se pode identificar como Venus, pero isto non é certo, xa que tamén se pode identificar como Altair, unha estrela que se achega pola mañá (similar a Arcturus na cultura do ceo nórdica).
    
    A cultura do ceo sami non ten un gran número de constelacións. Crese que se debe principalmente á alta latitude norte á que están os sami. Dous factores contribúen a isto: que o ceo sur permaneza por baixo do horizonte en gran medida e que a Aurora Borealis sexa a miúdo brillante para ocultar moitas estrelas.
    
    ### Notas
    
     1. <a name="note1"/>Que estrela exacta representa *Galla* é descoñecido. Probablemente sexa Procyon, Rigel ou Sirius - Procyon foi escollido como Galla para esta cultura do ceo xa que Sirius é moi difícil de descubrir desde a latitude onde viven os sami.

note: Samoan sky culture name
en: Samoan
gl: Samoano

note: Samoan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Formerly known as the *Navigator Islands*, the Samoan archipelago has been the launch site for countless ocean voyages since its settlement 3,000 years ago by the ancestors of today’s Polynesians. Like other Pacific Islander societies, the Samoans possessed an incredible body of astronomical knowledge, cultivated through generations of scientific observational study (tofāmamao). Over time, indigenous wayfinding science has been almost completely replaced by digital navigation technologies, but the names and stories attached to some celestial features have persisted through oral traditions and colonial era publications. Beside their value as nautical aids, the moon, stars, and planets also marked the lunar months, annual socioreligious festivals, and the timing of agricultural cycles.
gl: O arquipélago de Samoa, antes coñecido como *Illas do navegador*, foi o lugar de partida de innumerables viaxes oceánicas dende o seu nacemento hai 3.000 anos polos antepasados dos polinesios actuais. Do mesmo xeito que outras sociedades das illas do Pacífico, os samoanos posuían un corpo incrible de coñecemento astronómico, cultivado a través de xeracións de estudos observacionais científicos (tofāmamao). Ó longo do tempo, a ciencia de orientación indíxena foi substituída case por completo polas tecnoloxías de navegación dixital, pero os nomes e historias adxuntas a algunhas características celestes persistiron a través das tradicións orais e das publicacións da época colonial. Ademais do seu valor como axudas náuticas, a lúa, as estrelas e os planetas tamén marcaban os meses lunares, as festas sociorelixiosas anuais e o tempo dos ciclos agrícolas.

note: Samoan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### General Terminology
    
    <dl>
      <dt><notr>fētū</notr></dt><dd>star</dd>
      <dt><notr>lā</notr></dt><dd>sun</dd>
      <dt><notr>māsina</notr></dt><dd>moon</dd>
      <dt><notr>lagi</notr></dt><dd>sky</dd>
      <dt><notr>fuifuifētū</notr></dt><dd>constellation ("star clusters")</dd>
      <dt><notr>ʻemoʻemo, ʻemaʻema</notr></dt><dd>twinkling</dd>
      <dt><notr>liʻo</notr></dt><dd>observed halo or reflective ring around star/moon</dd>
      <dt><notr>pupula</notr></dt><dd>light emitted by sun/star, reflected by moon</dd>
      <dt><notr>vānimonimo/vāteatea/vāuliuli</notr></dt><dd>outer space ("immeasurable space"/"expanse"/"dark void")</dd>
      <dt><notr>fētūafi/fētūlele/fētūatiafi</notr></dt><dd>meteor/shooting star ("fire star"/"flying star"/"fire-carrying star")</dd>
      <dt><notr>pusaloa</notr></dt><dd>comet ("smoke plume")</dd>
      <dt><notr>nuanua</notr></dt><dd>rainbow</dd>
      <dt><notr>sopolagi</notr></dt><dd>starpath/orbit</dd>
      <dt><notr>sila</notr></dt><dd>endpoint of starpath/orbit (point on the horizon where star/sun/moon/planet is seen to rise/set from)</dd>
      <dt><notr>maluopeaua</notr></dt><dd>the moment at which a star/moon/planet becomes visible at the horizon ("obscured in the sea mist")</dd>
      <dt><notr>goto/ifo/paʻū</notr></dt><dd>to set (descent of star/moon/sun/planet below the horizon)</dd>
      <dt><notr>oso/aʻe/fānaʻe/aufasa</notr></dt><dd>to rise (ascent of star/moon/sun /planet above the horizon)</dd>
      <dt><notr>fetāileliʻi</notr></dt><dd>navigational path formed by a series of constellations/stars rising in sequence</dd>
      <dt><notr>gasetoto</notr></dt><dd>solar eclipse</dd>
      <dt><notr>gaseʻeleʻele</notr></dt><dd>lunar eclipse</dd>
      <dt><notr>pulou</notr></dt><dd>zenith position</dd>
      <dt><notr>pale/faliu</notr></dt><dd>to descend from zenith position toward horizon</dd>
      <dt><notr>itūlagi</notr></dt><dd>spatial division of the sky/horizon</dd>
      <dt><notr>tafatafailagi</notr></dt><dd>horizon</dd>
      <dt><notr>tilotilo</notr></dt><dd>to catch a fleeting glance of star/moon during cloudy conditions</dd>
      <dt><notr>gālouluvao</notr></dt><dd>obstructed view of star/moon</dd>
      <dt><notr>lagivalea</notr></dt><dd>view of sky obstructed by clouds</dd>
      <dt><notr>fanoloa</notr></dt><dd>period of time when star/moon/planet is not visible</dd>
      <dt><notr>lagi e mamā/lagilelei/lagimā</notr></dt><dd>clear view of sky</dd>
      <dt><notr>mataʻaga</notr></dt><dd>the act of watching the sky for stars/signs</dd>
      <dt><notr>vaʻaiiliu</notr></dt><dd>to lay down in the hull to observe the sky above</dd>
      <dt><notr>fotu</notr></dt><dd>appearance of star/moon/sun/planet</dd>
      <dt><notr>galo</notr></dt><dd>disappearance of star/moon/sun/planet</dd>
    </dl>
    
    ### Planet Terminology
    
    <dl>
      <dt><notr>Tupualēgase</notr></dt><dd>("Undying Mystery") Jupiter; associated with the ritual observance of the Amo o Ātua iā Tupualēgase (the Ātua chiefdomʻs annual celebration of the deity Tupualēgase, who is embodied by the planet Jupiter).</dd>
      <dt><notr>Tapuʻitea</notr></dt><dd>("Forbidden Radiance") Venus; associated with the cannibal demigoddess Tapuʻitea who self-exiled herself to outer space to spare her son Toʻivā from her insatiable appetite; Toʻivā (abbreviation of Toʻivaitotonuoleʻatoatufuga) is also seen in the night sky as an adze-shaped constellation (Sickle of Leo); Venus is known to pass through Leo once (sometimes twice) a year, acknowledging the relationship between mother and son.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Fētūao</notr></dt><dd>("Morning Star") Venus when seen before sunrise; associated with the legend of Tapuʻitea.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Matamemea</notr></dt><dd>("Reddish Face/Surface") Mars.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Tāʻelo</notr></dt><dd>("Brownish") Mercury.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Fētūʻāsoa</notr></dt><dd>("Garland Star") Saturn.</dd>
    </dl>
    
    ### Star Terminology
    
    <dl>
      <dt><notr>Luatagata</notr></dt><dd>("Two Men") Alpha and Beta Centauri collectively; associated with the legend of Sumu (Crux, Southern Cross).</dd>
      <dt><notr>Filo/Mea</notr></dt><dd>Alpha and Beta Centauri individually (no distinction between the two); associated with the legend of Sumu (Crux, Southern Cross).</dd>
      <dt><notr>Suga/Pae</notr></dt><dd>M4 and M80 within Scorpius (no distinction between the two); associated with the legend of Toloa (head of Scorpius).</dd>
      <dt><notr>Fētūsolonuʻu</notr></dt><dd>("Gliding Star") Sirius; considered zenith star for traveling between Sāmoa and Fiji.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Telegese</notr></dt><dd>("Slow-Moving") Sirius; considered zenith star for traveling between Sāmoa and Fiji.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Taʻulua</notr></dt><dd>("Two Salutations") refers to Sirius during the part of the year when it is visible both at sunrise and sunset (thus "greeted twice" on the same day).</dd>
      <dt><notr>Taʻuluatuāfanua</notr></dt><dd>("Taʻulua Eastward") Sirius seen at sunrise.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Taʻuluaalofi</notr></dt><dd>("Taʻulua Westward") Sirius seen at sunset.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Aolele</notr></dt><dd>("Flying Cloud") Small Magellanic Cloud.</dd>
      <dt><notr>Aotea</notr></dt><dd>("Pale Cloud") Large Magellanic Cloud.</dd>
      <dt><notr>ʻAniva</notr></dt><dd>("Expanse") Milky Way.</dd>
    </dl>
gl: ### Terminoloxía Xeral
    
    <dl>
      <dt>fētū</dt><dd>estrela</dd>
      <dt>lā</dt><dd>sol</dd>
      <dt>māsina</dt><dd>lúa</dd>
      <dt>lagi</dt><dd>ceo</dd>
      <dt>fuifuifētū</dt><dd>constelación ("cúmulos de estrelas")</dd>
      <dt>ʻemoʻemo, ʻemaʻema</dt><dd>escintileo</dd>
      <dt>liʻo</dt><dd>halo observado ou anel reflector arredor da estrela/lúa</dd>
      <dt>pupula</dt><dd>luz emitida polo sol/estrela, reflectido pola lúa</dd>
      <dt>vānimonimo/vāteatea/vāuliuli</dt><dd>espazo exterior ("espazo inconmensurable"/"extensión"/"baleiro escuro")</dd>
      <dt>fētūafi/fētūlele/fētūatiafi</dt><dd>meteoro/estrela fugaz ("estrela de lume"/"estrela voadora"/"estrela portadora de lume")</dd>
      <dt>pusaloa</dt><dd>cometa ("penacho de fume")</dd>
      <dt>nuanua</dt><dd>arco da vella</dd>
      <dt>sopolagi</dt><dd>camiño estelar/órbita</dd>
      <dt>sila</dt><dd>punto final da traxectoria estelar/órbita (punto do horizonte dende onde se ve a estrela/sol/lúa/planeta nacer ou poñerse)</dd>
      <dt>maluopeaua</dt><dd>o momento no que unha estrela/lúa/planeta se fai visible no horizonte ("escurecida na néboa do mar")</dd>
      <dt>goto/ifo/paʻū</dt><dd>posta (descenso de estrela/lúa/sol/planeta por debaixo do horizonte)</dd>
      <dt>oso/aʻe/fānaʻe/aufasa</dt><dd>ascenso (subida da estrela/lúa/sol/planeta sobre o horizonte)</dd>
      <dt>fetāileliʻi</dt><dd>camiño de navegación formado por unha serie de constelacións/estrelas que se erguen en secuencia</dd>
      <dt>gasetoto</dt><dd>eclipse solar</dd>
      <dt>gaseʻeleʻele</dt><dd>eclipse lunar</dd>
      <dt>pulou</dt><dd>posición do cénit</dd>
      <dt>pale/faliu</dt><dd>descenso dende a posición cénit cara ó horizonte</dd>
      <dt>itūlagi</dt><dd>división espacial do ceo/horizonte</dd>
      <dt>tafatafailagi</dt><dd>horizonte</dd>
      <dt>tilotilo</dt><dd>para captar unha mirada fugaz de estrela/lúa en condicións nubradas</dd>
      <dt>gālouluvao</dt><dd>visión obstruída da estrela/lúa</dd>
      <dt>lagivalea</dt><dd>vista do ceo obstruída polas nubes</dd>
      <dt>fanoloa</dt><dd>período de tempo no que a estrela/lúa/planeta non é visible</dd>
      <dt>lagi e mamā/lagilelei/lagimā</dt><dd>vista clara do ceo</dd>
      <dt>mataʻaga</dt><dd>o acto de mirar o ceo en busca de estrelas/signos</dd>
      <dt>vaʻaiiliu</dt><dd>deitarse no casco para observar o ceo enriba</dd>
      <dt>fotu</dt><dd>aparición da estrela/lúa/sol/planeta</dd>
      <dt>galo</dt><dd>desaparición de estrela/lúa/sol/planeta</dd>
    </dl>
    
    ### Terminoloxía do planeta
    
    <dl>
      <dt>Tupualēgase</dt><dd>("Misterio eterno") Xúpiter; asociado coa observancia ritual do Amo o Ātua iā Tupualēgase (a celebración anual da xefatura Ātua da divindade Tupualēgase, que está encarnada polo planeta Xúpiter).</dd>
      <dt>Tapuʻitea</dt><dd>("Fulgor prohibido") Venus; asociada coa semideusa caníbal Tapuʻitea que se autoexiliou ó espazo exterior para salvar o seu fillo Toʻivā do seu insaciable apetito; Toʻivā (abreviatura de Toʻivaitotonuoleʻatoatufuga) tamén se ve no ceo nocturno coma unha constelación en forma de adze (fouce de Leo); sábese que Venus pasa por Leo unha vez (ás veces dúas veces) no ano, recoñecendo a relación entre a nai e o fillo.</dd>
      <dt>Fētūao</dt><dd>("Estrela da mañá") Venus cando se ve antes do amencer; asociado coa lenda de Tapuʻitea.</dd>
      <dt>Matamemea</dt><dd>("Cara/Superficie avermellada") Marte.</dd>
      <dt>Tāʻelo</dt><dd>(Pardo) Mercurio.</dd>
      <dt>Fētūʻāsoa</dt><dd>("Estrela grilanda") Saturno.</dd>
    </dl>
    
    ### Terminoloxía da estrela
    
    <dl>
      <dt>Luatagata</dt><dd>("Dous homes") Alpha e Beta Centauri colectivamente; asociado coa lenda de Sumu (Crux, Cruz do Sur).</dd>
      <dt>Filo/Mea</dt><dd>Alpha e Beta Centauri individualmente (sen distinción entre ambos); asociado coa lenda de Sumu (Crux, Cruz do Sur).</dd>
      <dt>Suga/Pae</dt><dd>M4 e M80 dentro de Scorpius (sen distinción entre os dous); asociado á lenda de Toloa (cabeza de Scorpius).</dd>
      <dt>Fētūsolonuʻu</dt><dd>("Estrela planeadora") Sirius; considerada estrela cénit para viaxar entre Samoa e Fidxi.</dd>
      <dt>Telegese</dt><dd>("Movemento lento") Sirius; considerada estrela cénit para viaxar entre Samoa e Fidxi.</dd>
      <dt>Taʻulua</dt><dd>("Dous saúdos") refírese a Sirio durante a parte do ano na que é visible tanto ó amencer coma ó pór do sol (polo tanto, "saúdado dúas veces" o mesmo día).</dd>
      <dt>Taʻuluatuāfanua</dt><dd>("Taʻulua Cara ó leste") Sirius visto ó amencer.</dd>
      <dt>Taʻuluaalofi</dt><dd>("Taʻulua cara ó oeste") Sirius visto ó pór do sol.</dd>
      <dt>Aolele</dt><dd>("Nube Voante") Pequena Nube de Magallanes.</dd>
      <dt>Aotea</dt><dd>("Nube pálida") Gran Nube de Magallanes.</dd>
      <dt>ʻAniva</dt><dd>("Extensión") Vía Láctea.</dd>
    </dl>

note: Samoan sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: ##### <notr>Sumu</notr>
    
    ("Triggerfish") Crux/Southern Cross; associated with the legend of Filo and Mea (Alpha and Beta Centauri) fishing for the Sumu.
    
    ##### <notr>Faipā</notr>
    
    ("Fishhook Lure") the entire hook shaped constellation of Scorpius; associated with the legend of ʻAloʻalolelā and the magic fishhook (pā).
    
    ##### <notr>Toloa</notr>
    
    ("Wild Duck") asterism within Faipā, representing a flying duck (head of Scorpius); associated with the legend of Suga and Pae (M4 and M80) hunting the Toloa; the duckʻs head (Antares) is recorded as having been used to sail from Pukapuka to ʻUpolu when the star was "low in the sky to the westward".
    
    ##### <notr>Tūlālupe</notr>
    
    ("Pigeon Perch") asterism within Faipā (distal tail of Scorpius); associated with the chiefly sport of pigeon snaring.
    
    ##### <notr>Matāliʻi</notr>
    
    ("Face of Liʻi") Pleiades (grouping of seven stars representing eyes, ears, nostrils, and mouth of demigod Liʻi); associated with the legend of a Tanifā (Cetus) pursuing a canoe paddled by Liʻi; acronychal rising of Matāliʻi signaled the beginning of the new year (Vāipālolo season) and ushered in the festivities of the first fruits (Talomua) during the lunar months of Taumafamua and Toetaumafa. Note: for display clarity and ease of use Matāliʻi is assigned to the star Alcyone.
    
    ##### <notr>Tanifā</notr>
    
    ("Sea Monster") Cetus (tail of Cetus is the head of Tanifā), pursuing Liʻi (Pleiades).
    
    ##### <notr>Iʻofi</notr>
    
    ("Tongs") Taurus; associated with the legend of Tiʻitiʻiatalaga/Maui.
    
    ##### <notr>Amoga</notr>
    
    ("Carrying Pole") constellation stretching from Pi-3 Orionis to Gamma Monocerotis; associated with the legend of Tiʻitiʻiatalaga; zenith star for traveling between Sāmoa and Tonga.
    
    ##### <notr>Tolugāmāuli</notr>
    
    ("Triad of Moons") asterism within Amoga (three stars of Orionʻs Belt); associated with legend of Tiʻitiʻiatalaga; noted as the "star course" to sail from Manuʻa to Pukapuka.
    
    ##### <notr>ʻAnava</notr>
    
    ("Warclub") constellation found largely within Ursa Major.
    
    ##### <notr>Tiʻotala</notr>
    
    ("Kingfisher") Delphinus; associated with the legend of the tiʻotala (kingfisher) ambushing the grasshopper (sē).
    
    ##### <notr>Sē</notr>
    
    ("Grasshopper") constellation found within Pegasus; associated with the legend of the tiʻotala (kingfisher) ambushing the grasshopper (sē).
    
    ##### <notr>Tuigālama</notr>
    
    ("Candlenut Torch") Orionʻs arm/club; associated with the legend of Tiʻitiʻiatalaga.
    
    ##### <notr>Toʻivā</notr>
    
    ("Great Adze") Sickle of Leo; associated with the legend of Tapuʻitea (Venus) and her son Toʻivāitotonuoleʻatoatufuga ("Great Adze Within the Builderʻs Tool Basket").
gl: ##### Sumu
    
    ("Triggerfish") Crux/Cruz do sur; asociado á lenda de Filo e Mea (Alpha e Beta Centauri) pescando o Sumu.
    
    ##### Faipā
    
    ("Engado do anzol") toda a constelación en forma de anzol de Scorpius; asociado coa lenda de ʻAloʻalolelā e o anzol máxico (pā).
    
    ##### Toloa
    
    ("Parrulo salvaxe") Asterismo dentro de Faipā, que representa un parrulo voador (cabeza de Scorpius); asociado á lenda de Suga e Pae (M4 e M80) cazando o Toloa; a cabeza de pato (Antares) rexístrase como usada para navegar de Pukapuka a ʻUpolu cando a estrela estaba "baixa no ceo cara ó oeste".
    
    ##### Tūlālupe
    
    ("Perca da Pomba") Asterismo dentro de Faipā (cola distal de Scorpius); asociado co deporte principalmente de caza de pombas.
    
    ##### Matāliʻi
    
    ("Cara de Liʻi") Pléiades (agrupación de sete estrelas que representan ollos, orellas, fosas nasais e boca do semideus Liʻi); asociado coa lenda dun Tanifā (Cetus) que persegue unha canoa remada por Liʻi; o ascenso acrónico de Matāliʻi sinalaba o comezo do ano novo (temporada de Vāipālolo) e iniciaba as festas dos primeiros froitos (Talomua) durante os meses lunares de Taumafamua e Toetaumafa. Nota: para obter claridade na visualización e facilidade de uso, asígnase Matāliʻi á estrela Alcyone.
    
    ##### Tanifā
    
    ("Monstro mariño") Cetus (a cola de Cetus é a cabeza de Tanifā), perseguindo a Liʻi (Pléiades).
    
    ##### Iʻofi
    
    ("Pinzas") Touro; asociado coa lenda de Tiʻitiʻiatalaga/Maui.
    
    ##### Amoga
    
    ("Polo de transporte") constelación que se estende desde Pi-3 Orionis ata Gamma Monocerotis; asociado coa lenda de Tiʻitiʻiatalaga; estrela cénit para viaxar entre Sāmoa e Tonga.
    
    ##### Tolugāmāuli
    
    ("Tríada de Lúas") asterismo dentro de Amoga (tres estrelas do Cinto de Orión); asociado coa lenda de Tiʻitiʻiatalaga; sinalado coma a "estrela guía" para navegar de Manuʻa a Pukapuka.
    
    ##### ʻAnava
    
    ("Club de guerra") constelación que se atopa en gran parte dentro da Osa Maior.
    
    ##### Tiʻotala
    
    ("Martiño pescador") Delphinus; sociado coa lenda do tiʻotala (martiño pescador) emboscando o saltón (sē).
    
    ##### Sē
    
    ("Saltón") constelación que se atopa dentro de Pegaso; asociado coa lenda do tiʻotala (martiño pescador) emboscando o saltón (sē).
    
    ##### Tuigālama
    
    ("Facho de Candlenut") Brazo/porra de Orión; asociado coa lenda de Tiʻitiʻiatalaga.
    
    ##### Toʻivā
    
    ("Gran Fouciño") Fouce de Leo; asociada coa lenda de Tapuʻitea (Venus) e o seu fillo Toʻivāitotonuoleʻatoatufuga ("A gran fouce dentro da cesta de ferramentas do constructor").

note: Samoan sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Jake Fitisemanu (jjfitisemanu (a^t^) gmail.com) with consultation of Samoan cultural custodians and published historical sources. Programming support from Dan Smale.
gl: Esta cultura do ceo foi achegada por Jake Fitisemanu (jjfitisemanu (a^t^) gmail.com) coa consulta dos custodios culturais samoanos e fontes históricas publicadas. Soporte de programación de Dan Smale.

note: Sardinian sky culture name
en: Sardinian
gl: Sardeña

note: Sardinian sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Like all peoples of the world, even the ancient Sardinians, turned their eyes to the sky that marked the time and the seasons. The peasant's world has given its name to the stars and the constellations of the Sardinian culture.
gl: Como todos os pobos do mundo tamén os antigos sardos volveron os ollos ó ceo, que marcaba o tempo e as estacións. O mundo campesiño deu o seu nome ás estrelas e ás constelacións da cultura sarda.

note: Sardinian sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [Stars and constellations in sardinian language](https://web.archive.org/web/20201029082540/http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php)
     - [#2]: [Stellarium Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts)
     - [#3]: [Stellarium Wiki](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian)
gl:  - [#1]: [Estrelas e constelacións en lingua sarda](https://web.archive.org/web/20201029082540/http://www.sarabu.it/193_521_news_2863.php)
     - [#2]: [Stellarium Script: Sardinian Constellations Tour](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Scripts)
     - [#3]: [Stellarium Wiki](http://www.stellarium.org/wiki/index.php/Sky_cultures#Sardinian)

note: Sardinian sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: These constellations have been created by the Stellarium's user *Giuseppe Putzolu*, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com
    
    ### Credits
    
    The constellations of the Sardinian culture are the result of research done by Tonino Bussu and Marco Puddu
gl: Estas constelacións foron creadas polo usuario de Stellarium *Giuseppe Putzolu*, giuseppe.putzolu(at)gmail.com
    
    ### Créditos
    
    As constelacións da cultura sarda son o resultado das investigacións realizadas por Tonino Bussu e Marco Puddu

note: Seri sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The [Seri people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seri_people) are an indigenous group in Mexico.
gl: O [pobo Seri ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seri_people) é un grupo indíxena de México.

note: Seri sky culture description section in markdown format
en: There have been six different Comca'ac groups (Comca'ac means "people"):
    
     - the Xica hacataj quitoj, who eat meat of sharks, inhabited San Esteban Island (Isla Turón);
     - the Xnamotat, who lived in the south, inhabit San Carlos, Guaymas and Tastiota;
     - the Cail hitic 'tamoc, the men from the valley, inhabited the region between Tastiota and Bahía Kino;
     - the Heno comca'ac, who live in the mountains, inhabited the centre of Tiburón Island;
     - the Tepocaj, the fishermen, who inhabited the region between Puerto Libertad and Puerto Peñasco; and,
     - the Tosni hox hanoquipilc, who fed themselves on sea birds (ducks and pelicans), inhabited Island San Lorenzo.
    
     <img src="illustrations/abuela.png" width="250" align="left" />Nowadays, the Seri people live at Punta Chueca and Desemboque, located in the coast of the northwestern state of Sonora, Mexico. According with the fishing cycles, Comca'ac occupy several fishing camps at the litoral distributed along a 100 km territory. The whole area assigned to them reaches the 210 thousand hectares which corresponds to a region in the continent and the Tiburón Island in the California gulf.
    
    The Seri language (coiiqui'itom) forms part of the seriyumana family which means that, on one hand, its most recent relation can be given by the yumano coming from the north of the Californian peninsula, and, on the other hand, this language totally contrasts with the languages of its neighbouring nations who talk uto-aztec ones like pima, p&#225;pago, yaqui and mayo; all of them fila with a much more recent origin.
    
    The description of the Comca'ac (Seri) Constellations presented here comes from the book "Bajo el cielo Comca'ac: Astronomía entre el mar y el desierto", written by Arturo Morales Blanco, in which it is possible to identify the relations between sky, sea and desert, as they are recovered by oral tradition and family memories.
    
    This knowledge has arrived to us by oral transmission from generation to generation through time and shows how the events from the sea like the appearance of crabs or the abundance of Totoaba (a large fish, now in danger), comes along with the presence of sets of stars in the sky. Comca'ac people has named them Zaamth or Zix cam caoc'la, respectively; also, the coincidence of Pitahayas (cactus fruits) in the cactus with the appearance of constellation Hácosa (Corta-pitahayas) in the sky is very suggestive.
gl: Houbo seis grupos diferentes de Comca'ac (Comca'ac significa "xente"):
    
     - os Xica hacataj quitoj, que comen carne de tiburón, habitaron a Illa de San Esteban (Isla Turón);
     - os Xnamotat, que viven no sur, habitaron San Carlos, Guaymas e Tastiota;
     - os Cail hitic 'tamoc, os homes do val, habitaban a comarca entre Tastiota e Bahía Kino;
     - os Heno comca'ac, que viven na montaña, habitaron o centro da Illa Tiburón;
     - os Tepocaj, os pescadores, que habitaban a comarca entre Puerto Libertad e Puerto Peñasco; e,
     - os Tosni hox hanoquipilc, que se alimentan de aves mariñas (patos e pelícanos), habitaban a illa de San Lorenzo.
    
     <img src="illustrations/abuela.png" width="250" align="left" />Hoxe en día, o pobo seri vive en Punta Chueca e Desemboque, situadas na costa do estado noroeste de Sonora, México. Segundo os ciclos de pesca, os Comca'ac ocupan varios campamentos pesqueiros no litoral distribuídos por un territorio de 100 km. Toda a superficie que se lles asigna alcanza as 210 mil hectáreas que corresponden a unha rexión do continente e á illa Tiburón no golfo de California.
    
    A lingua seri (coiiqui'itom) forma parte da familia seriyumana o que significa que, por unha banda, a súa relación máis recente pode vir dada polo yumano procedente do norte da península californiana e, por outra banda, esta lingua contrasta totalmente coas linguas das súas nacións veciñas que falan uto-azteca como pima, p&#225;pago, yaqui e mayo; todos eles fila cunha orixe moito máis recente.
    
    A descrición das Constelacións de Comca'ac (Seri) que aquí se presenta procede do libro "Bajo el cielo Comca'ac: Astronomía entre el mar y el desierto", escrito por Arturo Morales Blanco, no que é posible identificar as relacións entre ceo, mar e deserto, xa que son recuperados pola tradición oral e as lembranzas familiares.
    
    Este coñecemento chegounos por transmisión oral de xeración en xeración a través do tempo e amosa como os acontecementos do mar como a aparición de cangrexos ou a abundancia de Totoaba (un peixe de gran tamaño, agora en perigo), van acompañados da presenza da saída de estrelas no ceo. A xente de Comca'ac chámanse Zaamth ou Zix cam caoc'la, respectivamente; tamén, é moi suxestiva a coincidencia de Pitahayas (froitos de cacto) no cacto coa aparición da constelación Hácosa (Corta-pitahayas) no ceo.

note: Seri sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: ##### <notr>Zaamth</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/zaamth.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>When the stars of Orion's Belt, Rigel and Betelgeuse appear above the western horizon, in the month of March, Comca'ac people see how in shallow waters of the marsh, the crabs are found forming groups of about 300 or 400 items which can be collected easily; that is the reason to call Zaamth to constellation. After six months, when the sea is cold, the crabs do not appear any more going from one place to another; instead the sea wheat, xnois, comes and their seed has been used to make flour and different food plates for centuries. The legend says that in the days corresponding to the crab "harvesting", it must be avoided to break a leg or a claw because, if this happens, the day after there will not be any more crabs at the site.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Cohamc</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/cohamc.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>About October 18th, an alignment of stars takes place in the morning sky and it is called, since ancient times, as Cohamc constellation, women. Then four or five days after the rains begin to fall with intensity and the wind runs by the desert. The star that is at the north of the alignment, the Comca'ac's name is Hacamta, the husband, and is the one appearing behind the other six named women, (the star Psi of Ursa Major); the six stars appear in sequence, two by two. The forecast of this bad weather motivated their ancestors to go to the caves in the mountain and to go far from the beach. After the difficult days, around two months later, Comca'ac people returned to the beach carrying with them all the food and materials kept along: dried meat, fish, 'caguama' turtle, honey, and flour from 'péchita de mezquite' (seeds from Mesquite tree), between them.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Hazoj canoj Hantificaü</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hazoj_canoj.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>This star that appears alone in the sky with its multicolour shine can be seen along the year. However, in the first days of September (after the heliacal rising), one has to get up at 4 or 5 in the morning to see it. This star corresponds to Sirius and it announces the new day. The legend says that when someone gets up when the Sun is already in the sky, all his tents to become the skin of the dead. Hazoj means constellation and Hantificaö is "Who comes at the dawn".</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Haapjc</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/haapjc_desc.jpg" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>This constellation is, perhaps, the most complex of Comca'ac ones, due to the fact that it covers a wide area in the sky and in it, one can find stars from Taurus, Twins, and the Capella star. It can be said that Haapjc (Deer hunter) has the following sections: the whitetail deer, the bura deer and bighorn deer (Hépem, Háap and Möjit, respectively), which are the stars known as Hassaleh, Elnath and 123 Tau; the spear with its flint at Aldebaran and the stars forming a 'V' of Taurus, while the feathers are Castor and Pollux of Gemini; and, finally, the hunter, properly said, is Cozaactim ("Who crosses"), with his head at Capella.<br> The legend says that Cozaactim threw his spear and hit the Bura deer. Háap was wounded and flew through the sky bleeding; then, a little drop of blood fell in the Tiburón Island, and that is the reason why bura deer are native of the island. This constellation can be observed in September morning skies.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Hácosa</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hacosa.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>It is said that when this constellation is pointing to the top of the sky, at September 7th, it appears similar to the instrument Hácosa (Pitahaya-cutter), and it is time to collect the wild fruits: 'péchitas de mezquite' (Mesquite seeds) and pitahayas (cactus fruit), for example. When there is no sign of it, the season will be bad.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Hazoj Cöiquih</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hazoj_koii.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Between the twelve stars of Cöiquih (Person) is the star Antares. In this constellation, the person seems to be fishing; that is why the corresponding legend affirms that Zix hantpatj (cochito fish) has at the roof of its mouth a kind of jelly substance, coming from the pulp of a cactus that the ancestors used as bait. This constellation goes, month after month, revolving in the sky and it is seen in a recumbent position when it is over Tiburón Island on midnight at September 8th.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Caamooilcoj</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/caamoilcoj.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>This constellation named Caamooilcoj (Wheel Game), is one of the most important arrays of stars between Comca'ac people; it can be observed at plenitude at winter; with around fifteen stars in a wheeled shape, and stars as reed tablets (tablillas de carrizo) which play the role of dice. It is said that in ancient times, this game was played by men, exclusively, who put as bet their own life; now, the game is played at festivals and special occasions by women representing events of life and protection; in particular, it is played during puberty ceremonies for example; or at the feast of zaaptim (great basket). <br>For this game, several round pieces of Pitahayas (cactus fruits) or of 'cinita' (four lines cactus) made the circle (today, they are decorated stones with different motives); and, three reed pieces (tablillas de carrizo), painted in colours. The meaning of these three colours are: Red - the blood and death; Blue - the sky and the sea; and, White - purity, good health and protection.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Quetoh</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/quetoh0.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>This lonely star is known as Quetoh (little dove), it is modern Arcturus. It appears around October 8th announcing an epoch of good fishing. The ancestors did not have nets or other fishing arts, they used harpoons to capture their preys and a "flint" harpoon or double point tool. The legend says that many years ago, with the appearance of this star in the sky, the floriation of cactus begun and at the end of the week, there were Pitahayas on them; however, the next day, all the pitahayas disappeared: it was Quetoh yacaso or 'spell of the dove' responsible of eating that fruit.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Himatax</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/himatax.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>This lonely star is known as Hazoj canoj Himatax because its meaning is a star which does not move and around which all turns. It is present all night long, all the days of the year.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### <notr>Yay Xapi Hanopas</notr>
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/yay_xapi.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>The young hunter, says the legend, was a boy who went hunting, and several weeks after his departure he was still absent, and the members of his camp considered him dead. But several months later, at daybreak, he has shown himself to his parents who were surprised telling him: "We thought you were dead, we have spent many days looking for you, until we were tired; we cried for you a lot". The young man told his parents: "I live near the beach, I found a good place and stayed there". "But what kind of water you drink?" They asked. "I found any water and that is I drink, Haxhaxaha tahomisi", he said to them while talking about the Tecomate Bay.<br> According to this legend, the young hunter became the Constellation with Canopus at its centre caused by a conflict with his elder brother. It appears directly towards the south.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ### Conclusion
    
    All this knowledge of Comca'ac people comes from prehispanic epoch, and it has prevailed through centuries, thanks to oral tradition and the strength of the community to colonization, at first, and his opposition to evangelization, later on. Still today, it is possible to hear the stories and legends behind the naming of constellations and the events on the sea and on the desert. With the recovery of these legends, by exercise of memory and lively events with his ancestors, Arturo Morales Blanco gave us a legacy that must be conserved for future generations: children, young people who will keep in their own language how and what to look for in the sky.
gl: ##### Zaamth
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/zaamth.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Cando as estrelas do Cinto de Orión, Rigel e Betelgeuse aparecen sobre o horizonte occidental, no mes de marzo, a xente de Comca'ac observa como nas augas pouco profundas do pantano, os cangrexos aparecen formando grupos duns 300 ou 400 elementos que poden ser recollidor facilmente; esa é a razón para chamar a Zaamth á constelación. Despois de seis meses, cando o mar está frío, xa non aparecen os cangrexos indo dun sitio a outro; en cambio vén o trigo de mar, xnois, e a súa semente usouse durante séculos para facer fariña e diferentes pratos de comida. A lenda di que nos días correspondentes á "colleita" do cangrexo hai que evitar que se rompa unha pata ou unha pouta porque, se isto ocorre, o día seguinte xa non haberá máis cangrexos no lugar.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Cohamc
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/cohamc.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Sobre o 18 de outubro prodúcese un aliñamento de estrelas no ceo da mañá e chámase, dende tempos antigos, a constelación de Cohamc, mulleres. Logo, catro ou cinco días despois as choivas comezan a caer con intensidade e o vento corre polo deserto. A estrela que está ó norte do aliñamento, ten como nome en Comca'ac é Hacamta, o marido, e é a que aparece detrás das outras seis mulleres nomeadas, (a estrela Psi da Osa Maior); as seis estrelas aparecen en secuencia, de dúas en dúas. A previsión deste mal tempo motivou ós seus antepasados a ir ás covas do monte e a afastarse da praia. Despois dos días difíciles, arredor de dous meses despois, a xente de Comca'ac volve á praia levando consigo toda a comida e o material que se gardaba: carne seca, peixe, tartaruga caguama, mel e fariña de péchita de mezquite (sementes de Mesquite), entre eles.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Hazoj canoj Hantificaü
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hazoj_canoj.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Esta estrela que aparece soa no ceo co seu brillo multicolor pódese ver ó longo do ano. Porén, nos primeiros días de setembro (despois da subida heliaca), hai que erguerse ás 4 ou 5 da mañá para vela. Esta estrela corresponde a Sirius e anuncia o novo día. A lenda di que cando alguén se ergue cando o Sol xa está no ceo, todas as súas tendas se converten na pel dos mortos. Hazoj significa constelación e Hantificaö é "Quen vén ó mencer".</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Haapjc
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/haapjc_desc.jpg" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Esta constelación é, quizais, a máis complexa das Comca'ac, debido a que abarca unha ampla área do ceo e nela pódense atopar estrelas de Touro, Xemelgos e a estrela Capella. Pódese dicir que Haapjc (Cazador de cervos) ten as seguintes seccións: o cervo de cola branca, o cervo bura e o cervo borrego (Hépem, Háap e Möjit, respectivamente), que son as estrelas coñecidas como Hassaleh, Elnath e 123 Tau; a lanza co seu pedernal en Aldebarán e as estrelas formando un "V" de Touro, mentres que as plumas son Cástor e Pólux de Xemelgos; e, finalmente, o cazador, propiamente dito, é Cozaactim ("Quen cruza"), coa cabeza en Capella.<br> A lenda di que Cozaactim lanzou a súa lanza e golpeou o cervo de Bura. Háap foi ferido e voou polo ceo sangrando; despois, unha pinga de sangue caeu na Illa Tiburón, e por iso os cervos bura son orixinarios da illa. Esta constelación pódese observar nos ceos matinais de setembro.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Hácosa
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hacosa.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Dise que cando esta constelación está apuntando cara ó alto do ceo, o 7 de setembro, parece semellante ó instrumento Hácosa (cortador de pitahaya), e é hora de recoller os froitos silvestres: 'péchitas de mezquite' (sementes de Mesquite) e pitahayas (froito de cacto), por exemplo. Cando non hai indicios diso, a tempada será mala.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Hazoj Cöiquih
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/hazoj_koii.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Entre as doce estrelas de Cöiquih (Persoa) está a estrela Antares. Nesta constelación, a persoa parece estar pescando; é por iso que a lenda correspondente afirma que o Zix hantpatj (peixe cochito) ten na parte superior da boca unha especie de substancia xelatinosa, procedente da polpa dun cacto que os antepasados empregaban como cebo. Esta constelación vai, mes tras mes, xirando no ceo e vese en posición reclinada cando está sobre a illa iburón a medianoite do 8 de setembro.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Caamooilcoj
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/caamoilcoj.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Esta constelación chamada Caamooilcoj (xogo da roda), é un dos conxuntos de estrelas máis importantes entre os Comca'ac; pódese observar en plenitude no inverno; cunhas quince estrelas en forma de roda, e estrelas como "tablillas de carrizo" que desempeñan o papel de dados. Dise que na antigüidade, este xogo era practicado por homes, exclusivamente, que apostaban a súa propia vida; agora, o xogo é xogado en festivais e ocasións especiais por mulleres que representan eventos da vida e da protección; en particular, tócase durante as cerimonias da puberdade por exemplo; ou na festa do zaaptim (gran cesto).<br> Para este xogo, varias pezas redondas de Pitahayas (froitos de cactus) ou de 'cinita' (cactus de catro liñas) facían o círculo (hoxe son pedras decoradas con diferentes motivos); e tres "tablillas de carrizo" pintadas en cores. O significado destas tres cores son: Vermello - o sangue e a morte; Azul - o ceo e o mar; e, Branco - pureza, boa saúde e protección.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Quetoh
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/quetoh0.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Esta estrela solitaria é coñecida como Quetoh (pomba pequena), é o moderno Arcturus. Aparece arredor do 8 de outubro anunciando unha época de boa pesca. Os devanceiros non tiñan redes nin outras artes de pesca, utilizaban arpóns para capturar as súas presas e un arpón de "pedernal" ou ferramenta de dobre punta. A lenda di que hai moitos anos, coa aparición desta estrela no ceo, comezou a floración dos cactos e ó final da semana, había Pitahayas nelas; porén, o día seguinte, todas as pitahayas desapareceron: era Quetoh yacaso ou 'feitizo da pomba' o encargado de comer ese froito.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Himatax
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/himatax.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>Esta estrela solitaria coñécese como Hazoj canoj Himatax porque o seu significado é unha estrela que non se move e arredor da cal todo xira. Está presente durante toda a noite, todos os días do ano.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ##### Yay Xapi Hanopas
    
    <table class="layout">
    <tr>
    	<td><img src="illustrations/yay_xapi.png" height="100" /></td>
    	<td>O cazador mozo, conta a lenda, era un rapaz que ía de caza, e varias semanas despois da súa marcha aínda estaba ausente, e os membros do seu campamento considerárono morto. Pero varios meses despois, ó romper o día, mostrouse ós seus pais que se sorprenderon dicíndolle: "Pensabamos que estabas morto, levamos moitos días buscándote, ata que cansamos; choramos moito por ti". O mozo díxolle ós seus pais: "Vivo preto da praia, atopei un bo sitio e quedei alí". "Pero que tipo de auga bebes?" preguntaron. "Atopei algunha auga e é o que bebo, Haxhaxaha tahomisi", díxolles mentres falaba da baía de Tecomate.<br> Segundo esta lenda, o cazador mozo converteuse na Constelación con Canopo no seu centro debido a un conflito co seu irmán maior. Aparece directamente cara ó sur.</td>
    </tr>
    </table>
    
    ### Conclusión
    
    Todo este coñecemento do pobo de Comca'ac procede da época prehispánica, e conservouse ó longo dos séculos, grazas á tradición oral e á resistencia da comunidade á colonización, nun primeiro momento, e á súa oposición á evanxelización, máis tarde. Aínda hoxe, é posible escoitar as historias e lendas detrás da denominación das constelacións e dos acontecementos no mar e no deserto. Coa recuperación destas lendas, por exercicio da memoria e dos vivos acontecementos cos seus antepasados, Arturo Morales Blanco deunos un legado que hai que conservar para as xeracións vindeiras: nenos, mozos que manterán na súa lingua como e qué buscar no ceo.

note: Seri sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: **Ra&#250;l Pérez-Enríquez**: [raulpe55(at)gmail(dot)com](mailto:raulpe55@gmail.com)
    
    ### Thanks to
    
     - Arturo Morales Blanco
     - Alejandro Aguilar Zeleny
     - Julio Saucedo Morales
     - Alfredo Manríquez
     - UNISON
    
    English translation by: Alfredo Manríquez
gl: **Ra&#250;l Pérez-Enríquez**: [raulpe55(at)gmail(dot)com](mailto:raulpe55@gmail.com)
    
    ### Grazas a
    
     - Arturo Morales Blanco
     - Alejandro Aguilar Zeleny
     - Julio Saucedo Morales
     - Alfredo Manríquez
     - UNISON
    
    Tradución ó inglés de: Alfredo Manríquez

note: Tibetan sky culture name
en: Tibetan
gl: Tibetano

note: Tibetan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: *This is unfinished work and only a tentative solution. Please help us improve! (see below)*
    
    During a travel to the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China (TAR) in 2019, I was confronted with a highly complex system of astronomy and calendar computations which has a long tradition in Tibet.
    
    Traditional Tibetan astronomy is largely influenced by the Kalacakra Tantra which has been imported from India, mixed with some Chinese influence.
gl: *Este é un traballo inacabado e só unha solución provisional. Axúdanos a mellorar! (ver abaixo)*
    
    Durante unha viaxe á Rexión Autónoma do Tíbet de China (TAR) en 2019, atoipeime cun sistema altamente complexo de cálculos astronómicos e de calendario que ten unha longa tradición no Tíbet.
    
    A astronomía tradicional tibetana está amplamente influenciada polo Tantra Kalacakra, que foi importado de India, mesturado con algunha influencia chinesa.

note: Tikuna sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Tikuna indigenous people have inhabited the region of the Upper Solimões river for the past 2,000 years. They currently occupy a territory where the political borders of three countries converge: Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. This is the reason why the Tikuna recognize themselves as a differentiated indigenous group, while also identifying with the national identities related to these three countries.
gl: Os indíxenas Tikuna habitaron a rexión do río Alto Solimões durante os últimos 2.000 anos. Actualmente ocupan un territorio onde conflúen as fronteiras políticas de tres países: Brasil, Colombia e Perú. Esta é a razón pola que os tikuna se recoñecen como un grupo indíxena diferenciado, ó mesmo tempo que se identifican coas identidades nacionais relacionadas con estes tres países.

note: Tikuna sky culture description section in markdown format
en: Tikuna territory encompasses a region 600 kilometers long, running west to east from the Chimbote region in Peru—along the emptiness of the Amazonas-Solimões valley, in the so-called Trapézio Amazônico (Colombian Amazonian Trapezoid)—to the Barreira da Missão region, in the municipality of Tefé, in the Brazilian state of Amazonas (See The Ticuna Atlas, Figure I).
    
     <img src="illustrations/Atlas_das_terras_Tikuna.png" width="753" height="453" />
    
     <em>Figure 1: The Tikuna Atlas<cite id="cit1a">[**<sup>1</sup>**](#cit1)</cite> </em>
    
    The agencies and researchers that deal with them estimate that more than 53,544 (Siasi/Sesai, 2014) Tikunas live in Brazil (FUNASA, 2009), 8.000 in Colombia (Goulard, 2010), and 6.982 in Peru (INEL, 2007)<cite id="cit2a">[**<sup>2</sup>**](#cit2)</cite>. Together, they constitute the largest Amazonian indigenous population. Aside from their own Tikuna language, they also speak Spanish and Portuguese, depending on whether they live in Colombia and Peru or in Brazil.
    
    The Tikuna live in riverside villages along the Amazonas-Solimões and its tributaries, called igarapés. Their daily life revolve around the cultivation cycles of different agricultural goods; specially, manioc, used to produce the flour the Tikuna sell in the markets of the region’s main cities. They are also fishers, hunters, and gatherers of the forest products. The women make hammocks, bags, and other objects with plant fibers; and the men paint on tururi fiber and fabricate arrows, paddles, and canoes.
    
    It should be noted that, in Brazil, the Tikuna Indians live in indigenous lands recognized by Brazil’s indigenous policy. They are located in “terrestrial islands” among non-indigenous territories occupied by the Brazilian Population, from Tabatinga to Manaus (as illustrated in the Brazilian Tikuna Atlas).
    
    ### The Astronomical Correlations
    
    The movements of the Tikuna constellations correspond to an interpretation of the seasonality of rainfall, as the Tikuna narratives suggest. These constellations are related to myths referencing the ascension and fall of Wücütcha (a heavenly beast related to the Jaguar Clan), Coyatchicüra (Caiman’s Jaw) and Baweta (Tracajá, the Aquatic Turtle Collective), the Anteater’s fight with the Jaguar, and the Way of the Tapir.
    
    According to the testimony of the Tikuna indigenous people, Baweta (the Pleiades Star Cluster) appears in the eastern sky towards the end of November, at nightfall. After Baweta rises, Caiman’s Jaw rises. Wücütcha’s leg corresponds to a portion of The Orion Constellation; and it begins to disappear from the western sky around the 20th of May, at nightfall. About one month earlier, the Caiman’s Jaw, corresponding to The Hyades Star Cluster in Taurus, also disappears to the West.
    
    According to Vieira’s interpretation, the form of Baweta (the Turtle Collective) is associated with the stars within the asterisms of the Pleiades and of Perseus. Baweta’s eyes are the feet of Perseus (Omicron Persei - Atik and ζ (Zeta) Persei). The “V” shape that Western astronomy relates to the head of Taurus is called Coyatchicüra (Caiman’s Jaw). Wücütcha’s Leg corresponds to the stars that groups as Orion. Its toes are Orion’s Belt and the bend of the legs are ι (iota) Orionis; κ (kappa) Orionis; η (eta) Leporis and δ (delta) Leporis.
    
    During the summer, the fight between the Anteater (Tchatü) and the Jaguar (Ai) occurs. The end of the battle coincides with the death and ascension of Wücütcha. The eyes of the Anteater are located in β (beta) of Triangulum Australe; his claw and body is in the constellations Norma and Ara. The right foot of the Jaguar is in Scorpio’s α (Antares), σ (Sigma), and τ (tau); its eyes are in ε (epsilon) and μ (mu) Scorpii; and its left paw is in λ (Shaula), υ (upsilon Sco – Lesath) and κ (kappa) of the same constellation. Wücütcha (the Jaguar’s leg) represents the beginning of the rains in late September; and its reappearance to the east follows the setting of Tchatü in the west, at nightfall, in the end of November. Those correlations are illuminated by indigenous testimony reproduced below:
    
    > “The stars fit into their respective constellations. First is Wücütcha. After winter, summer begins to walk. It is the Jaguar. After him, comes Coyathicüra in the month of May, at nightfall, when the Caiman’s Jaw appears on the beach. Baweta appears in September, the month of the turtle. In May, Wücütcha and Coyatchicüra fall. They all fall together at the end of May. In July, they come again. Baweta already begins to appear in July. When Wücütcha falls, beginning in May, caimans and turtles begin to appear. The apex is in September.”
    >
    > “In May, all the constellations fall, together with their planets. It is summertime. Later, in July, they appear again for the New Year. Coya and Wücütcha leave the sky from May to September. Later, in July, they appear again.”
    >
    > Fernando Marques or Ütchancu – translated by Lucho
    
    The Tikuna interpret processes affected by a succession of meteorological changes that, in turn, determine the rainy and the dry seasons. In this region of Western Amazon, the rainy season runs from December to March and the dry season from June to September. During April, May, October, and November the rainfall is intermediate. In November, the water level starts to rise and in late December the tides occur. During the month of May, the water level drops until September, the peak of the drought. The periods of El Niño imply a rain deficit, causing the extreme drought of the great river; during La Niña, the cooling of the Pacific increases the amount of water, causing dramatic tides and floods.
    
    Although dependent on weather variability, at the September Equinox the Tikuna observe how fog affects how they see in early morning; the Pleiades star cluster disappears on the morning horizon in early June and reappears in the evening, in late November. The goal of the Tikuna is to predict the intensity of the coming rains in order to negotiate with the entity Mawü, the “Master of Rain,” the effects of the floods on their subsistence activities.
    
    According to the explanations found in Enepü (a Tikuna community in the indigenous Land Eware II, in the Brazilian State of Amazon, in Western Amazonia), the influence of seasonality upon Tikuna subsistence activities is more prevalent along the Solimões. In the headwaters of the igarapés, where Enepü is situated, plenty of food exists all year long. In Enepü, trees and palms, such as the ingá and açaí, are fertile all year long due to the “virginity” and the enrichment of the soil by natural compost. The same thing occurs with the fishing in Lake Preto, within the limits of Enepü, where they can supply themselves abundantly with fish all year long. On the Solimões, however, one finds fish only from April to July, when the water level drops. Abundance in the hunt is also from April to July (or September, at most), along the Solimões. Fishing becomes more difficult when the river is high. The fruit of the native açaí palm is collected in summer, and customarily saved for preparation during winter—time of poor hunting and fishing. Through planning and regular gardening, harvests are available all year long. The harvest of cultivated plants also occurs during the drought months. There is a certain degree of flexibility in adapting the agricultural calendar to the rainy season (when fishing and hunting are not productive) and the dry season, (when fishing is more abundant); however, difficulties involving navigation and transport grow as the water level drops along the igarapés linking the river. Traditional culture, however, is not prepared for unforeseen alterations in the rainy season, such as it occurred in 2002. In that year, July saw the beginning of the repiquete (the rise on water levels), which normally occurs in September. This destroyed the short-range agricultural cycle and made the fish scarcer, changing alimentary habits.
     <p id="cit1"><notr><a href="#cit1a"><B>1</B></a></notr><cite>This work adopts linguistic convention when writing Tikuna, even though several Anthropologists and Indigenous experts use the vernacular form (Ticuna).</cite></p>
    
     <p id="cit2"><notr><a href="#cit2a"><B>2</B></a></notr><cite> According to socioambiental.org, consulted on 08/05/2019.</cite></p>
gl: O territorio de Tikuna abarca unha rexión de 600 quilómetros de lonxitude, que vai de oeste a leste dende a rexión de Chimbote en Perú, ó longo do baleiro do val Amazonas-Solimões, no chamado Trapézio Amazônico (trapecio amazónico colombiano), ata a rexión de Barreira da Missão, no concello de Tefé, no estado brasileiro de Amazonas (Ver The Ticuna Atlas, Figura I).
    
     <img src="illustrations/Atlas_das_terras_Tikuna.png" width="753" height="453" />
    
     <em>Figura 1: O Atlas Tikuna<cite id="cit1a">[**<sup>1</sup>**](#cit1)</cite> </em>
    
    As axencias e investigadores que se ocupan deles estiman que máis de 53.544 (Siasi/Sesai, 2014) Tikunas viven en Brasil (FUNASA, 2009), 8.000 en Colombia (Goulard, 2010) e 6.982 en Perú (INEL, 2007).<cite id="cit2a">[**<sup>2</sup>**](#cit2)</cite>. Xuntos, constitúen a maior poboación indíxena amazónica. Ademais da súa propia lingua tikuna, tamén falan español e portugués, segundo vivan en Colombia e Perú ou no Brasil.
    
    Os tikuna viven en aldeas ribeirás ó longo do Amazonas-Solimões e os seus afluentes, chamados igarapés. A súa vida cotiá xira arredor dos ciclos de cultivo de diferentes produtos agrícolas, especialmente, a mandioca, utilizada para producir a fariña que venden os Tikuna nos mercados das principais cidades da rexión. Tamén son pescadores, cazadores e recolectores de produtos forestais. As mulleres fan hamacas, bolsos e outros obxectos con febras vexetais; e os homes pintan sobre febra de tururi e fabrican frechas, remos e canoas.
    
    Cómpre sinalar que, en Brasil, os indios tikuna viven en terras indíxenas recoñecidas pola política indíxena do Brasil. Localízanse en “illas terrestres” entre territorios non indíxenas ocupados pola poboación brasileira, desde Tabatinga ata Manaus (como se ilustra no Atlas Tikuna brasileiro).
    
    ### As Correlacións Astronómicas
    
    Os movementos das constelacións Tikuna corresponden a unha interpretación da estacionalidade das precipitacións, como suxiren as narracións Tikuna. Estas constelacións están relacionadas con mitos que fan referencia ó ascenso e caída de Wücütcha (unha besta celestial relacionada co Clan Xaguar), Coyatchicüra (Mandíbula de Caimán) e Baweta (Tracajá, o Colectivo de Tartarugas Acuáticas), a loita do Oso Formigueiro co Xaguar e o Camiño do Tapir.
    
    Segundo o testemuño do pobo indíxena Tikuna, Baweta (o cúmulo estelar das Pléiades) aparece no ceo oriental a finais de novembro, á noitiña. Despois de que Baweta se levante, a mandíbula de Caimán sobe. A perna de Wücütcha corresponde a unha parte da Constelación de Orión; e comeza a desaparecer do ceo occidental arredor do 20 de maio, ó caer a noite. Aproximadamente un mes antes, a mandíbula do caimán, correspondente ó cúmulo estelar das Híades en Touro, tamén desaparece cara ó oeste.
    
    Segundo a interpretación de Vieira, a forma de Baweta (o Colectivo das Tartarugas) está asociada ás estrelas dentro dos asterismos das Pléiades e de Perseo. Os ollos de Baweta son os pés de Perseo (Omicron Persei - Atik e ζ (Zeta) Persei). A forma de "V" que a astronomía occidental relaciona coa cabeza de Touro chámase Coyatchicüra (Mandíbula de Caimán). A perna de Wücütcha corresponde ás estrelas que se agrupan como Orión. Os seus dedos son o cinto de Orión e a curva das pernas son ι (iota) Orionis; κ (kappa) Orionis; η (eta) Leporis e δ (delta) Leporis.
    
    Durante o verán prodúcese a loita entre o Oso formigueiro (Tchatü) e o Xaguar (Ai). O final da batalla coincide coa morte e ascensión de Wücütcha. Os ollos do Oso formigueiro están situados en β (beta) de Triangulum Australe; a súa pouta e o seu corpo están nas constelacións de Norma e Ara. O pé dereito do Xaguar está en α (Antares), σ (Sigma) e τ (tau) de Escorpión; os seus ollos están en ε (épsilon) e μ (mu) Scorpii; e a súa pata esquerda está en λ (Shaula), υ (upsilon Sco – Lesath) e κ (kappa) da mesma constelación. Wücütcha (a pata do Xaguar) representa o inicio das choivas a finais de setembro; e a súa reaparición cara ó leste segue á posta de Tchatü no oeste, ó caer a noite, a finais de novembro. Esas correlacións están iluminadas polo testemuño indíxena que se reproduce a continuación:
    
    > "As estrelas encaixan nas súas respectivas constelacións. O primeiro é Wücütcha. Despois do inverno, o verán comeza a andar. É o Xaguar. Despois del, vén Coyathicüra no mes de maio, á noitiña, cando aparece a Mandíbula de caimán na praia. Baweta aparece en setembro, o mes da tartaruga. En maio caen Wücütcha e Coyatchicüra. Caen todos xuntos a finais de maio. En xullo veñen de novo. Baweta xa comeza a aparecer en xullo. Cando cae Wücütcha, a partir de maio, comezan a aparecer caimáns e tartarugas. O vértice está en setembro".
    >
    > “En maio caen todas as constelacións, xunto cos seus planetas. É verán. Máis tarde, en xullo, aparecen de novo para o ano novo. Coya e Wücütcha abandonan o ceo de maio a setembro. Máis tarde, en xullo, aparecen de novo”.
    >
    > Fernando Marques ou Ütchancu – traducido por Lucho
    
    Os Tikuna interpretan procesos afectados por unha sucesión de cambios meteorolóxicos que, á súa vez, determinan a estación chuviosa e a seca. Nesta rexión do Amazonas occidental, a estación chuviosa vai de decembro a marzo e a estación seca de xuño a setembro. Durante abril, maio, outubro e novembro as precipitacións son intermedias. En novembro, o nivel da auga comeza a subir e a finais de decembro prodúcense as mareas. Durante o mes de maio, o nivel da auga baixa ata setembro, o pico da seca. Os períodos de El Niño implican un déficit de choiva, provocando a extrema seca do gran río; durante La Niña, o arrefriamento do Pacífico aumenta a cantidade de auga, provocando mareas e inundacións dramáticas.
    
    Aínda que dependen da variabilidade do tempo, no equinoccio de setembro os tikuna observan como a néboa afecta a forma en que ven á primeira hora da mañá; o cúmulo estelar das Pléiades desaparece no horizonte da mañá a principios de xuño e reaparece pola noite, a finais de novembro. O obxectivo do Tikuna é prever a intensidade das próximas chuvias para negociar coa entidade Mawü, o "Mestre da Choiva", os efectos das inundacións nas súas actividades de subsistencia.
    
    Segundo as explicacións atopadas en Enepü (unha comunidade tikuna na terra indíxena Eware II, no estado brasileiro de Amazonia, na Amazonia occidental), a influencia da estacionalidade nas actividades de subsistencia dos tikuna é máis prevalente ó longo dos Solimões. Na cabeceira dos igarapés, onde se atopa Enepü, hai moito alimento durante todo o ano. En Enepü, árbores e palmeiras, como a ingá e o açaí, son fértiles durante todo o ano debido á “virxindade” e ó enriquecemento do solo mediante compost natural. O mesmo ocorre coa pesca no lago Preto, dentro dos límites de Enepü, onde poden abastecerse abundantemente de peixe durante todo o ano. No Solimões, porén, só se atopa peixe de abril a xullo, cando o nivel da auga baixa. A abundancia na caza tamén é de abril a xullo (ou setembro, como máximo), ó longo do Solimões. A pesca faise máis difícil cando o río está alto. O froito da palma açaí autóctona recóllese no verán e adoita gardarse para a súa preparación durante o inverno, época de mala caza e pesca. Mediante a planificación e a xardinería regular, as colleitas están dispoñibles durante todo o ano. A colleita de plantas cultivadas tamén se produce durante os meses de seca. Hai certo grao de flexibilidade na adaptación do calendario agrícola á época de chuvias (cando a pesca e a caza non son produtivas) e á estación seca, (cando a pesca é máis abundante); non obstante, as dificultades de navegación e transporte medran a medida que o nivel da auga baixa ó longo dos igarapés que unen o río. A cultura tradicional, porén, non está preparada para alteracións imprevistas na época de choivas, como a que ocorreu en 2002. Nese ano, en xullo comezou o repiquete (a subida do nivel da auga), que normalmente se produce en setembro. Isto destruíu o ciclo agrícola de curto alcance e fixo que o peixe fose máis escaso, cambiando os hábitos alimentarios.
     <p id="cit1"><notr><a href="#cit1a"><B>1</B></a></notr><cite>Este traballo adopta a convención lingüística ó escribir Tikuna, aínda que varios antropólogos e expertos indíxenas usan a forma vernácula (Ticuna).</cite></p>
    
     <p id="cit2"><notr><a href="#cit2a"><B>2</B></a></notr><cite> De acordo con socioambiental.org, consultada o 08/05/2019.</cite></p>

note: Tikuna sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: **Priscila Faulhaber** (Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences)
    
    **Fernando Vieira** (Astronomer and Former Coordinator of Astronomy in The Planetarium Foundation of the City of Rio de Janeiro) helped with the interpretation of the astronomical correlations between Western and Tikuna constellations, identified by the Tikuna in November 2002, during a research visit at the Science Center and Planetarium of the Universidade do Pará (Belém/Brazil), using the Starry Night System. Vieira plotted the correspondence between the traces of Tikuna mythical animals and the Official IAU constellations of western astronomy. He also reviewed this text for any skyscape incongruences related to corresponding Western astronomy and Tikuna cosmovision.
    
    We are integrating in this investigation **Walmir Thomazi Cardoso**, a Physics Professor in the Postgraduate Program in History of Sciences and Techniques and Epistemology at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (HCTE-UFRJ) and researcher of astronomy in culture; he made some reinterpretations in a collaborative work with physics undergraduate students; and **Youssif Ghantous Filho**, adapting and anchoring original drawings to Stellarium. Nevertheless, every sky interpretation is contextual and circumstantial. Current collaborative investigations are looking for new astronomical observation together with the Tikuna, which will improve the initial findings.
    
     The data used in **Cardoso & Ghantous Filho** were a reinterpretation of charts used by the Tikunas, **Pedro Inácio Pinheiro** and **Luís Angel Ramos**, to interpret Tikuna constellations. The calculations were established based upon coordinates 70° W and 3°S with the help of Oswaldo dos Santos Barros, Pará State (CCPP). The different interpretations of the drawings developed from the ongoing collaborative investigation with Walmir T. Cardoso, researcher of astronomy in Culture, takes into consideration some changes, such as the ones shown in this work.   **Marcio D´Olne Campos** (UNICAMP and SULear/SOUTHing Proposal) helped map the location of the Tikuna village and define their latitude and longitude coordinates (See Tikuna Lands Atlas).
    
    The recording of this myth and the identification of the Jaguar’s eyes was inspired by Curt Nimuendajú, (1952 p.143).
gl: **Priscila Faulhaber** (Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences)
    
    **Fernando Vieira** (Astrónomo e Antigo Coordinador de Astronomía na Fundación Planetario da cidade de Río de Janeiro) axudou coa interpretación das correlacións astronómicas entre as constelacións occidentais e Tikuna, identificadas polos Tikuna en novembro de 2002, durante unha visita de investigación no Centro de Ciencias e Planetario da Universidade do Pará (Belém/Brasil), utilizando o Sistema Starry Night. Vieira trazou a correspondencia entre os rastros dos animais míticos Tikuna e as constelacións oficiais da IAU da astronomía occidental. Tamén revisou este texto para detectar calquera incongruencia da paisaxe celeste relacionada coa correspondente astronomía occidental e a cosmovisión Tikuna.
    
    Estamos integrando nesta investigación **Walmir Thomazi Cardoso**, catedrático de Física no Programa de Posgrao en Historia das Ciencias e Técnicas e Epistemoloxía da Universidade Federal de Río de Janeiro (HCTE-UFRJ) e investigador de astronomía na cultura; fixo algunhas reinterpretacións nun traballo colaborativo con estudantes de licenciatura de física; e **Youssif Ghantous Filho**, que adaptou e ancorou debuxos orixinais a Stellarium. Non obstante, cada interpretación do ceo é contextual e circunstancial. As investigacións colaborativas actuais buscan novas observacións astronómicas xunto cos Tikuna, que melloren os achados iniciais.
    
     Os datos usados en **Cardoso & Ghantous Filho** foron unha reinterpretación dos gráficos empregados polos tikunas, **Pedro Inácio Pinheiro** e **Luís Angel Ramos**, para interpretar as constelacións Tikuna. Os cálculos foron establecidos a partir das coordenadas 70° O e 3° S coa axuda de Oswaldo dos Santos Barros, Estado de Pará (CCPP). As diferentes interpretacións dos debuxos desenvolvidas a partir da investigación colaborativa en curso con Walmir T. Cardoso, investigador de astronomía en Cultura, ten en conta algúns cambios, como os mostrados neste traballo. **Marcio D´Olne Campos** (UNICAMP e SULear/SOUTHing Proposal) axudou a mapear a localización da aldea de Tikuna e definir as súas coordenadas de latitude e lonxitude (consultar o Atlas das Terras Tikuna).
    
    A gravación deste mito e a identificación dos Ollos do Xaguar inspirouse en Curt Nimuendajú, (1952 p.143).

note: Tongan sky culture name
en: Tongan
gl: Tongano

note: Tongan sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: As in all Polynesian star lore, Tongan sky culture descends from the practical application of nautical navigation.
gl: Como en toda a tradición de estrelas polinesia, a cultura do ceo tongana deriva da aplicación práctica da navegación náutica.

note: Tongan sky culture description section in markdown format
en: In some circumstances separation of individual star names from &quot;star path&quot; names cannot be resolved. A star may have multiple names 1) if the star is part of numerous star paths and 2) since the naming of stars can differ depending on which Tongan island group it originates from. The nomenclature of stars is approximated based on the limited resources available.
    
    Whilst the most-notable/common stars and constellations (i.e. Orion, Pleiades, Crux) are identified in Tongan star lore there are two notable exceptions. There is an absence of naming of the North star (Polaris: &alpha; UMi). This is peculiar considering the latitude of the Tongan islands and the prominence of this star at certain times of the year. In the event of any northerly journeys from Tonga such an important navigational landmark could not have possibly gone unnoticed. The constellation of Scorpio (parts in, or stars of) are also absent from Tongan star lore. This is surprising since the vast majority of star lore &ndash; globally and Polynesian &ndash; has Scorpio as a central constellation due to it being easily identified and that it is nearly directly opposite Orion in the night sky. [Stellarium would welcome any further knowledge on these two anomalies.]
    
    Common ancestry of Polynesian star lore's is evident in the similarities in the labelling of stars. For example the Pleiades is called Mataliki in Tongan, Matariki in Maori and Makali`i in Hawaiian.
    
    ### Nomenclature
    
    |Tongan term|Designation|
    |-----------|-----------|
    |Humu|Coal sack|
    |Kaniva|Milky Way|
    |Ma'afulele|Large Magellan cloud|
    |Ma'afutoka|Small Magellan cloud|
    |'otu Ma'afu|Magellanic clouds (both)|
    |Ha'amonga|Ecliptic|
    |Mahina|Moon|
    |La'a|Sun|
    |Fetu'u|Star (in general)|
    |Fetu'ufuka|Comet|
    |'Umata|Rainbow|
    |Fetu'u'Esiafi|Falling star|
    |tapukitea|Venus|
    |Matamemea|Mars|
    |Ma'afutoka (same as SMC)|Canopus|
    |Ma'afulele (same as LMC)|Sirius|
    |Velitoa hififo|Rigel|
    |Velitoa hahake|Betelgeuse|
    |Hikule'o|Arcturus|
    |Monuafe|Meissa|
    |Motuliki|Pleiades|
    |Tu'ulalupe|Hyades|
    |Toloatonga|Southern Cross|
    |Toloalahi|False Cross|
    
    **Tongan constellations**
    
    |Tongan name|Designation or notes|
    |-----------|--------------------|
    |Tuinga ika|Part of Orion, belt and sword|
    |Ae e'Uvea|Corona Borealis (*Speculative*)|
    |Fatanalua|Coma Berenices (*Speculative*)|
    |Kapakau'o'tafahi|Cassiopeia (*Speculative*)|
    |Toloa|Belt of Orion|
    |Lua tangata|Castor and/or Pollux|
    |Fungasia|Toliman and/or Agena|
    |Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)|&mdash;|
gl: Nalgunhas circunstancias non se pode resolver a separación dos nomes de estrela individuais dos nomes dos "camiños de estrelas". Unha estrela pode ter varios nomes 1) se a estrela forma parte de numerosos camiños estelares e 2) xa que a denominación das estrelas pode diferir en función do grupo das illas de Tonga. A nomenclatura de estrelas aproxímase en función dos recursos dispoñibles.
    
    Aínda que as estrelas e as constelacións máis notables / comúns (é dicir, Orion, Pléiades e Crux) son identificadas na tradición das estrelas de Tonga, hai dúas excepcións notables. Non hai referencia á estrela do norte (Polaris: UMi). Isto é peculiar tendo en conta a latitude das illas de Tonga e a importancia desta estrela en determinadas épocas do ano. No caso de realizar algún desprazamento cara ó norte dende Tonga, un fito de navegación tan importante non podería pasar inadvertido. A constelación de Escorpión (partes ou estrelas dela) tamén están ausentes da tradición das estrelas de Tonga. Isto é sorprendente, xa que a gran maioría das culturas de todo o mundo e polinesia teñen o Escorpión como unha constelación central debido a que se identifica facilmente e que se atopa case directamente fronte a Orion no ceo nocturno. [Stellarium proporciona máis información sobre estas dúas anomalías.]
    
    A ascendencia común da tradición de estrelas polinesia é evidente nas semellanzas na etiquetaxe das estrelas. Por exemplo, as Pléiades chámanse Mataliki en Tongano, Matariki en Maori e Makali`i en Hawai.
    
    ### Nomenclatura
    
    |Termo tongano|Designación|
    |-------------|-----------|
    |Humu|Saco de carbón|
    |Kaniva|Vía Láctea|
    |Ma'afulele|Gran Nube de Magallanes|
    |Ma'afutoka|Pequena Nube de Magallanes|
    |'otu Ma'afu|Nubes de Magallanes (ambas)|
    |Ha'amonga|Eclíptica|
    |Mahina|Lúa|
    |La'a|Sol|
    |Fetu'u|Estrela (en xeral)|
    |Fetu'ufuka|Cometa|
    |'Umata|Arco da vella|
    |Fetu'u'Esiafi|Estrela que cae|
    |tapukitea|Venus|
    |Matamemea|Marte|
    |Ma'afutoka (o mesmo ca PNM)|Canopus|
    |Ma'afulele (o mesmo ca GNM)|Sirio|
    |Velitoa hififo|Rigel|
    |Velitoa hahake|Betelgeuse|
    |Hikule'o|Arcturus|
    |Monuafe|Meissa|
    |Motuliki|Pleiades|
    |Tu'ulalupe|Híades|
    |Toloatonga|Cruz do Sur|
    |Toloalahi|Falsa cruz|
    
    **Constelacións tonganas**
    
    |Nome tongano|Denominacións ou notas|
    |------------|----------------------|
    |Tuinga ika|Parte de Orión, cinto e espada|
    |Ae e'Uvea|Corona Borealis (*Especulativo*)|
    |Fatanalua|Coma Berenices (*Especulativo*)|
    |Kapakau'o'tafahi|Casiopea (*Especulativo*)|
    |Toloa|Cinto de Orión|
    |Lua tangata|Castor e/ou Pollux|
    |Fungasia|Toliman e/ou Agena|
    |Houmatoloa (Toloa, toloatonga, toloalahi)|&mdash;|

note: Tukano sky culture name
en: Tukano
gl: Tucán

note: Tukano sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: [Tukano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucano_people) is the common name for a group of indigenous tribes who live around the northwestern region of Brazil, near Colombia and Venezuela. The group shown in this work live on the banks of the Rio Tiquié within the Rio Negro bay in the Amazonas State, Brazil.
    
    <img src="illustrations/Calendario_Tukano.png" width="400" height="400" />
    
     *One circular calendar developed in 2007.*
gl: [Tukano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucano_people) é o nome común dun grupo de tribos indíxenas que viven na rexión noroeste de Brasil, preto de Colombia e Venezuela. O grupo que se amosa neste traballo vive nas beiras do río Tiquié dentro da baía do Río Negro, no estado de Amazonas, Brasil. 
    
    <img src="illustrations/Calendario_Tukano.png" width="400" height="400" />
    
     *Un calendario circular desenvolvido en 2007.*

note: Tukano sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Constellations
    
    Constellations within Tukano astronomical culture are related with natural phenomena as a whole. We gathered twelve constellations with a group who speaks Tukano language. This is not the definitive number of constellations. There are, surely, more constellations to be described. We presented here essentially “the main cycle” (CARDOSO, 2007) of the Tukano constellations. Sometimes someone relate new discoveries about these Indians sky conceptions or presents new constellation descriptions. Though we are establishing limits and configurations to these constellations that are new to us (non- Indians), they don’t organize this body of knowledge in the same way. Their conceptions about sky and Universe are different when compared with ours. They don’t organize and conceive ideas about the Universe as a whole, like us.
    
    Hereby we present few data from a research carried out with living people and this data may be variable in near future. We worked with basic school students, elders and story tellers comparing the talks and summarizing it as you’ll see below.
    
    In general, we can say that a Tukano constellation, or parts of it, are observed when its setting occurs, like the sunset (heliacal setting) during the short period of an year. There are an amount of natural phenomena related with this astronomical event. For example we can consider Aña’s head setting during November and its relation with the increase and decrease of the Tiquié river level. The variation of the river level is accompanied with an emerging of different fishes which appear as the result of these changeable natural conditions. Other larger fishes follow the first group for multiple purposes (eating smaller ones for example). All of them eat some fruits which eventually fall over the river surface. Ground animals and microorganisms are interested on these fruits, as well as either. So, a phenomenon first described as an astronomical set for us can be seen inside a more complex behavior for Tukanos and their neighbors around this region. Animals, plants and also spiritual manifestations are in a complex relationship under the cosmological view that we can’t more ignore.
    
    The name of each constellation was written in this sequence: Tukano, Portuguese and English. Ex. Pamõ\Tatu\Armadillo.
    
    ##### Aña or Aña Diaso\Jararaca\Fer-de-lance
    
    ##### [Aña - Jararaca - Jararaca (snake)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca)
    
    A big snake that is found in part of our Scorpius, Sagittarius and Corona Australis constellations. Its setting with the sunset correspond of the beginning of the year to this group of Tukanos.
    
    ##### Pamõ\Tatu\Armadillo
    
    ##### [Pamõ - Tatu - Armadillo](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo)
    
    This constellation is found in our Dolphin constellation and part of Aquila constellation. This group of faint stars takes place inside a poor stellar field with exception of the bright Altair (Alfa Aquilae).
    
    ##### Darsiu\camarão de rio\freshwater shrimp
    
    ##### [Darsiu - Pitu - Caridean Shrimp](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea)
    
    ##### Mhua\Jacundá (peixe)\A kind of fish
    
    ##### [Mhua - Jacundá (peixe) - Jacundá (a kind of fish)](http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1)
    
    Both constellations are jointed together in a few bright stars of Aquarius and Pisces area. But it is a wonderful challenge to try to see it during the night.
    
    ##### Yai\onça\puma or jaguar
    
    ##### [Yai - Onça - Jaguar](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar)
    
    It is a big constellation – one of the biggest – inside the north portions of night skies. All night long near the horizon, the big puma is described inside our Cepheus, Cassiopeia and Perseus constellations.
    
    ##### Yhe\garça\egret
    
    ##### [Yhé - Garça - Egret](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret)
    
    It is still in discussion the real position of this constellation, if those stars are in the Berenices’ hair region or inside the Corvus. We choose the first region because it was present as the real one by the Tukanos of São José II tribe.
    
    ##### Yurara\tartaruga\turtle
    
    ##### [Yurara - Cágado - Tortoise](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise)
    
    This constellation is described as the occidental Southern Cross constellation. Sometimes this traditional occidental constellation also means an Otter or a turtle by the Tukano people.
    
    ##### Nhorkoatero\grupo de estrelas\Pleiades
    
    ##### Nhorkoatero - Grupo de Estrelas - Group of Stars
    
    The translation of *nhorkoatero* is literally group of stars. Identified as our Pleiades this is very significant as a time keeper within a complex calendar to Tukano people. It is also used as a rainy period pointer.
    
    ##### Waikhasa\moquém\a kind of recipient to cook fish
    
    ##### [Waikasa - Moquém - Moquém (a kind of grill to cook fish)](http://cozinhacomz.com.br/?food=muquiar-ou-moquear)
    
    It is identified with our Taurus Hyades open cluster of stars with the bright Aldebaran following the Pleiades. This is an easy asterism to be seen all over the sky.
    
    ##### Sioyahpu\enxó\instrument do carve wood
    
    ##### [Sioyahpu - Cabo do Enxó - Adze Handle](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze)
    
    As a part of Orion belt and two of the others brightest stars of this constellation – our Betelgeuse and Bellatrix – this constellation represents to Tukano group a part of a tool which is used to carve wood.
    
    ##### Sipé Phairo\cobra de ânus grande\a snake
    
    ##### Sipé Phairo - Cobra de Ânus Grande - Snake Large Anus
    
    This snake corresponds to our brightest Big Dipper stars. In a legend when this constellation touches the horizon after the sunset almost all fishes in the main river are swallowed by it.
    
    ##### Diayo/lontra/otter
    
    Described as our Southern Cross by part of the Tukanos in half Tiquié river, this constellation is also associated with star as Sirius in Canis Major in that region.
    
    ##### Kai Sariró/Circulo de dança/Circle dances
    
    Those stars are mainly at Orion constellation and mean a circle of dances in some special Tukano ceremonies.
gl: ### Constelacións
    
    As constelacións dentro da cultura astronómica de Tukano están relacionadas cos fenómenos naturais no seu conxunto. Reunimos doce constelacións cun grupo que fala a lingua tukano. Este non é o número definitivo de constelacións. Hai, seguramente, máis constelacións por describir. Presentamos aquí esencialmente “o ciclo principal” (CARDOSO, 2007) das constelacións dos Tukano. Ás veces, alguén relata novos descubrimentos sobre estas concepcións do ceo indio ou presenta novas descricións de constelacións. Aínda que estamos a establecer límites e entendendo estas constelacións que son novas para nós (non indios), eles non organizan este corpo de coñecemento da mesma maneira. A súa concepción sobre o ceo e o Universo son diferentes da nosa. Non organizan e conciben ideas sobre o Universo no seu conxunto, coma nós.
    
    A continuación presentamos uns poucos datos dunha investigación realizada con persoas vivas e estes datos poden variar nun futuro próximo. Traballamos con alumnado de educación básica, maiores e contacontos comparando as charlas e resumíndoas, como veredes a continuación.
    
    En xeral, podemos dicir que unha constelación dos Tukano, ou partes dela, obsérvase cando se pon, como solpor (posición heliacal) durante un curto período do ano. Hai moitos fenómenos naturais relacionados con este evento astronómico. Por exemplo podemos considerar a posta de Aña durante novembro e a súa relación co aumento e diminución do nivel do río Tiquié. A variación do nivel do río vai acompañada da aparición de diferentes peixes que aparecen como resultado destas condicións naturais cambiantes. Outros peixes máis grandes séguenos con diferentes propósitos (comer outros máis pequenos, por exemplo). Todos comen froitas que acaban caendo sobre a superficie do río. Os animais terrestres e os microorganismos están interesados ​​por estes froitos. Así, un fenómeno descrito por primeira vez como un conxunto astronómico para nós pódese ver dentro dun comportamento máis complexo para os Tukanos e os seus veciños nesta rexión. Os animais, as plantas e tamén as manifestacións espirituais están nunha relación complexa baixo unha visión cosmolóxica que xa non podemos ignorar.
    
    O nome de cada constelación escríbese nesta orde: Tukano, portugués e galego. Ex. Pamõ\Tatu\Armadillo.
    
    ##### Aña ou Aña Diaso\Jararaca\Fer-de-lance
    
    ##### [Aña - Jararaca - Jararaca (serpe)](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca)
    
    Unha gran serpe que se atopa en parte das nosas constelacións de Escorpio, Saxitario e Corona Australis. A súa posta co solpor dáse a principios de ano para este grupo de Tukanos.
    
    ##### Pamõ\Tatu\Armadillo
    
    ##### [Pamõ - Tatu - Armadillo](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo)
    
    Esta constelación atópase na nosa constelación de Golfiño e parte da constelación de Aguia. Este grupo de estrelas tenues está no interior dun campo estelar pobre con excepción da brillante Altair (Alfa Aquilae).
    
    ##### Darsiu\camarão de rio\camarón de río
    
    ##### [Darsiu - Pitu - Camarón Carideano](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridea)
    
    ##### Mhua\Jacundá (peixe)\Unha especie de peixe
    ##### [Mhua - Jacundá (peixe) - Jacundá (unha especie de peixe)](http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacund%C3%A1)
    
    Ambas constelacións están unidas nunhas poucas estrelas brillantes da zona de Augadeiro e Peixes. Pero é un reto marabilloso tentar velas durante a noite.
    
    ##### Yai\onça\puma ou xaguar
    
    ##### [Yai - Onça - Xaguar](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar)
    
    É unha gran constelación, unha das máis grandes, dentro da zona norte do ceo nocturno. Durante toda a noite preto do horizonte, o gran puma descríbese formando parte das nosas constelacións de Cefeo, Casiopea e Perseo.
    
    ##### Yhe\garça\garza
    
    ##### [Yhé - Garça - Garza](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egret)
    
    Aínda está en discusión a posición real desta constelación, se esas estrelas están na rexión capilar de Berenices ou dentro do Corvus. Escollemos a primeira rexión porque estivo presente como a real dos Tukanos da tribo de São José II.
    
    ##### Yurara\tartaruga\tartaruga
    
    ##### [Yurara - Cágado - Tartaruga](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise)
    
    Esta constelación descríbese como a constelación occidental da Cruz do Sur. Ás veces, esta constelación occidental tradicional tamén significa unha lontra ou unha tartaruga para o pobo Tukano.
    
    ##### Nhorkoatero\grupo de estrelas\Pleiades
    
    ##### Nhorkoatero - Grupo de Estrelas - Grupo de Estrelas
    
    A tradución de *nhorkoatero* é literalmente grupo de estrelas. Identificado como as nosas Pléiades, isto é moi significativo como un cronometrador dentro dun calendario complexo para a xente Tukano. Tamén se usa como indicador do período chuvioso.
    
    ##### Waikhasa\moquém\unha especie de recipiente para cociñar peixe
    
    ##### [Waikasa - Moquém - Moquém (unha especie de grella para cociñar peixe)](http://cozinhacomz.com.br/?food=muquiar-ou-moquear)
    
    Identificábase co noso cúmulo aberto de estrelas en Híades de Tauro co brillante Aldebarán seguindo as Pleiades. Este é un asterismo fácil de ver por todo o ceo.
    
    ##### Sioyahpu\enxó\instrumento de madeira
    
    ##### [Sioyahpu - Cabo do Enxó - Mango de aixada](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze)
    
    Como parte do cinto de Orión e dúas das outras estrelas máis brillantes desta constelación, a nosa Betelgeuse e Bellatrix, esta constelación representa para o grupo Tukano unha parte dunha ferramenta que se usa para tallar madeira.
    
    ##### Sipé Phairo\cobra de ânus grande\unha serpe
    
    ##### Sipé Phairo - Cobra de Ânus Grande - Serpe Grande Anus
    
    Esta serpe corresponde ás nosas estrelas máis brillantes da culler da Osa Maior. Nunha lenda cando esta constelación toca o horizonte despois do solpor case todos os peixes do río principal son tragados por ela.
    
    ##### Diayo/lontra/lontra
    
    Descrita como a nosa Cruz do Sur por parte dos Tukanos no medio río Tiquié, esta constelación tamén está asociada coa estrela como Sirio en Canis Major nesa rexión.
    
    ##### Kai Sariró/Circulo de dança/Círculo de danza
    
    Esas estrelas están principalmente na constelación de Orión e significan un círculo de baile nalgunhas cerimonias especiais de Tukano.

note: Tukano sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: #### SOME WORDS ABOUT OUR RESEARCH WITHIN NORTWESTERN AMAZONIAN INDIANS
    
    This work is part of an amount of researches developed as a survey, conducted between 2005 and 2007 that resulted in a doctoral/PhD thesis (Cardoso, 2007). Relying on Ethnomatematics sources (D’ambrosio, 2002), in practical sky observation activities and on classical sources about constellations observed in Brazil’s Amazon region, we accomplished a sky mapping of these Indian ethnicity: Tukano, Dessano and Tuyuka but in special, the first one. From the description of many constellations we created an astronomical events and climate calendar along with students from differentiated Yupuri’s indigenous school. Rain periods, drought, planting and harvesting are marked by the sunset and sunrise of the major constellations created by Amazonia northwest Indians.
    
    Scholarly Paper: [#3].
    
    Walmir Thomazi Cardoso gathered this information in a survey that is part of his PhD. Thesis of Ethnomathematics (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)
    
    Displays were made by Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) and Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com).
gl: #### ALGUNHAS PALABRAS SOBRE A NOSA INVESTIGACIÓN NAS INDIAS AMAZONIANAS DO NOROESTE
    
    Este traballo forma parte dunha cantidade de investigacións desenvolvidas como enquisa, realizadas entre 2005 e 2007, que deron como resultado unha tese doutoral (Cardoso, 2007). Baseándonos en fontes etnomatemáticas (D'ambrosio, 2002), en actividades prácticas de observación do ceo e en fontes clásicas sobre constelacións observadas na rexión amazónica do Brasil, realizamos un mapeado do ceo desta etnia india: Tukano, Dessano e Tuyuka, pero en especial, a primeira. A partir da descrición de moitas constelacións creamos un calendario astronómico e os eventos climáticos xunto con estudantes da escola indíxena diferenciada de Yupuri. Os períodos de choiva, seca, plantación e colleita están marcados polo ocaso e amencer das principais constelacións creadas polos indios do noroeste amazónico.
    
    Papel académico: [#3].
    
    Walmir Thomazi Cardoso recolleu esta información nunha enquisa que forma parte do seu doutorado. Tese de Etnomatemática (walmir.astronomia@gmail.com)
    
    Os debuxos foron feitos por Antonio Gumercindo Taques dos Santos (Ticão) e Youssif Ganthous Filho (youssif@gmail.com).

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture name
en: Tupi-Guarani
gl: Tupí-Guaraní

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: Tupi-Guarani is a name given to a family of languages spoken by the indigenous peoples of Brazil and other South American countries.
gl: O tupi-guaraní é un nome dado a unha familia de idiomas falados polos pobos indíxenas do Brasil e doutros países sudamericanos.

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture constellations section in markdown format
en: As with many cultures, constellations were identified and used to help keep track of the seasons and predict the seasonal variations which affect daily life. In the book [#3] it is stated that the Tupi people identified some thirty constellations, but the book only details seven.
    
    ### Nandu (Rhea)
    
    The Tupi name for this constellation is *Iandutim* (*Guirá Nhandu* in Guarani), which literally translates to *White Ostrich*. The constellation depicts a large bird. 
    
    In the first two weeks of June this constellation is fully visible in the Eastern sky in the evening, indicating the beginning of Winter in the South of Brazil, and the start of the dry season in the North.
    
    ### The Old Man
    
    This constellation depicts an old man holding a stick.
    
    In the second half of December, the constellation is fully visible in the evening Eastern sky. This marks the beginning of summer in the southern parts of Brazil and the start of the rainy season in the North.
gl: Como ocorre con moitas culturas, identificáronse e utilizáronse as constelacións para axudar a facer un seguimento das estacións e prever as variacións estacionais que afectan a vida diaria. No libro [#3] indícase que o pobo Tupi identificou unhas trinta constelacións, pero o libro só detalla sete.
    
    ### Nandu (Rhea)
    
    O nome tupí desta constelación é *Iandutim* (*Guirá Nhandu* en guaraní), que literalmente se traduce como *Avestruz Branca*. A constelación representa un paxaro grande.
    
    Nas dúas primeiras semanas de xuño esta constelación é totalmente visible no ceo oriental pola noite, o que indica o inicio do inverno no sur do Brasil e o inicio da estación seca no norte.
    
    ### O Vello
    
    Esta constelación representa un vello sostendo un pau.
    
    Na segunda metade de decembro, a constelación é totalmente visible no ceo nocturno oriental. Isto marca o inicio do verán no sur de Brasil e o inicio da estación de chuvias no norte.

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: [The Tupi People](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_people)
     - [#2]: [The Brazilian Indigenous Constellations](http://www.telescopiosnaescola.pro.br/indigenas.pdf) by Germano Bruno Afonso (Portuguese)
     - [#3]: [Claude d'Abbeville, Histoire de la Mission des Pères Capucins en l'Isle de Maragnan et terres circonvoisines. Paris, 1614.](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86057861)
gl:  - [#1]: [The Tupi People](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_people)
     - [#2]: [The Brazilian Indigenous Constellations](http://www.telescopiosnaescola.pro.br/indigenas.pdf) de Germano Bruno Afonso (Portugués)
     - [#3]: [Claude d'Abbeville, Histoire de la Mission des Pères Capucins en l'Isle de Maragnan et terres circonvoisines. Paris, 1614.](http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86057861)

note: Tupi-Guarani sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by Stellarium user *Paulo Marcelo Pontes*.
gl: Contribuíu a esta cultura de Stellarium *Paulo Marcelo Pontes*.

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture name
en: Vanuatu (Netwar)
gl: Vanuatu (Rede de guerra)

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: The Netwar sky culture for Stellarium stems from a research which is ran among the people of Vanuatu by Dominik M. Ramík and is [published online](http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/). Netwar language (its indigenous name, also sometimes called "Lenakel language" after a major village in the area) is one of languages of Tanna island in Vanuatu. Its constellations are strikingly similar with other languages of Vanuatu, although names and meanings vary to some extent.
gl: A cultura do ceo dos Vanuatu para Stellarium nace dunha investigación que foi levada a cabo entre os habitantes de Vanuatu por Dominik M. Ramík e Isnetwar. [publicada online](http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/). A linguaxe chámase ás veces "linguaxe Lenakel" e é un dos idiomas da illa de Tanna en Vanuatu. As súas constelacións son sorprendentemente similares ás doutras linguas Vanuatu, aínda que os nomes e significados varían ata certo punto.

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Solar system
    
    <ul> <li>Sun: Met</li> <li>Moon: Mawuk</li>
    
     - Waxing crescent: Mawuk wi - 'new Moon'
     - First quarter: Nail ratuatu - 'it stays straight', meaning that in the sky the Moon appears straight in the zenith in the evening
     - Full Moon: Mawuk ramépép malwia - 'the Moon is like the fish épép malwia' (Platax orbicularis); also Nati tawar - means that when the sun is setting, the Moon just appears above the mountains
     - Last quarter: Numanmel
     - Waning crescent: Numanmel
     - Lunar eclipse: Mawuk ramemes - 'dead Moon'
    
     <li>Venus:</li>
    
     - Morning star: Fétukai
     - Evening star: Kéwita
    
     <li>Jupiter: Karatéi</li> <li>Mahau ramiwuk: 'jumping star', bad omen foretelling someone's death</li> </ul>
    
    ### Stars
    
     - In general: Mahau
     - Aldebaran: Kapaumeta
    
    ### Constellations and deep-sky objects
    
    Note: the English names preceding the local names are here only to help the reader locate the particular constellation in the frame of the Western sky. The actual translations of the local names follow them.
    
     - LMC and SMC: Nowanuman - 'earth oven'
     - Milky Way: Nemrau - 'ash'; also Nuafuganan - less common term of unknown meaning
     - Orion's Belt: Kasulia apam - 'long yoke'
     - Orion's Sword: Kasulia rerparep - 'short yoke'
     - Taurus' Head: Kou - 'pincers used for taking hot stones out of the fire'
     - Scorpion's Dart: Kahaur rul - 'rat', seen in the evening in zenith when it is time to prepare gardens
     - Orion's Body: Kilil - 'traditional fan' made from palm leaves
     - Southern Cross: Suatu kywer - 'four customary ways' connecting four villages with a nakamal; it rises in the evening in March and symbolizes the time when in the nakamal people do temahwa for good harvest
     - Pleiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - 'young boys of Lapnuman'; also Neperawen Lapnuman - 'young girls of Lapnuman'
    
    ### Names of objects with unknown position
    
     - Mowaimawuk - name of an unidentified star, said to be close to the Moon or to rise close to it
     - Iaiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Altair), which sets in the morning in time of preparation of gardens (July)
     - Koraiapom - name of an unidentified star (possibly Rigel), found in September in the morning near zenith
     - Kwankaio - name of an unidentified star (possibly Procyon), rising in February in the morning
gl: ### Sistema Solar
    
    <ul> <li>Sol: Met</li> <li>Lúa: Mawuk</li>
    
     - Lúa crecente: Mawuk wi - "Lúa nova"
     - Primeiro cuarto: Nail ratuatu - "permanece recto", significando que no ceo a lúa aparece recta no cénit pola noite
     - Lúa chea: Mawuk ramépép malwia - "a lúa é como o peixe épép malwia" (Platax orbicularis); tamén Nati tawar - significa que cando se pon o sol, a Lúa só aparece enriba das montañas
     - Último cuarto: Numanmel
     - Lúa crecente: Numanmel
     - Eclipse lunar: Mawuk ramemes - 'Morte da Lúa'
    
     <li>Venus:</li>
    
     - Estrela da mañá: Fétukai
     - Estrela do serán: Kéwita
    
     <li>Xúpiter: Karatéi</li> <li>Mahau ramiwuk: "estrela que salta", un mal agoiro que prognostica a morte de alguén</li> </ul>
    
    ### Estrelas
    
     - En xeral: Mahau
     - Aldebarán: Kapaumeta
    
    ### Constelacións e obxectos do ceo profundo
    
    Nota: os nomes galegos que preceden os nomes locais están aquí só para axudar o lector a localizar a constelación particular no marco do ceo occidental. Van seguidos das traducións reais dos nomes locais.
    
     - GNM e PNM: Nowanuman - 'forno de terra'
     - Vía Láctea: Nemrau - "cinza"; tamén Nuafuganan - termo menos común de significado descoñecido
     - Cinto de Orión: Kasulia apam - "xugo longo"
     - Espada de Orión: Kasulia rerparep - 'xugo curto'
     - Cabeza de Tauro: Kou - 'pinzas usadas para sacar pedras quentes do lume'
     - Dardo de Escorpión: Kahaur rul - 'rata', vista pola tarde no cenit cando é hora de preparar os xardíns
     - O corpo de Orión: Kilil - "abano tradicional" feito con follas de palma
     - Cruz sur: Suatu kywer - "catro xeitos habituais" que conectan catro aldeas cun nakamal; levántase pola tarde en marzo e simboliza o tempo no que a xente nakamal fai temahwa para unha boa colleita
     - Pléiades: Nowaswas Lapnuman - "mozos de Lapnuman"; tamén Neperawen Lapnuman - "mozas de Lapnuman"
    
    ### Nomes de obxectos con posición descoñecida
    
     - Mowaimawuk - nome dunha estrela non identificada, que se di que está preto da Lúa
     - Iaiapom - nome dunha estrela non identificada (posiblemente Altair), que se pon pola mañá no momento da preparación dos xardíns (xullo)
     - Koraiapom - nome dunha estrela non identificada (posiblemente Rigel), que está en setembro pola mañá preto do cenit
     - Kwankaio: nome dunha estrela non identificada (posiblemente Procyon), que sobe en febreiro pola mañá

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture references section in markdown format
en:  - [#1]: Project [Vanuatu Sky](http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/) including Netwar data alongside other languages of Vanuatu
     - [#2]: [Netwar language on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language)
gl:  - [#1]: Proxecto [Vanuatu Sky](http://dominicweb.eu/en/vanuatu-sky/) que inclúe datos Netwar noutras linguaxes de Vanuatu
     - [#2]: [Netwar language en Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenakel_language)

note: Vanuatu (Netwar) sky culture authors section in markdown format
en: This sky culture was contributed by *Dominik M. Ramík*. Web: [dominicweb.eu](http://dominicweb.eu), e-mail: [dominik.ramik@seznam.cz](mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz).
    
    Elders from local communities on Tanna, who contributed with their ancestral knowledge to this project: Jimmy Napip from Ikumhala, Lomai Tain from Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu from Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen from Lowkweria, Kasékasé from Imapul, Nausien from Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru from Lowanatom, Joe Natuman from Lowkweria.
gl: A esta cultura do ceo contribuíu *Dominik M. Ramík*. Web: [dominicweb.eu](http://dominicweb.eu), e-mail: [dominik.ramik@seznam.cz](mailto:dominik.ramik@seznam.cz).
    
    Anciáns das comunidades locais de Tanna, que contribuíron co seu coñecemento ancestral a este proxecto: Jimmy Napip de Ikumhala, Lomai Tain de Ielkes, Sylvano Kapalu de Ipai, Iawilu Naumusapen de Lowkweria, Kasékasé de Imapul, Nausien de Lamlu, Pierrot Nako Yaru de Lowanatom , Joe Natuman de Lowkweria.

note: Xhosa sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: A wide spread African concept is that the sky is a solid dome, perhaps made of blue rock resting on the Earth, upon which the Sun moves. In Xhosa, a star is called &#8220;inkwenkwezi&#8221;.
    
    Although planets are &#8220;wanderers&#8221; of the night skies, and therefore vary their positions relative to the stars, they often feature in Xhosa starlore.
    
    Jupiter was interpreted as people around a fire. Venus, as the evening star, is associated with the time the boys milked the cows
    
    Venus was also called the dating star, &#8220;Madingeni&#8221;. Boys and girls were not allowed to date in public, but met at the fountain where the girls fetched water when Venus was visible in the evening.
gl: Un concepto africano moi estendido é que o ceo é unha cúpula sólida, quizais feita de rocha azul, que descansa sobre a Terra, sobre a que se move o Sol. En xhosa, unha estrela chámase &#8220; inkwenkwezi &#8221;.
    
    Aínda que os planetas son &#8220; vagabundos &#8221; dos ceos nocturnos, e polo tanto varían as súas posicións en relación ás estrelas, adoitan aparecer na tradición estelar Xhosa.
    
    Xúpiter interpretouse como persoas arredor dun incendio. Venus, como estrela da tarde, está asociada coa época en que os rapaces muxían as vacas
    
    Venus tamén foi chamada a estrela de citas, &#8220;Madingeni&#8221;. Os mozos e mozas non tiñan permiso para saír en público, pero reuníronse na fonte onde as mozas collían auga cando Venus era visible pola noite.

note: Xhosa sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Starlore
    
    ##### isiLimela &mdash; Pleiades
    
    The first sighting of &#8220;isiLimela&#8221; indicated the start of the Xhosa digging or planting season. It is also said that the month of the Digging Stars symbolised new life in a man for the coming-out ceremony of the Abakwetha circumcision school and it has always been a custom for Xhosa men to count their years of manhood from this time.
    
    ##### iQhawe &mdash; Sirius
    
    Sirius is known as &#8220;iQhawe&#8221; in Xhosa, which means &#8220;the champion&#8221;, probably because it is the brightest star in the night sky. It can also be seen as one of two suitors or rivals (along with Canopus, the second brightest star), but we cannot say for whose affections they are fighting.
    
    ##### uCanzibe &mdash; Canopus
    
    Canopus is the second brightest star in the heavens and is referred to as &#8220;uCanzibe&#8221; in Xhosa, which means shining and sparkling. The star is seen as traditional Xhosa boys dancing, or sometimes as one of two suitors (Sirius, the brightest star, being the other), possibly rivals in their quest for affection.
    
    ##### umNyele &mdash; The Milky Way
    
    &#8220;umNyele&#8221; is the Xhosa for the raised bristles along the back of the sky, like those on the back of an angry dog. It was told that the dog would rise up if you point to the heaven with straight fingers. This was a good deterrence and the people would remember to show respect for the god &#8220;Qamata&#8221; by always pointing to the sky with a bent finger.
    
    ##### amaKroza &mdash; Orion&#8217;s Belt
    
    In Xhosa the three stars of Orion&#8217;s Belt are known as the &#8220;amaKroza&#8221;, or &#8220;those in a queue&#8221;. These are the graves where ancestors rest peacefully, the heavens where their spirits roam and the most holy place beyond the starry heavens, the dwelling of the supreme god, &#8220;Qamata&#8221;.
gl: ### Tradición estelar
    
    ##### isiLimela &mdash; Pleiades
    
    O primeiro avistamento de &#8220; isiLimela &#8221; indicaba o inicio da tempada de escavación ou plantación Xhosa. Tamén se di que o mes das Estrelas Cavadoras simbolizaba a nova vida nun home para a cerimonia de saída da escola de circuncisión Abakwetha e sempre foi un costume que os homes Xhosa contasen os seus anos de virilidade a partir deste momento.
    
    ##### iQhawe &mdash; Sirio
    
    Sirius é coñecido como &#8220; iQhawe &#8221; en Xhosa, o que significa "o campión" , probablemente porque é a estrela máis brillante do ceo nocturno. Tamén se pode ver como un dos dous pretendentes ou rivais (xunto con Canopus, a segunda estrela máis brillante), pero non podemos dicir por que afectos loitan.
    
    ##### uCanzibe &mdash; Canopus
    
    Canopus é a segunda estrela máis brillante do ceo e chámase &#8220;uCanzibe&#8221; . en xhosa, que significa brillante e chispeante. A estrela é vista como mozos Xhosa bailando, ou ás veces como un dos dous pretendentes (Sirio, a estrela máis brillante, era o outro), posiblemente rivais na súa busca de afecto.
    
    ##### umNyele &mdash; A vía láctea
    
    &#8220; umNyele &#8221; é o Xhosa para as cerdas levantadas ó longo do ceo, coma as do lombo dun can enfadado. Dicíase que o can se levantaría se se apuntase ó ceo cos dedos rectos. Esta era unha boa disuasión e a xente lembraría mostrar respecto ó deus "Qamata"; ó sinalar sempre o ceo cun dedo dobrado.
    
    ##### amaKroza &mdash; Cinto de Orión
    
    En Xhosa, as tres estrelas do Cinto de Orión son coñecidas como &#8220;amaKroza&#8221;, ou &#8220;as que están no rabo&#8221;. Estas son as tumbas onde os antepasados descansan en paz, os ceos que percorren os seus espíritos e o lugar máis santo máis aló dos ceos estrelados, a morada do deus supremo, &#8220;Qamata&#8221;.

note: Zulu sky culture name
en: Zulu
gl: Zulú

note: Zulu sky culture introduction section in markdown format
en: A wide spread African concept is that the sky is a solid dome, perhaps made of blue rock resting on the Earth, upon which the Sun moves.
gl: Un concepto africano moi estendido é que o ceo é unha cúpula sólida, quizais feita de rocha azul que descansa sobre a Terra, e sobre ela móvese o Sol.

note: Zulu sky culture description section in markdown format
en: ### Starlore
    
    ##### isiLimela &mdash; Pleiades
    
    The Pleiades is a well-known cluster of stars, and normally six or seven bright ones can be seen. Many of the Southern African groups believe that when they first see the Pleiades in the early morning (August or early September), that the start of the planting season has come.
    
    ##### oNdwenjana &mdash; Orion&#8217;s Sword
    
    One of the descriptions of Orion&#8217;s Sword is as a long-stemmed flower, such as a lily. However the meaning of this group of stars isn't completely clear, because &#8220;oNdwenjana&#8221; could also be another tall object like a tree or a man.
    
    ##### Impanbana &mdash; Orion&#8217;s Belt
    
    Orion&#8217;s Belt is a combination of a crossing, dogs and wild hogs. Seeing the stars of Orion&#8217;s Belt reminded hunters to be very careful during their hunting trips, as it marked the mating season of the wild hogs.
    
    ##### isAndulela &mdash; Canopus
    
    Canopus is a bright star that appeared at harvest time and might also be connected to the Red-chested Cuckoo. It was also used as a guide for shepherds, marking the time to begin the journey to new grazing lands during the dry season.
    
    ##### Umthala Wezinkanyezi &mdash; The Milky Way
    
    Umthala Wezinkanyezi means &#8220;the stream of stars.&#8221; This is related to the way the Nguni people used to fight before Shaka Zulu&#8217;s revolutionary close-combat strategy. The strong warriors used to throw spears like javelin and the stream of spears would be seen in the air.
gl: ### Tradición estelar
    
    ##### isiLimela &mdash; Pleiades
    
    As Pléiades son un cúmulo de estrelas moi coñecido, e normalmente pódense ver seis ou sete brillantes. Moitos dos grupos do sur de África cren que cando ven por primeira vez as Pléiades pola mañá cedo (agosto ou principios de setembro), chegou o inicio da tempada de plantación.
    
    ##### oNdwenjana &mdash; Espada de Orión
    
    Unha das descricións da Espada de Orión é coma unha flor de talo longo, coma un lirio. Non obstante, o significado deste grupo de estrelas non está completamente claro, porque &#8220;oNdwenjana&#8221; tamén podería ser outro obxecto alto coma unha árbore ou un home.
    
    ##### Impanbana &mdash; Cinto de Orión
    
    O cinto de Orión é unha combinación de cruce, cans e porcos salvaxes. Ver as estrelas do Cinto de Orión recordáballes ós cazadores que debían ter moito coidado durante as súas expedicións de caza, xa que marcaba a época de apareamento dos porcos salvaxes.
    
    ##### isAndulela &mdash; Canopus
    
    Canopus é unha estrela brillante que aparecía na época da colleita e que tamén podería estar relacionada co cuco de peito vermello. Tamén se utilizaba como guía para os pastores, marcando o momento de comezar a viaxe cara a novos pastos durante a estación seca.
    
    ##### Umthala Wezinkanyezi &mdash; A Vía Láctea
    
    Umthala Wezinkanyezi significa &#8220;o fluxo de estrelas.&#8221; Isto está relacionado coa forma en que o pobo Nguni adoitaba loitar antes da estratexia revolucionaria de combate preto de Shaka Zulu&#8217; Os fortes guerreiros adoitaban lanzar lanzas como xavelina e o regueiro de lanzas atravesaba o aire.
